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UPSC Mains General Studies Paper 1 - Question Paper 2021 - Analysis and Answers

UPSC MAINS GENERAL STUDIES PAPER – 1  MAINS 2021 

GENERAL STUDIES - PAPER – 1

Q1. Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti Literature and its contribution to  Indian culture. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q2. Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q3. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q4. Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q5. Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in percentage. Discuss.(Answer in 150 words) 10 Q6. what are the environmental implications of the reclamation of the water bodies into urban land use? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q7. Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q8. Why is India considered as a sub-continent? Elaborate your answer. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q9. Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q10. Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10 Q11. To what extent did the role of the moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q12. Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q13. ” There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q14. Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and explain their impact on local weather conditions, with examples. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q15. How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q16. Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q17. What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q18. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Q19. What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian society also?(Answer in 250 words) 15 Q20. How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values? Enumerate the changes taking place in it.(Answer in 250 words) 15

Analysis and Answers

There are three main subjects in GS Paper 1 in UPSC Mains, History, Geography and Society. Total of 20 questions are asked. Here is the subject wise-weightage of questions asked in UPSC GS 1 Mains 2021:
  • Art and Culture, Ancient History and Medieval History: Total 1 Question (Q No. 1)
  • Modern History: Total 3 Questions (Q No. 2, 11, 12)
  • World History and Post Independence History: Total 2 Questions (Q No 3, 13)
  • Geography: Total 8 Questions (Q No 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16)
  • Society: Total 6 Questions (Q No 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20)
Role of UPSC Previous Year Question Papers (PYQs):
  • You can solve 12 questions directly from PYQs. Question no 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 can be directly solved from PYQs.
  • In question no 9, 10 and 19, PYQs will help, as these are modified from Previous Year Questions.
  • Total 5 questions are new. Question no. 5, 7, 8, 13 and 16 are asked first time, but can be solved from OUR TEXTBOOKS.
  Q1. Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Easy Question.
  • Improvisation of UPSC Previous Year Question.  
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  • Can be solved using our books on medieval history.
The traces of Bhakti can be traced back to both the Brahmanical and Buddhist traditions of ancient India, as well as to the many ancient literature like Vedas, Upanishads and Gita. It is present in India long before the growth of Sufism in Islam and its arrival in India. However, it was for the first time in South India between the 6th and the 10th century that Bhakti emerged from a religious doctrine into a popular movement based on equality. These saints saw religion as a loving tie based on love between the worshipped and the worshipper, rather than a cold formal worship. Nature of the Bhakti Literature
  • Egalitarian approach: It disregarded caste and gender, and carried their message of love and personal devotion to God to various parts of India.
  • Emphasis on local and regional languages: Bhakti saints wrote and preached in vernacular languages. eg. Alvars and Nayanars used local Tamil language instead of Sanskrit. Surdasa preferred Brijbhasha. Due to this factor, they got acceptance by people easily.
  • Reduced evils in society: The Bhakti literature began to be composed in the sixth century AD in south India by the Tamil poet-saints. Many social abnormalities existed in the society, e.g. caste rigidity, irrelevant rituals and religious practices, blind faiths, and social dogmas. The bhakti literature preached against all such evils.
  • Simple approach to religion: The sophisticated philosophy of Vedas and Upnishadas literature was very difficult for ordinary people to understand. People were looking for a simple form of worship, religious activities, and social norms. Bhakti literature was an alternative—a basic form of devotion that provided salvation from the material life.
  • Secular and tolerant character: Although, the bhakti literature was of bhakti literature propagated by Hindu saints, it was tolerant to other relegions. Secularism is visible in it.
Contribution of the Bhakti Literature to Indian culture
  • The Bhakti literature spread easily among masses and influenced local culture. It led to disgorgement of immoral acts such as infanticide and sati, as well as the prohibition of wine, tobacco etc.
  • It Another notable influence was the creation of solidarity between the Hindu and Muslim communities. The secular character of bhakti literature, along with the sufi literature reduced the religious conflicts.
  • The movement attempted to bridge the gap between the two by reducing the growing bitterness between them. The Sufi saints and Bhakti saints transmit a message of friendliness, amity, tolerance, peace, and equality to all.
  • It played a crucial role in the emergence of modern poetry in India.
