JULY 10 , 2026 CURRENT AFFAIRS
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National Higher Education Growth Index The Ministry of Education has released the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) for 2022-23 and 2023-24, showing total enrolment in higher education has reached 4.5 crore, with notable gains in women''s participation, STEM uptake, and inclusivity of marginalised groups. AISHE » AISHE is an annual survey by the Ministry of Education tracking student enrolment, faculty strength, infrastructure, programme offerings, and participation by gender and social category. It serves as a key policy tool for planning, funding, and reforms under NEP 2020. Data is submitted voluntarily by institutions via a web portal and verified through validation checks. The latest round covers 59,533 institutions, with an institutional participation rate above 90%. Key Findings » Overall Enrolment: Rose to 4.5 crore in 2023-24, up 31.5% from 3.42 crore in 2014-15. » Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) (share of 18-23 age group in higher education): 30 in 2023-24, up from 29.5 (2022-23) and 23.7 (2014-15). » Women''s Participation: Female enrolment rose to 2.24 crore (from 2.18 crore in 2022-23 and 1.57 crore in 2014-15) — a 42.2% rise since 2014-15. Female GER stood at 31.2, above the national average. The Gender Parity Index (GPI) was 1.08, meaning more women than men are enrolled; GPI has stayed above 1 for seven straight years. SC/ST/OBC Enrolment: » SC: 69.72 lakh, up 51.4% since 2014-15; GER up from 18.9 to 27.8. » ST: 28.83 lakh, up 75.7% since 2014-15; GER up from 13.5 to 22.8. » OBC: 1.80 crore, up 60.2% from 1.13 crore. » STEM Education: Enrolment crossed 1 crore for the first time (1.02 crore), up from 91.5 lakh in 2014-15. Women''s share in STEM rose to 44% from 38.4%. » Faculty Strength: Total faculty reached 17.32 lakh; female faculty rose to 7.78 lakh from 5.69 lakh in 2014-15. Significance » Rising GER and inclusive enrolment growth reflect improved access and progress on social justice and gender equity. » STEM growth and rising women''s share support India''s technology and innovation goals and build a more diverse talent pool. » Findings feed into NEP 2020''s target of 50% GER by 2035, guiding continued investment in institutions and faculty. Challenges Ahead » Quality concerns: Access has outpaced quality; learning outcomes, employability, and faculty/infrastructure shortages remain issues. » Regional disparities: Uneven distribution of quality institutions, rural-urban gaps, and concentration of top institutions in metros. » NEP 2020 targets: Reaching 50% GER by 2035 needs sustained expansion, especially in tier-2/tier-3 cities, while balancing quality. » Employability: A persistent skill gap between higher education output and industry needs calls for stronger industry-academia linkages and integration of vocational/skill-based education. Skill development programmes have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement, analyse the relationship between education, skill and employment. |
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Indira Point Heritage & Sustainability Initiative The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, through the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships, has proposed structural repairs to the Indira Point lighthouse and development of tourism infrastructure around it, aiming to preserve the lighthouse for its navigational role and for its historic and cultural value. What the Detailed Project Report Proposes A detailed project report by IIT Madras (IIT-M) outlines structural works including repair and strengthening of the lighthouse tower''s foundation, an all-weather approach road, shore protection works such as breakwaters, a powerhouse, inspection facility and staff quarters, and a compound wall with internal pathways. Separately, tourism-focused proposals include eco-tourism initiatives, a convention centre, cafeteria, viewing tower, cycle tracks, an international-standard museum, and a memorial structure. Coastal Protection and Regulatory Clearances Needed » Since the proposed works lie within sensitive coastal habitats, they fall under the Island Coastal Regulation Zone (ICRZ) Notification, 2019, requiring prior approval from the Union Territory''s Coastal Zone Management Authority and the Union Environment Ministry. This notification provides a regulatory framework protecting coastal stretches, marine habitats, and the livelihoods of fishing and coastal communities across the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. » Coastal zone maps show the works fall mostly in ICRZ-IA areas, with some portions in ICRZ-IVA. ICRZ-IA covers environmentally critical zones such as mangroves, coral reefs, sand dunes, mudflats, national and marine parks, notified forests, salt marshes, and turtle nesting grounds, while ICRZ-IVA covers the seabed and water area between the low tide line and up to 12 nautical miles seaward. Why the Site Needs Protection Works? » The lighthouse has weathered significantly, largely due to the December 2004 earthquake and tsunami, which caused land to rise in some parts of the Andaman and Nicobar chain and sink in others. » At