Is 'ageing an emerging issue in Indian society ? Discuss the major problems of the old age people in India. (UPSC CSE Mains 2021 - Sociology, Paper 2)
Ageing is an emerging issue in Indian society. With advancements in healthcare and improved living conditions, the elderly population in India has been increasing over the years. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the number of people aged 60 and above in India is projected to increase from 100 million in 2011 to 300 million by 2050, accounting for 18% of the total population. This demographic shift poses several challenges for the Indian society, including economic, social, and healthcare concerns. Major problems faced by the elderly in India can be discussed under the following sociological aspects:
- Economic Issues: Many elderly people in India face financial difficulties due to inadequate savings, lack of pension coverage, and limited employment opportunities. The traditional joint family system, which provided financial support to the elderly, is gradually disintegrating, leaving many older individuals without a stable source of income. This economic insecurity affects their overall well-being and quality of life.
- Healthcare: The elderly population is more susceptible to chronic illnesses and age-related health issues. However, the healthcare system in India is not adequately equipped to address the specific needs of the elderly. There is a lack of geriatric care facilities, specialized healthcare professionals, and affordable healthcare services for the elderly. This results in inadequate access to healthcare and a higher burden of out-of-pocket expenses for the elderly.
- Social Isolation: The disintegration of the joint family system and increased migration of younger generations for better job opportunities have led to social isolation among the elderly. Many older individuals live alone or with their spouses, without the support of their children or extended family members. This lack of social interaction can lead to feelings of loneliness, depression, and a decline in mental health.
- Abuse and Neglect: Elder abuse is a significant yet often overlooked issue in India. The elderly may face physical, emotional, or financial abuse from their family members or caregivers. This abuse often goes unreported due to fear of retaliation, lack of awareness, or social stigma associated with reporting abuse. Additionally, many elderly individuals face neglect in terms of their basic needs, such as food, clothing, and healthcare.
- Lack of Social Security: The absence of a comprehensive social security system in India leaves many elderly individuals without adequate financial support. Only a small percentage of the elderly population receives pension benefits, and these benefits are often insufficient to cover their basic needs. This lack of social security exacerbates the economic and social challenges faced by the elderly.
The ageing population in India is hence an emerging issue that requires urgent attention from policymakers, civil society, and the community at large. Addressing the economic, healthcare, and social challenges faced by the elderly is crucial to ensure their well-being and dignity in the later stages of life. This can be achieved through the development of comprehensive social security systems, improved healthcare facilities, and increased awareness about the rights and needs of the elderly population.
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