Lone tiger walks back to its natural habitat of Papikonda National Park with good health

About Papikonda National Park:

• It is located in Andhra Pradesh.
• The area plays a key role in high precipitation and the consequent origin of various small streams and rivulets which drain and enrich the perennial River Godavari.
• A unique dwarf breed of goat known locally as the “kanchu mekha” originates in this region.
• The national park has been recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area by BirdLife International.
• Vegetation:
• Dry Mixed Teak Forests, Southern dry mixed deciduous forests and Southern moist mixed deciduous forests.
• The predominant and most extensive forest type found in the park is Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous type and the species found in this type are mainly dry deciduous species.
• Flora: Some species of flora include Albizia Amara, Latifolia, Albizia Lebbeck, Terminalias, Tectona Grandis, Lagerstroemia Lanceolata, Tomentosa, Arundinacea, Bambusa, Albizzia Amara, Dendrocalamus Strictus, Pterocarpus among others.
• Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, Hyena and vulnerable bovidae the Indian gaur area. It has species like sambar, barking deer, chowsinga, spotted deer etc.

Maoists and security forces exchange fire in Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary

About the Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in the Nuapada district of Odisha, adjoining Chhattisgarh.
• It is spread over a sprawling area of 600 sq. km. It was declared a sanctuary in 1983.
• It adjoins the Sitanadi and Udanti sanctuaries of Chhattisgarh. 
• The sanctuary harbours a great diversity of wildlife habitats, with a vast plateau, canyons, and 11 waterfalls.
• It also forms the catchment area of the Jonk River (a tributary of the Mahanadi River), over which a dam has been constructed to facilitate irrigation.
• Vegetation: The important vegetation of this sanctuary comprises dry deciduous tropical forests.
• Flora: Bija, Teak, Sisoo, Asan, Dharua, Mahul, Char, Sandalwood, Sidha, etc.
• Fauna:
• It is an ideal habitat for the Barasingha (swamp deer).
• Other important animals found are tigers, Leopards, hyenas, Barking Deer, Chital, Gaur, Sambar, Sloth Bear, Hill Myna, etc.
• It also works as a migration link for rare wild Buffaloes between the states of Orissa and Chhattisgarh.

Could the Preamble have been amended without altering the Constitution’s adoption date, SC asks

About the Preamble of the Indian Constitution:

• The preamble of the Indian Constitution serves as a brief introductory statement of the Constitution that sets out the guiding purpose, principles, and philosophy of the Indian Constitution.
• The Preamble is based on the Objectives Resolution, drafted and moved by Jawaharlal Nehru.
• The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
• Source of authority of the Constitution: It is indicated by the Preamble that the source of authority of the Constitution lies with the people of India.
• Nature of the Indian State: It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.
• Objectives of the Constitution: The objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice, liberty, and equality for all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain the unity and integrity of the nation.
• Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.
• Amendments: By the 42nd Amendment of 1976, the words “Socialist” and “Secular” were inserted; the Preamble now reads “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic”.
• Interpretation by the Supreme Court:
• Berubari Union case: In this case, it was held by the Supreme Court that the Preamble is part of the Constitution. However, it recognised that the Preamble could be used as a guiding principle if a term in any article of the Constitution is ambiguous or has more than one meaning.
• Keshvananda Bharti v. State of Kerala: In this case, the Supreme Court overturned its earlier decision and held that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution and can be amended under Article 368 of the Constitution.
• Again, in the LIC of India case, the Supreme Court held that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution.

Supreme Court Agrees to Hear Airports Authority''s Curative Petition Against Judgment Upholding GMR''s Rights Over Nagpur Airport

About the Airports Authority of India (AAI):

• It is a statutory body under the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.
• It was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995, by merging the erstwhile National Airports Authority and the International Airports Authority of India.
• The merger brought into existence a single Organisation entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining, and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and in air space in the country.
• AAI manages 137 airports, which include 24 International Airports (including 3 International Civil Enclaves), 10 Customs Airports (including 4 Customs Civil Enclaves), 80 Domestic Airports, and 23 Domestic Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields.
• AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over the entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas, with ground installations at all airports, and 25 other locations to ensure the safety of aircraft operations.
• The functions of AAI are as follows:

• Design, development, operation and maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves.
• Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
• Construction, modification and management of passenger terminals.
• Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports.
• Provision of passenger facilities and an information system at the passenger terminals at airports.
• Expansion and strengthening of the operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc.
• Provision of visual aids.
• Provision of communication and navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc.