  Q2. Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Easy Question.
  • Repeated questions UPSC Previous Year Question with slight modification.  
  • Direct hit from Raja Sir's Cracking IAS "Mains Monger Test Batch".
  • Can be solved using Our text book on modern history.
Despite the fact that religion reform was an important aspect of these movements, none of them were solely religious. They aspired to be humanists, rejecting redemption and otherworldliness as goals. They were preoccupied with the material world. The colonial state impacted but did not create socio cultural regeneration in the nineteenth century. It was caused by the rapidly growing middle class and traditional or western educated intellectuals. Raja Rammohan Roy was the catalyst for the movements. Brahmo Samaj Brahmo Sabha, which was later renamed Brahmo Samaj, was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Its primary goal was to worship the eternal God. Priesthood, ceremonies, and sacrifices were all condemned. It centred on prayers, meditation, and scripture reading. It thought that all religions should be together. It was modern India’s first intellectual reform movement. It resulted in the growth of rationalism and enlightenment in India, which aided the nationalist cause indirectly. It was the progenitor of all modern India’s social, religious, and political movements. In 1866, the Brahmo Samaj of India, led by Keshub Chandra Sen, and the Adi Brahmo Samaj, led by Debendranath Tagore, split up. Young Bengal Movement Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, who arrived in Calcutta in 1826 and was appointed as a teacher of English literature and history at the Hindu College, founded the Young Bengal Movement. The Young Bengal was a group of Bengali free thinkers that emerged from Calcutta’s Hindu College. They were enthralled and motivated by the spirit of free thought and rebellion against Hindu society’s established social and religious structures. Henry Vivian Derozio edited paper like Calcutta Library Gazette. He inculcated the feeling of nationalism in the youth. The followers of Derozio were known as Derozians. He organized debates where ideas and social norms were freely debated. In 1828, he motivated students to form a literary and debating club called the Academic Association. Derozio was perhaps the first nationalist poet of Modern India. Derozio’s students, collectively called the Young Bengal, ridiculed all odd social traditions and customs, debated the existence of God, defied social and religious convictions and demanded freedom of thought and expression and education for women. The Young Bengal Movement continued even after Derozio’s dismissal and his sudden death in 1831. The reform movements of the 19th and 20th centuries made significant contributions to the development of contemporary India. They represented societal democratisation, the abolition of superstition and heinous habits, the spread of enlightenment, and the development of a reasonable and modern worldview.   Q3. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Easy Question.
  • Repeated questions UPSC Previous Year Question with slight modification.  
  • Direct hit from Raja Sir's Cracking IAS "Mains Monger Test Batch".
  • Can be solved if you have practiced UPSC Previous Year Question Papers.
  • Can be solved using Our text books.and IASGOOGLE.
While the British were departing India after nearly 200 years of rule, Indian authorities faced a difficult task: uniting and integrating a major portion of the country into a single political unit. When dealing with princely states, this was a huge issue. Despite the fact that the British ruled a large portion of British India directly, there were several princely states that were ruled indirectly by the British. After India and Pakistan were partitioned, there were still over 500 tiny princely states in India that were not part of the two countries. The problem in front of Indian leaders was twofold.
  • Of transforming the states into viable administrative units;
  • Of absorbing them into the constitutional units.
Challenges with Princely states were:
  • During India’s declaration of independence, Britain stated that princely states could either join India or Pakistan, or they could remain independent.
  • This clause caused a lot of uncertainty.
  • The rulers of princely states were unable to contemplate relinquishing their power under the Indian Constituent Assembly.
  • For a variety of reasons, these governments used varied administrative techniques; some were aristocratic, others had substantial contrasts between them, and people with different beliefs, attitudes, and cultures, to name a few.
  • Following the end of British supremacy, princely kingdoms began to want independence.
  • It was thought that after the British left, the situation in the Princely states would devolve into lawlessness and disorder, and that having ties to a power centre would help to manage the situation.
  • The emergence of hundreds of separate states will render India’s freedom effort worthless.
  • As a result, princely state merger became a top priority for Indian authorities.
  • By August 15, 1947, rulers of all 652 states had signed the Instrument of Accession, with the exception of Junagarh, Kashmir, and Hyderabad.
