Underline the socio-cultural factors responsible for India's skewed sex-ratio. (UPSC CSE Mains 2021 - Sociology, Paper 2)
India’s skewed sex ratio can be attributed to a variety of socio-cultural factors that have deep-rooted historical, cultural, and social origins. Some of the key factors responsible for this imbalance are:
- Patriarchal society: Indian society is predominantly patriarchal, where men are considered the primary breadwinners and heads of the family. This has led to a preference for male children, as they are seen as the ones who will carry on the family name, provide financial support, and look after their parents in old age.
- Dowry system: The dowry system, though illegal, is still prevalent in many parts of India. The practice involves the bride’s family giving gifts, money, or property to the groom’s family as a precondition for marriage. This has resulted in a preference for male children, as families with daughters are burdened with the financial obligation of providing dowry.
- Son preference: In Indian society, sons are often considered more valuable than daughters due to various cultural and religious beliefs. Sons are expected to carry on the family lineage, perform religious rites, and provide financial support to their parents. This preference for sons has led to sex-selective abortions, female infanticide, and neglect of girl children.
- Lack of education and awareness: Low levels of education and awareness about gender equality and the importance of women in society contribute to the skewed sex ratio. Educated families are more likely to understand the value of having daughters and treat them equally.
- Economic factors: In rural areas, where agriculture is the primary source of livelihood, male children are preferred as they are perceived to be more capable of physically demanding labor. Additionally, families with sons are believed to have better economic prospects, as sons are expected to bring in additional income through marriage.
- Discrimination against women: Discrimination against women is widespread in India and manifests in various forms, including limited access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. This discrimination further reinforces the preference for male children, as they are seen as more valuable and capable.
- Legal loopholes and lax implementation: Despite the existence of laws prohibiting sex-selective abortions and the dowry system, these practices continue due to legal loopholes and lax implementation of existing laws. This allows for the continuation of practices that contribute to the skewed sex ratio.
The skewed sex ratio in India is thus a result of multiple socio-cultural factors that reinforce the preference for male children and perpetuate discrimination against women. Addressing these factors through education, awareness campaigns, and stricter implementation of laws can help improve the sex ratio and promote gender equality in Indian society.
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