Sovereign Gold Bond price fixed at Rs 6,263/gm; issues open Monday

About Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme:

• SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold.
• The SGB Scheme was first launched by the Government of India (GOI) on October 30, 2015. 
• They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price, and the bonds will be redeemed upon maturity.
• The bond is issued by the Reserve Bank on behalf of the GOI.
• Who is eligible to invest in the SGBs? The bonds will be restricted for sale to resident Indian entities, including individuals (in their capacity as individuals, or on behalf of the minor child, or jointly with any other individual), Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), Trusts, Universities and Charitable Institutions.
• What are the minimum and maximum limits for investment?
• The bonds are issued in denominations of one gram of gold and in multiples thereof.
• The minimum investment in the bond shall be one gram, with a maximum subscription limit of 4 kg for individuals, 4 kg for HUFs, and 20 kg for trusts and similar entities notified by the government from time to time per fiscal year.
• In the case of joint holding, the investment limit of 4 KG will be applied to the first applicant only.
• Tenor: The tenor of the bond will be for a period of 8 years, with an exit option in the 5th, 6th, and 7th years, to be exercised on the interest payment dates.
• Who are the authorised agencies selling the SGBs? Bonds are sold through offices or branches of Nationalised Banks, Scheduled Private Banks, Scheduled Foreign Banks, designated Post Offices, Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL), and the authorised stock exchanges either directly or through their agents.
• Other Features:
• Payment for the Bonds will be through cash payment (up to a maximum of Rs. 20,000/-), or demand draft, or cheque, or electronic banking.
• Investors are assured of the market value of gold at the time of maturity and periodical interest.
• These securities are eligible to be used as collateral for loans from banks, financial Institutions, and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs).
• Bonds will be tradable on stock exchanges within a fortnight of the issuance on a date as notified by the RBI.
• The bonds can also be sold and transferred as per the provisions of the Government Securities Act, 2006.
• Interest on the bonds will be taxable as per the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
• The capital gains tax arising on the redemption of SGB to an individual has been exempted.

If judges can go to the National Judicial Academy for training, why not lawyers: Supreme Court

About the National Judicial Academy (NJA):

• NJA, established in 1993 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, is an independent society, fully funded by the Government of India, and works under the directions of the Supreme Court of India.
• Mandate: Strengthening the Administration of Justice through Judicial Education, Research, and Policy Development.
• It organises training to aid the judges in their judging roles and in the performance of court administration work.
• Its 63-acre campus is located on the outskirts of Bhopal. It also has a registered office in Delhi.
• The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the Chairman of the General Body of NJA as well as the Chairman of the Governing Council, the Executive Committee, and the Academic Council of NJA.
• Management:
• The Director, NJA is the Principal Executive Officer. The Director is appointed by the Chairman, the Hon''ble Chief Justice of India.
• NJA academic staff positions include, in addition to the Director, one position of Additional Director (Research), three positions of Professor, six positions of Assistant Professor, six positions of Research Fellow, and six positions of Law Associate.

Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana

About the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana:

• The Central Sector Scheme - SAMPADA (Scheme for Agro-Marine Processing and Development of Agro-Processing Clusters) was approved by the cabinet in May 2017.
• The scheme has now been renamed as the "Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY)".
• It is a comprehensive package of component schemes, which is aimed at the creation of modern infrastructure with efficient supply chain management from farm gate to retail outlet.
• It provides a boost to the growth of the food processing sector in the country, helps in providing better prices to farmers, creates employment opportunities, especially in the rural areas, reduces wastage of agricultural produce, increases the processing level and enhances the export of processed foods. 
• Objective: The objective of PMKSY is to supplement agriculture, modernise processing and decrease Agri-Waste.
• Components:
• Mega Food Parks,
• Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure
• Infrastructure for Agro-Processing Clusters,
• Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages,
• Creation/Expansion of Food Processing & Preservation Capacities,
• Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure and
• Human Resources and Institutions
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Food Processing Industries

India developing a new Earth system model to improve forecasts, track climate crisis impacts

About the Earth System Model:

• It is open-source software that is designed to integrate the interactions of atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and biosphere to estimate the state of regional and global climate under a wide variety of conditions.
• Since it is based on numerical weather prediction and data assimilation, it can be used for accurate climate change predictions.
• The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology along with the Centre for Climate Change Research (CCCR), is developing this first-for-India Earth System Model.
• Purpose: To improve its forecasts, facilitate long-term climate studies, and predict climate impacts in the coming years.
• IITM-ESM incorporates earth system components in the Climate Forecast System (CFS) from National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP, USA), and transforms the CFS seasonal prediction model to a long-term climate mode,
• Funding: An amount of ₹192.28 crores has been sanctioned under the Monsoon Convection, Clouds and Climate Change (MC4) sub-scheme to develop the climate forecasting system
• The work on the model is currently underway and is expected to be completed by 2025.

Monsoon Convection, Clouds and Climate Change (MC4) sub-scheme

• It was envisioned to improve the observational database and climate models for an enhanced predictive understanding of monsoonal precipitation changes and their impacts in a warming environment.
• The overarching goal of MC4 is to better describe and quantify interactions among monsoon dynamics, clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and the water cycle in a changing climate.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)