  • The Nawab of Junagadh wanted to join Pakistan, but his people preferred Indian sovereignty.
  • Hyderabad aspired to be a sovereign state.
  • Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu ruler and had a Muslim majority. The prince envisioned the state as an autonomous entity, and he was hesitant to join either India or Pakistan.
  • The integration process was hampered by three significant issues: first, their aspiration for independence, second, their desire to integrate with Pakistan, and third, the difficulties of administrative integration following political integration.
  • Pakistan was also influencing these states’ decisions by providing them financial and political incentives if they acceded to Pakistan. For Indian leaders, this was a major headache.
The following are the steps taken to overcome these obstacles:
  • Viceroy Lord Mountbatten and Congress leaders began negotiations with the rulers to guarantee that princely states did not succeed in their drive for independence.
  • Sardar Patel, the principal architect of India’s creation, appealed to monarchs’ patriotic feelings to join the Indian dominion in terms of defence, communication, and foreign affairs.
  • The rulers consented to transfer control of Defense, External Affairs, and Communication under the terms of an Instrument of Accession (IoA).
  • Various states have joined the Indian Union, but others were still on the verge of leaving.
  • In the event that the Hyderabad force was employed, a plebiscite was held in Junagadh, and the Maharaja of J&K signed an IoA after Pakistan threatened to attack.
  • The act of joining did not imply integration. Following the British exit, princely states formed the States Peoples Congress, which demanded full democratic representation.
  • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took use of the chance to negotiate for full integration into India, promising the monarchs tax-free privy purses, the right to keep their titles, property, and palaces in exchange.
  • Part A-Chhattisgarh, Gujarat-incorporating minor states into contiguous provinces.
  • At the same time, other states, such as Himachal Pradesh and Manipur, will be administered centrally for strategic or exceptional reasons mentioned in Part C.
  • After two years of independence, the country was fully integrated. Apart from the diplomatic manoeuvrings of Congress leaders, the integration process was propelled by popular outcry and demands.
Overall, India was able to incorporate all of the princely kingdoms in its territory within a few years of independence through smart diplomacy, persuasion, and the timely use of force. India was able to apply better methods for better integration of states through democratic centralized credentials of Indian state, resulting in a strong sense of togetherness among diverse states after all these years after independence.   Q4. Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Easy Question.
  • UPSC Previous Year Question directly repeated. 
  • Direct hit from Raja Sir's Cracking IAS "Mains Monger Test Batch".
  • Can be solved if you have practiced UPSC Previous Year Question Papers.
  • Can be solved using Our text books.and IASGOOGLE.
 Landslides are the mass movement of soil, rocks or debris from a mountain slope under the influence of gravity. Landslides are caused by geology, morphology and human activity. The causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats can be discussed as:
  • Plate Tectonics: Himalayan region is tectonically active as the Indian Plate is moving towards the north at the rate of 5 cm/year. This movement leads to collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, that causes frequent tremor and isostatic imbalances. But the Western Ghats are tectonically more stable as compared to the Himalaya.
  • Exogenetic forces: The Himalayan region is the source of many rapid flowing rivers such as the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra etc. These running rivers cause a large scale erosion of mountainous region  which also a cause of landslide. In the Western Ghats, perennial rivers are rare.
  • Rock structure: The  Himalayan region  is composed of a sedimentary rocks which are more prone to denudation and erosion as compared to the other rocks. While, the major part of Western Ghats is composed of a basalt rocks which shows great resistance to erosion and denudation.
  • Human interference: The development activities such as construction of roadways and railways, haphazard urbanization ignoring the slope aspects of the landscape etc aggravated the occurrence of landslide. As the Western Ghats is notified as Biodiversity Hotspot, the human interference is less as compared to the Himalayan region and less prone to landslides.
  Q5. Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in percentage. Discuss.(150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Moderate Difficulty.
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The mining sector’s contribution to the country`s GDP is 2.3-2.5 % at present. Mineral production in India grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.72% between 2013-14 and 2017-18 and India  is the 3rd largest steel producer, with a production of 101.4 million tonnes of crude steel in 2017. Issues with mining industry: The mining sector is encountering issues such as depleted output, squeezed margins, high taxation, lack of green clearances, and poor investment in fresh exploration. The sector is also facing with other issues such as delays in operationalizing mines.
