3. (b) “The will to power exists, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality and principles of moral duty.’ Examine this statement in the context of international relations. (UPSC IAS Mains 2020 General Studies Paper – 4)
The ‘will to power’ represents a realist perspective, which assumes that nations are primarily driven by self-interest, power, and survival. Meanwhile, the idea that this ‘will to power’ can be ‘tamed and guided by rationality and principles of moral duty’ aligns more with liberal and constructivist perspectives, which emphasize cooperation, rule-based international order, and ethical obligations.
- Realism: Realist theories view international relations as a struggle for power among self-interested states. This ‘will to power’ can lead to conflict and competition, as states vie for dominance or survival. Example: the Russia-Ukraine war – will to power the eastern europe or the South China conflict is will to power marine resources and strategic sea lanes of communication.
- Liberalism: Liberal theories, on the other hand, emphasize the potential for international cooperation through institutions, economic interdependence, and democratic governance. They believe that the ‘will to power’ can be mitigated by the creation of international norms, laws, and institutions that guide state behavior. Example: UNCLOS regulating the affairs of the state on Oceans or the Outer Space treaty 1967 regulating the use of space for peaceful purposes.
- Constructivism: Constructivists argue that state behavior is shaped by identity, norms, and values. They believe that the ‘will to power’ can be guided by principles of moral duty, as states are influenced by international norms and their own identities. Ex: India has shared values of Non violence, Peace, Tolerance, multipolar world and respect for rule based order in international affairs. Hence India is increasingly being referred as Vishwa Guru in the International affairs context.
“The will to power exists, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality and principles of moral duty” reflects an important and continuous process in international relations: balancing the inherent competition for power with the need for cooperation, rule of law, and ethical conduct.
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