The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) is an autonomous body established by the Indian government in 1992 under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. 

 Functions and responsibilities of the NCM

As per Section 9 of the NCM Act, 1992, the Commission is required to perform the following functions: 

• Evaluation of the progress of the development of minorities under the Union and States.
• Monitoring of the working of the safeguards for minorities provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the State Legislatures.
• Making recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards for the protection of the interests of minorities by the Central Government or the State Governments.
• Looking into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities and taking up such matters with the appropriate authorities.
• Conducting studies, research, and analysis on the issues relating to the socio-economic and educational development of minorities.
• Suggest appropriate measures in respect of any minority to be undertaken by the Central Government or the State Governments.
• Making periodical or special reports to the Central Government or any matter pertaining to minorities and, in particular, the difficulties confronted by them. 

Powers of NCM

The Commission, while investigating, shall have all the powers of a Civil court in respect of the following matters:

• Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him/her on oath.
• Requiring the discovery and production of any document.
• Receiving evidence on affidavits.
• Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
• Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents. 

Responsibility of the Central and State Governments towards the reports and recommendations of the Commission

• The Central Government shall lay before each House of Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the Union and the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of such recommendations.
• The state Government concerned shall lay before the Legislature along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken or the recommendations relating to the State and the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of such recommendations. 

Challenges and limitations of the NCM

The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) has faced a number of challenges in fulfilling its mandate. Some of these challenges include

• Human resource deficiency: The composition of NCM over the years shows inconsistencies in the staffing and appointments of key officials in the Commission.
• Limited role of state-level minority commissions: There is a lack of case processing capacity due to the lack of integration of Minority Commissions in the states with the National Minorities Commission. 
• Underutilization of technology: While the Commission utilizes a complaint monitoring system, it is still a rather basic software that does not by itself facilitate an end-to-end complaint handling mechanism.
• Financial planning & expenditure-related challenges: Only a small proportion of the allocated budget of the Commission is spent in research activities. Due to financial constraints and the non-allocation of funds for research on minority-related issues, there is an obstruction in the achievement of the mandate of the Commission.
• Legal and constitutional authority-related challenges: NCM hasn’t been provided with any real power in terms of its legal capacity to carry out its constitutional mandate. The decision of the Commission can be overturned by the District and High courts. 

For the effective functioning of the NCM

There have been a number of recommendations made to improve the effective functioning of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM). Some of these recommendations include:

• Outcome-based performance measurement: NCM should evaluate the performance of its members based on specific performance criteria to ensure accountability.
• Setting baseline targets to keep pendency in check: To reduce the pendency of cases at the organizational level, the Commission should set certain baseline targets related to the pendency rates.
• Feedback mechanisms: NCM should develop a Stakeholder Satisfaction Survey for parties to anonymously provide feedback regarding how their appeal was processed, irrespective of the decision made.
• Technological upgrades for efficiency: The Commission may invest in an “e-hearing” mechanism that connects appellants from their home districts to the Commission through audiovisual conferencing for appearing in hearings. 
• Expanding the role of State Minorities Commissions: The strengthening of the State Commissions and setting up new state-level commissions can help in reducing the pendency rates and increasing the effectiveness of the Commission.