  • Loss of Public Revenue: Driven by lobbying, political donations, and corruption, minerals are frequently sold at prices significantly lower than the actual worth price. Illegal mining has a similar effect while additionally causing loss of public revenues. According to the International Monetary Fund, due to unsustainable mining, many governments of resource-rich nations face declining public sector net worth.
  • Large Number of Small Mines: In India, many small mines operate in most states. These present difficult challenges for sustainable development as their financial, technical, and managerial limitations restrict their ability to take adequate corrective measures.
  • Growing Inequality & Loss of Natural Wealth: Naturally, the extractors are keen to extract as quickly as possible and move on which deepens inequalities, as a few extractors acquire wealth without proper redistribution to the people. It also results in the loss of natural wealth. For example, it is estimated from the annual reports of Vedanta that over eight years (2004-2012), the State of Goa lost more than 95% of the value of its minerals.
It is necessary to widen the exploration basket through increased reconnaissance and prospecting operations and requires an infusion of funds to achieve this. Thriving competitiveness and growth in the Indian mining sector is an imperative for the survival and success of not only this industry but the economy as a whole.   Q6. What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of the water bodies into urban land use? Explain with examples. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Easy Question.
  • UPSC Previous Year Question directly repeated. They are asking these questions in urban floods since 2016 Mains.  
  • Direct hit from Raja Sir's Cracking IAS "Mains Monger Test Batch".
  • Can be solved if you have practiced UPSC Previous Year Question Papers.
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Lakes and wetlands are  important waterbodies of urban ecosystem which perform significant environmental, social and economic functions — from being a source of drinking water and recharging groundwater to supporting biodiversity and providing livelihoods. Their role becomes even more crucial in the present context, when cities are facing the challenge of rapid unplanned urbanisation. The reclamation of waterbodies and its environmental implications :
  • Numbers of waterbodies declining rapidly:  Bangalore had 262 lakes in the 1960s; now only 10 of them hold water. At least 137 lakes were listed in Ahmedabad in 2001; construction work started on 65 of them. Hyderabad has lost 3,245 hectares of its wetlands.
  • Concretisation has been a major problem in several cities and towns, according to The National Disaster Management Guidelines: Management of Urban Flooding report, published by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in 2010.  31 per cent of the country was urbanised in 2011. Natural streams and watercourses, formed over thousands of years due to the forces of flowing water in the respective watersheds, have been altered because of urbanisation.
  • there have been large scale encroachments on the natural drains and the river flood plains. Consequently, the capacity of natural drains has decreased, resulting in flooding.Urban water bodies have been a victim of unplanned urbanisation in India, because of which they face several threats such as encroachment, disposal of sewage, groundwater decline leading to fall in the level of water, unplanned tourism and absence of administrative framework
  • Pollution: There has been an explosive increase in the urban population without corresponding expansion of civic facilities such as infrastructure for the disposal of waste.
  • The water bodies have been turned into landfills in several cases. Guwahati’s Deepor beel, for example, is used by the municipal corporation to dump solid waste since 2006. Even the Pallikarni marshland in Chennai is used for solid waste dumping.
  • Adding to the sorry state of urban water bodies is the misuse by local communities for their cultural or religious festivals such the immersion of idols. Heavy metal concentration can be found in lakes in Nagpur and Bhopal and the Hussainsagar Lake in Hyderabad after idol immersion every year.
  • Encroachment: This is another major threat to urban water bodies. As more people have been migrating to cities, availability of land has been getting scarce. Today, even a small piece of land in urban areas has a high economic value. These urban water bodies are not only acknowledged for their ecosystem services, but for their real estate value was well. Charkop Lake in Maharashtra, Ousteri Lake in Puducherry, Deepor beel in Guwahati are well-known examples of water bodies that were encroached.
  • The size of this city wetland has been decreasing rapidly. Once a bird sanctuary, it is now the dumping yard of the city: Dumping of solid waste, sewage discharge and construction of railway stations and roads have shrunk this wetland.