Indira Point specifically, permanent land subsidence occurred — the lighthouse and its structures originally stood 3.5 metres above mean sea level, but the disaster''s land-sinking and seawater ingress engulfed the tower and destroyed nearby quarters and huts. » The Nicobar Islands are estimated to have sunk by about 2.04 metres, submerging the lighthouse''s base and foundation in seawater. » An IIT-M assessment found continuous exposure of the foundation to seawater and extreme wave conditions during high tide since 2004, and the lighthouse now shows a 3.86° tilt, though this has not been assessed as a risk to structural stability. Ongoing coastal erosion, wave action, and shoreline changes have made structural strengthening necessary. Conclusion The Indira Point project reflects the government''s dual goal of preserving a historically and navigationally significant landmark while promoting tourism at India''s southernmost tip. Given its location within ecologically fragile ICRZ-IA zones, however, it highlights the recurring tension between infrastructure development and coastal ecological protection — a debate that mirrors concerns raised over the broader Great Nicobar Island infrastructure project. |
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India’s Smart Population Count The Census of India 2027, the 16th national census, is underway as India''s first fully digital decennial count. It has drawn attention not only for its technological shift but also for the ongoing rehearsal of caste enumeration in its second phase, which is testing methodology after the 2011 Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) produced unusable data. Key Features of the 2027 Census » This is India''s first census conducted entirely digitally, with enumerators using secure mobile applications and web portals for real-time data collection to improve speed and accuracy. » Citizens are also given a self-enumeration option through an official online portal, with self-enumerated households receiving a unique digital ID for later verification by enumerators. » A new tool, the Houselisting Block Creator (HLBC), uses satellite imagery to create standardised geographic blocks, streamlining operations and reducing manual demarcation. » Notably, this census includes comprehensive caste-related enumeration — the first national caste count since 1931 — expected to inform affirmative action and social welfare policy. Phased Implementation and Timeline The census is structured in two phases. Phase 1 (Houselisting and Housing Census), running April 1 to September 30, 2026, collects data on housing conditions, amenities, and assets, with each State/UT given a 30-day field data collection window and an optional 15-day self-enumeration window; this phase is currently ongoing. Phase 2 (Population Enumeration), scheduled for February 2027 across most of India, records demographic, social, and economic details of individuals and includes the caste-related enumeration. A special exception applies to snow-bound, non-synchronous areas — Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand — where Population Enumeration is scheduled for September 2026. Reasons for Delay » The census faced delays from its original 2021 schedule primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which made large-scale field operations unsafe and diverted government resources toward pandemic management. » Additional delays stemmed from the administrative complexity of shifting to a digital framework, including training millions of enumerators on new digital tools and developing the required IT infrastructure. The Caste Enumeration Debate » A rehearsal for Phase 2 is currently underway in 16 States and Union Territories, testing an "open column" where respondents state their caste, with statutory backing for its collection. » This mirrors a feature of the 2011 SECC, which also used an open-ended caste column but resulted in over 46 lakh distinct "caste names" — data the Centre told the Supreme Court in 2021 was too error-ridden to be relied upon for reservation purposes. » By contrast, the last census to tabulate caste, in 1931, recorded only 4,147 caste names. The ongoing pre-test, ending July 20, aims to finalise a workable methodology — one proposal involves using digital devices pre-loaded with curated lists of castes and sub-castes, similar to the approach used in the 2022-23 Bihar caste survey. » Counting caste is framed as a means of addressing social inequities, consistent with the Constitution''s commitment to social justice, the abolition of untouchability, and the prohibition of caste-based discrimination. » Proponents argue that reliable empirical caste data can sharpen the targeting of welfare and affirmative action measures, help address the "creamy layer" concept, and support the sub-categorisation of castes and classes already covered under reservation. Policy Implications and Significance » Census 2027 data will be critical for the delimitation exercise — redrawing parliamentary and assembly constituency boundaries — expected to follow publication of census results, ensuring representation adjusts to population shifts. » Beyond delimitation, the data will support targeted, evidence-based policymaking: identifying beneficiaries for welfare schemes, guiding infrastructure and urban planning, and offering demographic insights into population growth trends, migration, literacy, employment, and household income patterns. Q. The Census of India 2027 marks a significant shift towards digital governance while reviving the practice of caste enumeration after nearly a century. Discuss the significance of the 2027 Census for evidence-based policymaking and inclusive governance. Also examine the challenges associated with digital census operations and caste enumeration. |
