1. With reference to Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), consider the following statements:
1. It is a joint effort of NASA and the ISRO.
2. It will study blackholes.
Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 Nor 2
2. W.r.t. James Webb Space Telescope, consider the following statements:
1. It is considered a successor of the Kepler Mission and will extend and complement its discoveries.
2. It has been developed under an international partnership between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 Nor 2
3. With reference to Laser Communications Relay Demonstration, consider the following statements:
1. It uses infrared light for data transmission.
2. It is launched by NASA
3. It offers higher bandwidth than radio frequency systems.
Which of the above statements are correct?.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2 only
4. Which of the following is/are true?
1) The legislature of a state may adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the state or Hindi as the official language of that state.
2) The proceedings of the Supreme Court are to be carried out in English or Hindi only.
Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect ?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 Nor 2
5. Which of the following is/are true regarding the constitutional position of Hindi language?
1) Hindi written in Devanagari script with the Devanagari form of numerals is to be the official language of the Union.
2) It was decided that for a period of ten years from the commencement of the constitution, English language would continue to be used for all the official purposes.
Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect ?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 Nor 2
Answers
1. (b)
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-nasas-ixpe-mission-that-will-explore-universes-mysterious-objects-7665727/
2. (b)
https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/james-webb-telescope-launch-science-birth-of-galaxy-stars-black-hole-nasa-esa-1887153-2021-12-13
3. (c)
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-nasas-new-communications-system-lcrd-its-importance-7661272/
4. (b)
The constitutional provisions dealing with the language of the courts and legislation are -
1. Until Parliament provides otherwise, the following are to be in the English language only -
a. All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court.
b. The authoritative texts of all bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations and bye-laws at the central and state levels.
2. However, the Governor of a state, with the previous consent of the President, can authorize the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state, in the proceedings in the High Court of the state, but not with respect to the judgments, decrees and orders passed by it.
3. That is the judgments, decrees and orders of the high court must continue to be in English only (until Parliament otherwise provides).
4. Similarly, a State Legislature can prescribe the use of any language (other than English) with respect to bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations or bye-laws, but a translation of the same in the English language is to be published.
- The Official Language Act of 1963 lays down that Hindi translation of acts, ordinances, orders, regulations and bye-laws published under the authority of the President are deemed to be authoritative texts.
- Further, every bill introduced in the Parliament is to be accompanied by a Hindi translation.
- Similarly, there is to be a Hindi translation of state acts or ordinances in certain cases.
- The act also enables the Governor of a state, with the previous consent of the President, to authorize the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state for judgments, decrees and orders passed by the High Court of the state.
- But they should be accompanied by an English translation.
- For example, Hindi is used in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan for this purpose.
- However,the Parliament has not made any provision for the use of Hindi in the Supreme Court.
- Hence, the Supreme Court hears only those who petition or appeal in English.
- In 1971, a petitioner insisted on arguing in Hindi a habeas corpus petition in the Supreme Court. But, the Court cancelled his petition on the ground that the language of the Court was English and allowing Hindi would be unconstitutional.
5. (c)
Part XVII of the constitution deals with the official language in Articles 343 to 351.
- Its provisions are divided into four heads - Language of the Union, Regional languages, Language of the judiciary and texts of laws and Special directives.
- Hindi written in Devanagari script is to be the official language of the Union.
- But, the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union has to be the international form of Indian numerals and not the Devanagari form of numerals.
- However, for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution (i.e., from 1950 to 1965), the English language would continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used before 1950.
- Even after fifteen years, the Parliament may provide for the continued use of English language for the specified purposes.
- At the end of five years, and again at the end of ten years, from the commencement of the Constitution,the President should appoint a commission to make recommendations with regard to the progressive use of the Hindi language, restrictions on the use of the English language and other related issues.
- A committee of Parliament is to be constituted to examine the recommendations of the commission and to report its views on them to the President.
- Accordingly, in 1955, the President appointed an Official Language Commission under the chairmanship of B.G. Kher.
- The commission submitted its report to the President in 1956.
- The report was examined by a committee of Parliament constituted in 1957 under the chairmanship of Gobind Ballabh Pant.
- However, another Official Language Commission (as envisaged by the constitution) was not appointed in 1960.
- Subsequently, the Parliament enacted the Official Language Act in 1963.
- The act provides for the continued use of English (even after 1965), in addition to Hindi, for all official purposes of the Union and also for the transaction of business in Parliament.
- This act enables the use of English indefinitely (without any time-limit).
- Further,this act was amended in 1967 to make the use of English, in addition to Hindi, compulsory in certain cases.
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