  • Illegal mining activities: Illegal mining for building material such as sand and quartzite on the catchment and bed of the lake have extremely damaging impact on the water body. For example, the Jaisamand Lake in Jodhpur, once the only source of drinking water for the city, has been suffering from illegal mining in the catchment area for the last 20 years despite a court order to stop mining in 1999.Badkhal Lake in Faridabad has dried up in the same way. Unmindful sand mining from the catchment of Vembanad Lake on the outskirts of Kochi has decreased the water level in the lake.
  • Unplanned tourism activities: Using water bodies to attract tourists has become a threat to several urban lakes in India. Tso Morari and Pongsho lakes in Ladakh have become polluted because of unplanned and unregulated tourism. Another example is that of Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala’s Kollam city, which has become polluted due to spillage of oil from motor boats.
  Q7. Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Moderate Question from Current Affairs.
  • Direct hit from Raja Sir's Cracking IAS "Mains Monger Test Batch".
  • Can be solved using Our text books.and IASGOOGLE.
Overall, 46 volcanoes were in continuing eruption status as of 9 December 2021. An eruption marked as “continuing” does not always mean persistent daily activity, but indicates at least intermittent eruptive events without a break of 3 months or more. Some of the volcanonic eruptions in 2021 are: Kilauea, United States; La Palma, Spain; Ulawun, Papua New Guinea; Krakatau, Indonesia, Merapi, Indonesia, Semeru, Indonesia; Etna, Italy; Bezymianny, Russia; Reventador, Ecuador; Ibu, Indonesia; Stromboli, Italy. Volcanic eruptions have directly and indirectly benefited environment:
  • Volcanic materials  break down and weather to form the most fertile soils on Earth.
  • The internal heat associated with young volcanic systems has produce geothermal energy.
  • Metallic minerals mined in the world–such as copper, gold, silver, lead, and zinc–are associated with magmas found deep within the roots of extinct volcanoes.
  Q8. Why is India considered as a sub-continent? Elaborate your answer. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Easy Question.
  • Direct hit from Raja Sir's Cracking IAS "Mains Monger Test Batch".
  • Can be solved using Our text books  and IASGOOGLE.
The Indian plate is a separate tectonic plate that covers the majority of the subcontinental Indian land area. This Indian plate is found in the northern part of the Indo-Australian plate. This is considered to be due to the current isolation from other regions and separation from other parts of Asia due to mountain barriers. The Indian tectonic plate was fused with the Eurasian plate before being divided into a small continent. India’s subcontinent is a huge, relatively self-contained landmass that forms a subdivision of the continent. This is a vast landmass, similar to Greenland, but smaller than most of the known continents. A globe is a huge landmass, but a subcontinent is a smaller chunk of a continent. For example, Asia is a continent, whereas India is a subcontinent inside Asia. India a Subcontinent
  • Because India is a separate landmass and not just a country, it is sometimes referred to as a subcontinent. It is not as huge as a continent, but it possesses some of the characteristics of one, thus it is not classified as such.
  • Geologically, earlier India was a continent, that rifted from the supercontinent Gondwana during the Cretaceous and merged with the Eurasian landmass 55 million years ago.
  • Geographically, it is the peninsular region in South-Central Asia.
  • It covers 2.4% of the earth’s total land area. It has a long land frontier of about 15,200 km and coastline of about 7516.6 km.
  • It’s natural frontiers like the Himalaya’s in the North and the Deccan Peninsula in the South give it a unique political identity.
  • From a political perspective, the Indian subcontinent consists of at least 7 countries : India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.
  • The people of the Indian subcontinent have shared ethnic, linguistic, cultural and historical connections.
In this sense, India, together with other countries such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and a number of other small countries and islands, is the world’s largest landmass. As a result, it is known as the Indian subcontinent.   Q9. Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Tough Question.
  • UPSC asked such question in 2015 on IPR angle. 
  • Can be solved if you have practiced UPSC Previous Year Question Papers.
  • Can be solved using Our text books.and IASGOOGLE.