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Data Privacy and Transparency Dilemma The Delhi High Court, in Laksh Vir Singh Yadav v. Union of India, has laid down structured principles for the Right to be Forgotten (RTBF) in India, ruling that it flows from the right to privacy under Article 21 and prescribing a proportionality test to balance privacy with open justice. Understanding the Right to be Forgotten » The RTBF, also called the Right to Erasure, allows individuals to request removal or de-indexing of personal data from public platforms — particularly search engines — when its continued accessibility is outdated, irrelevant, excessive, or harmful and serves no public interest. » It targets search engine delisting rather than removal of original content, and is not absolute: it must be weighed against freedom of speech, journalistic freedom, and the public''s right to information. The right is rooted in the broader idea of informational self-determination, giving individuals a measure of control over their digital footprint. Global Origins and Evolution » The concept gained global prominence through the European Court of Justice''s 2014 ruling in favour of Mario Costeja González (the Google Spain case), which held that individuals could ask search engines to remove links to outdated or irrelevant personal data. » This was formally codified as the "Right to Erasure" under Article 17 of the EU''s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 2018, which allows erasure where data is no longer necessary for its original purpose, consent is withdrawn, processing was unlawful, or a legal obligation requires erasure. » Several other jurisdictions, including Argentina and some US states, have explored or adopted similar provisions with variations. Right to be Forgotten in India » India''s approach has evolved mainly through judicial pronouncements. » The Supreme Court''s K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) judgment recognised privacy, including informational privacy, as a fundamental right under Article 21, laying the constitutional groundwork for RTBF. » Several High Courts — Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala, and Orissa among them — have since ordered removal of sensitive personal information, such as details from divorce proceedings or past acquittals; a 2021 Delhi High Court order, for instance, directed Google and Indian Kanoon to remove a judgment concerning a woman''s criminal acquittal. » On the legislative side, the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, provides a statutory basis through Section 17, granting data principals a right to erasure and requiring data fiduciaries to delete personal data once it is no longer needed for its original purpose, subject to exceptions for public interest, legal obligations, and free speech — similar to the GDPR model. However, this statutory right remains » largely consent-based and does not explicitly extend to judicial records, and its implementation is limited since the Act''s rules have not yet been notified and the Data Protection Board is not fully functional. The Delhi High Court Ruling » In Laksh Vir Singh Yadav v. Union of India, the Delhi High Court held that the RTBF derives from Article 21 and set out a structured proportionality test: retention of information must serve a legitimate purpose, the harm to privacy must be weighed against public interest, and the least intrusive means — such as masking names rather than deleting facts — should be preferred. » The ruling directs that only the names of parties be masked in judicial records, not the underlying facts, and gives legal databases a two-week compliance deadline. » It recognises that RTBF often comes into tension with freedom of speech and press under Article 19(1)(a) and the principle of open justice, and that public interest — particularly in serious crime cases — can outweigh privacy claims, though a person''s digital presence should not permanently victimise them once legal proceedings conclude. » The Court also acknowledged practical enforcement challenges: de-indexing at the search-engine level does not stop information from persisting on mirror sites, archives, or social media. » It floated a tiered system for handling erasure requests, involving platforms, the Data Protection Board, and courts, to balance efficiency with accountability. » Full implementation of this framework, however, awaits a Supreme Court ruling, the Data Protection Board''s establishment, and compliance from digital platforms. Arguments For and Against RTBF » Supporters argue it protects individual privacy and digital identity, helps people overcome past