Indigenous peoples around the world have preserved distinctive understandings there cultural experience, that helps them in guiding the relations among human, non-human, and other-than human beings in specific ecosystems. These understandings are called as the traditional knowledge or aboriginal knowledge. They call for reliance upon local resources and carefully interacts between living beings and natural processes within an ecosystem in order to ensure human survival. They are essentially the Knowledge Keepers as the traditional understandings is shared by all members of a tribal community, ethnic group, kin network, or family. They specializes as the preserver of  information are notably called as the  gatekeepers as the tribal leaders, ritual Practitioners, medicine people. They also help in maintaining unique floral and faunal communities through measured harvests and ritual activities. Indigenous groups also pave for much attention to the local spirits and also preserve the environment through the sacred groves. They have a religious tenets of ecological awareness and sacred ecology through  instructive narratives and dynamic interactions with local environments, intended to ensure long-term survival. It is often regarded that the Human health is a natural by-product of environmental health. Traditional ecological knowledge provides for practical measures that are intended to preserve cultural heritage and protect ancestral landscapes and lifeways. Oral traditions also passes on to the traditional scope of knowledge that can teach, carry, and reinforce other knowledge as the tribal tends to live in the corpus of the whole society and assures of the community involvement. It interlinks the past, present, and future generations. It has to variably maintained that the sound interaction that they have with nature is crucial. They have the remarkable sex ratio and almost nil rape cases in there society.  Lack is in the assimilation of their knowledge system with the mainstream. Thus the government must make sure that the economic standards of the populace are improved along with the increasing participation of them in the political arena despite of the government measures in the TRIFED, RERA and the Forest Rights Act need is the implementation of these measures.   Q10. Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (150 words) 10 Marks Approach:
  • Tough Question:
    • UPSC has asked questions on women empowerment from various angles previously.  
  • Can be solved using IASGoogle and our The Hindu editorials
  • Can be solved using Our text books.and IASGOOGLE.
  • Can be solved if you have practiced UPSC Previous Year Question Papers.
https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/trends/gig-economys-emergence-in-india-and-how-its-empowering-the-women-workers/84970391 Recently, the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI ) with support from the government of Japan conducted a study titled  “The Future of Work for Women in the Formal Sector in India”.
  • Alternative work arrangements: The Alternative work arrangements in the gig economy have the potential to absorb more women and increase their participation in the workforce.
    • Around 57% of the surveyed firms agree that the gig economy will itself expand and boost women’s job prospects because it is based on flexible, temporary or freelance jobs, often involving connecting with clients or customers through an online platform.
  • Use of digital technology: A boost in the use of digital technology and increased acceptance of virtual working for sales and distribution jobs which could open opportunities for women to enter fields where interactions are managed through apps and phone calls.
    • In high-skill and low-skill jobs, the impact of technology is gender-neutral
  • Key sectors: The study also reflects that some key sectors that are likely to see an increase in women's employment are health and pharmaceuticals (by 59 per cent), electrical and electronics (by 44 per cent) and fast-moving consumer goods (perishable goods) industry (by 41 per cent).
  •  Reskilling: Around 73 per cent of the respondent firms agree that reskilling, specifically in the formal sector, is likely to play a crucial part in shaping the work of tomorrow. 
  • Suggestions 
    • The study gives hope for a better future with more employment opportunities for women. 
    • However, concerted efforts are needed to understand how new technologies are impacting specific industries and to address challenges facing women in entering or remaining in the workplace.
    • To safeguard the interest of both employers and employees, some labour laws and regulations are required in the changing world of work.
    • The adoption of new technologies could create better opportunities for women.
    • Re-skilling will be crucial to expand opportunities for women in the formal sector.
  Q11. To what extent did the role of the moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment. (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
  • Easy Question.
  • UPSC Previous Year Question directly repeated.  
  • Direct hit from Raja Sir's Cracking IAS "Mains Monger Test Batch".
  • Can be solved using Our text books.and IASGOOGLE.
The moderate period, which lasted from 1885 to 1905, was crucial in the promotion of moderate nationalism in India. They took a variety of public issues and demands and set the ground for the next phase of the national movement. Moderates’ methods for spreading their views include: 1.Prayer, petition, persuasion, and philanthropy.
  1. Their demands, like their agitation, were constitutional.
  2. Their tactics were dubbed “Passive Resistance.” Their method of operation was based on boycott.
The moderates prepared a base for the wider freedom movement in following ways: 1. Critique of British dominance from an economic standpoint: The moderate phase leaders revealed the truth about British colonialism’s harmful effects on India’s economy. In his book Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India, Dadabhai Naoroji proposed the drain theory to explain India’s economic exploitation. According to the theory, the British exported a portion of India’s wealth to Britain for which India received no advantage. The wealth of India was exported to Britain in the form of wages and pensions paid to British officials, interest paid on British loans, and payments for services like as shipping and banking. 2. Demand for economic reforms:
  • Reduce land revenue and protect peasants from zamindars’ illicit revenue collecting.
  • To cut down on military spending.
  • Increase the amount of money allocated to activities like health and education.
  • To get rid of the salt tax.
  • To enhance plantation labourers’ working conditions.
  • With the support of agricultural banks, give lower-cost credit to peasants.
  • They asked that Indian industry be developed and protected by increasing tariffs on imports and government assistance.
3. Demands for constitutional reforms and propaganda in the legislative councils:
  • Increase the number of Indians in the councils.
  • They requested more control over financial problems such as the budget.
  • The long-term goal was to achieve self-government.
4. Demand for administrative reforms:
  • There is a push to increase the number of Indians in government jobs. They said that because British bureaucrats and officers are paid well, an increase in the number of Indians would lessen the government’s financial burden. Second, Indianization of government services would lessen the wealth drain caused by British officials’ wages and pensions being sent back to the UK. Finally, they chastised the British for discriminating against Indians by excluding them from key administration positions.
  • They urged that Indian civil service examinations be held simultaneously in India and England. This was done in order to enhance Indian participation in government services.
  • They demanded the separation of the Executive and Judiciary to prevent arbitrary police and bureaucratic operations. They also chastised the bureaucracy for being repressive and authoritarian, as well as the judiciary for being expensive and time-consuming.
  • They requested that several unjust laws, such as the Arms Act and the License Act, be repealed.
  • They requested that municipal and local governments be reformed to give them more power and resources. This was done to improve the administration’s overall welfare and administrative efficiency.
5. Demands for protection of civil rights in India: The British government in India had an authoritarian character and more than often it tried to curtail the Civil rights of Indians through draconian laws. The moderates demanded protection of rights like right to free speech and liberty, right to association, freedom for free press etc. They demanded for the removal of Preventive Detention Acts, which was arbitrarily used by the British. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and several journalists were arrested on sedition charges for making provocative statements. This led to increase in the protests due to increased awareness among the masses. Criticism of moderates: The moderate phase leaders were criticized for the methods they used i.e. 3 P’s -prayers, petitions and protests. These methods were criticized as being inadequate for challenging the British might in India. Further the lack of participation of masses in the movement has been criticized as the major drawback as the leaders were mainly educated middle class professionals like lawyers, teachers, journalist and civil servants etc. The masses mainly played a passive role during the moderate phase of national movement. Although, the moderates failed to appeal the wider population and to convince the government, they laid a crucial foundation base, on which the future of the freedom struggle was based. Extremists, Gandhi Ji , and other freedom fighters used this base to finally achieve the independence in 1947.   Q12. Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
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The constructive programme was the product of Gandhi’s vision of a non-violent society. It grew out of the knowledge he had grasped of the naked reality of our country at that time through his intense travels throughout the nation. These programmes were not a passing thought but a creation of well-planned and thoughtful strategy of his mind. It was Gandhi’s firm conviction that self-reliant villages form a sound basis for a just, equitable and non-violent social order, which can be a guiding principle for all citizens, constructive workers and policy makers in India In 1920 Gandhi launched the constructive programmes through the Congress. Gandhi aimed at re-generating a new society on a non-violent basis by empowering the masses through training and discipline in constructive programmes, and to achieve the same, he laid increasing stress on the necessity of working on this programme by any Satyagrahi. He said, “Civil disobedience is not absolutely necessary to win freedom through purely non-violent effort, if the cooperation of the whole nation is secured in the constructive programme.” Gandhi did not follow a particular pattern in giving the programmes but he placed the issues according to their necessity. Through these programmes, he tried to touch many spheres of life, and many of them encompass