mistakes that could affect employment or social standing, curbs cyberbullying and harassment, promotes accuracy by removing outdated information, and supports rehabilitation after past legal or personal issues. » Critics counter that it risks censorship and suppression of legitimate information, can hinder the public''s right to know — especially about public figures — creates a "memory hole" that sanitises historical record, is difficult to enforce given data''s global reach, and could be misused by powerful individuals to hide truthful but unflattering information. Challenges and Implications » Defining "public interest" objectively and consistently remains difficult. » Jurisdictional limitations prevent global enforcement, as delisting in one country may not apply elsewhere. » High volumes of requests make it challenging to balance automated processing with human review in complex cases. » Excessive delisting may create a chilling effect on journalism, transparency, and historical research. » Ensuring complete digital erasure across multiple platforms, archives, and databases is technically difficult. Q. "Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgment of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. |
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Central America’s Green Jewel » Location: A small country in Central America. » Borders: Nicaragua to the north and Panama to the south. » Maritime Boundaries: Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east. » Capital: San José. Geographical Features » The Central Valley is flanked by the Cordillera Volcánica to the north and the Cordillera de Talamanca to the south. » Major volcanoes include Arenal Volcano, Poás Volcano, and Irazú Volcano. » Highest Point: Mount Chirripó (12,536 ft), located in the Cordillera de Talamanca. » Largest Lake: Lake Arenal. » Major rivers include the Reventazón River (flows into the Caribbean Sea), Tempisque, Sierpe, and the San Juan River, which forms part of the border with Nicaragua. » Natural Resources: Copper, manganese, gold, magnetite, and bauxite.It has reduced dependence on the Kharif season, whose share in total foodgrain production has declined from nearly 60% in the 1990s to 47% in 2025-26. |
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Systemic Hyperinflammation Syndrome» Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening immune system disorder in which the body''s immune system becomes overactive. » Instead of protecting the body from infections, the immune system attacks healthy tissues and organs, causing severe inflammation. » It can affect the liver, spleen, bone marrow, brain, and other organs. » If left untreated, HLH can become life-threatening. Types Primary (Familial) HLH: » Caused by inherited genetic mutations. » Usually develops during infancy or early childhood, though it may appear later. » If both parents are carriers, a child has: · 25% chance of having HLH. · 50% chance of being a carrier. · 25% chance of neither having the disease nor being a carrier. Secondary (Acquired) HLH: » Triggered by conditions that cause abnormal immune activation. » Common triggers include: · Viral infections such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). · Certain bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. · Autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. · Blood cancers such as lymphoma and leukemia. · Weakened immune system due to certain medications or medical conditions. |
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The Chickpea Culinary Path» The Hummus Trail refers to a network of destinations in India frequented by young Israeli veterans after completing their mandatory military service. » It forms part of the post-army travel tradition known as Tiul Gadol ("The Big Trip"), often financed through military service bonuses. » Popular destinations include Himachal Pradesh (Kasol, Dharamkot), Goa, Rishikesh, and parts of Uttarakhand. » The trail is associated with rest, recreation, trekking, yoga, and spiritual tourism. » Around 80,000 Israeli tourists visit India annually. Key factors : » The Hind Rajab Foundation (HRF) filed a complaint in India against Israeli soldier Eitan Gilboa, alleging war crimes committed during the 2024 Gaza conflict. » The complaint was filed after he was reportedly vacationing in Himachal Pradesh, a key destination on the Hummus Trail. » The case has drawn attention to India''s Geneva Conventions Act, 1960, which allows the arrest and prosecution of any person, irrespective of nationality or place of offence, for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions. » The issue has also renewed scrutiny over the Hummus Trail, including concerns related to drug abuse, rave parties, and mental health challenges among some post-service Israeli veterans. |
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Advanced Long-Range Rocket Platform » Pinaka is an indigenously developed Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) system designed for the Indian Army by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). » It provides high-volume, precision artillery fire against enemy troop concentrations, artillery positions, and strategic targets. » The system uses a common launcher capable of firing different variants of Pinaka rockets, enhancing operational flexibility. » The long-range guided variant features precision guidance and the ability to execute planned in-flight manoeuvres. » In the recent flight test conducted at the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, the rocket successfully validated its user-defined minimum strike range of 60 km with high accuracy. Significance » Enhances the Indian Army''s long-range precision strike capability. » Strengthens indigenous defence manufacturing under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative. » Improves operational flexibility through a single launcher compatible with multiple Pinaka variants. » Reinforces India''s capabilities in modern artillery and battlefield fire support. » Demonstrates the importance of the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, as a key facility for missile and rocket testing.It has an enlarged olfactory bulb and turbinals, enabling it to forage for ants and termites using its keen sense of smell. |
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Prambanan: Sacred Spires of Indonesia » Prambanan Temple is a 9th-century Hindu temple complex located in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. » It is dedicated to the Trimūrti—Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Preserver), and Shiva (Destroyer). » It is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia. » The temple was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991. » India and Indonesia have launched a joint restoration project, with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) serving as the lead agency from the Indian side. » The restoration will focus on the perwara (companion shrines) surrounding the three main temples Significance » The project will use the anastylosis technique, rebuilding the monument using original stones, supported by digital mapping and Artificial Intelligence (AI). » It strengthens the civilisational and cultural ties between India and Indonesia. » Reinforces India''s Act East Policy and cultural diplomacy through heritage conservation. » Demonstrates the ASI''s expertise in international conservation projects, including Angkor Wat (Cambodia) and Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). » Reflects the enduring influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in Indonesia, with the Ramayana and Mahabharata continuing to shape its cultural heritage.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? [A] 1 only [B] 2 only [C] Both 1 and 2 [D] Neither 1 nor 2
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Precision Vision Defense Mission » Bengaluru-based space startup GalaxEye lost contact with Mission Drishti, the world''s first OptoSAR satellite and India''s largest privately developed Earth Observation satellite. » The satellite encountered an anomaly during the Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP), likely caused by a geomagnetic solar storm, leading to loss of communication. Mission Drishti » It was launched on 3 May 2026 aboard SpaceX''s Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg, California. » It was the world''s first satellite to integrate Electro-Optical (EO) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors into a single operational platform. » It was developed by GalaxEye, a Bengaluru-based private space startup. » It aimed to provide all-weather, day-and-night Earth observation through fused EO and SAR imagery. » It demonstrated India''s growing capabilities in the private space sector despite the mission setback. OptoSAR Technology » OptoSAR combines Electro-Optical (EO) imaging and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on a single satellite platform. » It provides high-resolution imaging irrespective of cloud cover, rainfall, smoke or darkness. » It produces synchronised and fused datasets, reducing temporal gaps and improving analytical accuracy. » It enhances applications in disaster management, agriculture, border surveillance, urban planning, environmental monitoring and defence. » It supports Artificial Intelligence (AI) and geospatial analytics through high-quality integrated datasets. Significance » It marks a major technological innovation in Earth Observation (EO) satellites. » It strengthens India''s commercial space ecosystem and promotes indigenous space technology under IN-SPACe and Space Sector Reforms. » It expands dual-use capabilities for both civilian and strategic applications. » It improves disaster response through real-time, all-weather monitoring. » It demonstrates the increasing role of private startups in advancing India''s space ambitions. Challenges » It remains vulnerable to space weather events such as geomagnetic solar storms and radiation exposure. » It faces significant technical risks during the Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP). » It requires highly reliable radiation-hardened onboard electronics and communication systems. » It involves high development costs and complex integration of multiple advanced sensors. » It requires continuous investment in testing, quality assurance and mission resilience. Way Forward » It requires strengthening radiation protection and fault-tolerant satellite systems. » It requires expanding indigenous capabilities in advanced Earth Observation technologies. » It requires greater investment in private space startups, research and innovation. » It requires enhanced space weather forecasting and mission planning to minimise operational risks. Q. With reference to OptoSAR technology, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only Answer: (d) "Advanced Earth Observation technologies are transforming disaster management, strategic surveillance and resource governance." Discuss the significance of OptoSAR technology for India''s space programme and geospatial capabilities. |
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Hydropower & Irrigation Payment Framework Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh signed a one-time settlement agreement to resolve the long-pending payment disputes under the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) Award. » The agreement settles the cost-sharing arrangements for the Sardar Sarovar Project. » The Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) was constituted in 1969 and delivered its Award in 1979, providing the framework for sharing water, costs, and benefits among the beneficiary states. » The pact was signed in the presence of the Union Home Minister, Union Minister of Jal Shakti, and the Chief Ministers of the four states. Significance » Resolves a long-standing inter-state financial dispute through a one-time settlement of outstanding dues. » Demonstrates cooperative federalism through consensus among the four beneficiary states. » Ensures smoother implementation and financial management of the Sardar Sarovar Project. » The Sardar Sarovar Project provides irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric power, significantly benefiting Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh, while improving agricultural productivity and regional development. » Forms part of the Centre''s broader efforts to resolve inter-state river water disputes, alongside progress on the Kishau Dam Project and the Yamuna Water Project. |
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Expanding Dimensions of Bilateral Relations Prime Minister Narendra Modi''s visit to Australia highlights the growing Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP), with bilateral relations expanding beyond the traditional Three Cs (Commonwealth, Cricket and Curry) towards deeper cooperation in Development, Defence, Energy, Education and Emerging Technologies. Key Areas of Cooperation » It has strengthened economic cooperation through the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) (2022), providing duty-free access for Indian exports and preferential access for Australian products. » It targets US$100 billion bilateral trade by 2030, with cumulative two-way investment approaching US$50 billion. » It has growing investment collaboration through AirTrunk''s US$30 billion AI-ready data centre project, Perdaman Chemicals'' US$4.5 billion urea plant, and increasing Australian investments in India. » It has expanding defence cooperation through Annual Defence Ministers'' Dialogue, senior military exchanges, and exercises such as AUSINDEX, Malabar and Talisman Sabre, along with collaboration in cyber security, Artificial Intelligence (AI), drones and shipbuilding. » It has deepening energy partnership through the India–Australia Renewable Energy Partnership, cooperation in solar energy, green hydrogen, critical minerals, rare earths, and proposed Australian uranium exports to support India''s civil nuclear programme. » It has strengthening education and skill development through over one lakh Indian students in Australia, Australian university campuses in India, joint research in advanced computing, healthcare, defence, energy and space, and vocational skill partnerships. » It has a growing Indian diaspora of over ten lakh, strengthening people-to-people ties and cultural exchanges. Strategic Significance » It strengthens a free, open, safe, peaceful and prosperous Indo-Pacific through cooperation in the Quad and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). » It enhances critical mineral security, semiconductor cooperation and resilient supply chains through initiatives such as the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) and the Australia–Canada–India Technology and Innovation Partnership (2025). » It expands trilateral cooperation through India–Indonesia–Australia and India–France–Australia frameworks. » It supports India''s economic growth, technological advancement, maritime security and regional strategic interests. Way Forward » It requires early conclusion of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) to deepen economic integration. » It requires expanding cooperation in critical minerals, clean energy, defence manufacturing, AI, semiconductors and emerging technologies. Q. With reference to India–Australia relations, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only Answer: (d) "India–Australia relations have evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership driven by economic integration, defence cooperation and Indo-Pacific convergence." Discuss. |