more than one field of life, i.e. economic, political and social. We now discuss the agenda and aspects of the main programmes here. Components of Gandhi’s constructive programme during Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience movements: Communal unity: According to Gandhi, communal unity does not merely mean political unity but should be an unbreakable unity of hearts, and can be achieved only by living like people and living with them as they live. This was what Gandhi did and achieved. That is why he wanted every Congress man to be one with the people and to represent in his own person every Hindu and non-Hindu to achieve such a unity. He wanted them to cultivate personal contacts and friendship with people of different faith other than his own, and to have the same respect for their faith as for his own. Removal of Untouchability: Gandhi held that untouchability was a blot and curse upon Hinduism. It was an age-old social evil which had to be removed to establish social equality in the society. Gandhi endeavoured to abolish this evil. He started the ‘Harijan’ newspaper to explain his ideas to people and he travelled throughout the country to raise funds for Harijans. He also accommodated a Harijan family in his Kochrab ashram, thereby courting discontent of ashramites and an economic boycott from the rich. Promotion of Khadi: Gandhi presented Khadi as a symbol of nationalism, economic freedom, equality and selfreliance. It was his belief that reconstruction of the society and effective Satyagraha against the foreign rule can be possible only through Khadi. Khadi is the core of the constructive activities as recommended by him. He called Khadi the sun of the solar system of the village economy. According to him there could be no Swaraj without universal and voluntary acceptance of Khadi. In his scheme of reconstruction for free India, villages should no longer depend on cities. In the task of village upliftment, he gave first priority to khadi and other village industries. India being a country of agriculture, the farmers spend half the year without work in idleness. So Gandhi thought spinning was the best option for them as productive activity. Prohibition: In Gandhi’s scheme of constructive programme, prohibition was a vital social and moral reform. Gandhi attached much importance to this because the people in villages and cities would be incapable of moral effort which was necessary for Satyagraha unless they were free from the grip of intoxicants. He also felt that women and students had a special opportunity to advance this reform. By acts of loving service they could acquire on addicts a hold which would compel them to listen to the appeal to give up the evil habit. Village industry: For Gandhi, Khadi is the sun of the village solar system and other village industries are the planets. Khadi takes the Central place in the upliftment of village economy. Without khadi, the other industries cannot grow. Similarly, without the revival of other essential industries khadi cannot make satisfactory progress. In order to make the villages selfreliant, the development of both the industries is essential as they are inter-dependent. Village economy remains incomplete without the revival and growth of other cottage industries such as hand-grinding, hand pounding, paper, soap etc. The development of such industries will make the villages self-sustained units and will end the exploitation of the villages by the cities. Basic education: Gandhi was clear that the education of citizens is a backbone of any society. So he envisaged a new educational system for non-violent society of his dream and experimented it for many years. Basic Education should be connected with life and should lead to the development of mind, body and soul. It was Gandhi’s unflinching faith that there are abundant power and potentiality in children. The nature and surroundings of society in which the children are born and brought up can itself be very educative for their life and development. They can learn many things by dealing with practical work and by direct experiences Upliftment of Women: In his mission of Swaraj, Gandhi needed the cooperation of women, kisans, labourers and students. So, he had planned to work amongst them through constructive programme, which was a concrete plan to generate awareness in them and get their support in the freedom struggle. He believed that the movement cannot succeed without the active participation of women. Economic equality: Gandhi holds that economic equality is the master key and the only solution to non-violent independence. So long as there is a gulf between the rich and the poor the construction of non-violent society is clearly impossible. A violent and bloody revolution is bound to happen unless there is a voluntary abdication of rich. Therefore, Gandhi suggests the way of equal distribution of wealth through his theory of Trusteeship, which implies that the rich people are not the owners of their wealth but they are only trustees. Kisan: India being an agricultural country, kisans are in majority in its population. Gandhi believed that if they are made conscious of their strength, no power on earth can resist them. The effective method of organising kisans is displayed by Gandhi’s kisan movement in Champaran, Kheda, Bardoli and Borsad. Labours: Gandhi considers Ahmedabad non-violent labour union as a model for India to copy. Labour should have its own unions. The Union should have its own schools, hospitals and a crèche for workers’ children. It should also have a maternity home, its own printing press, khadi depot and residential quarters. Moreover, the union should run night schools for the general and scientific education of workers. They should teach the workers the science of conducting a successful strike. Besides, capital should be labour’s servant and not the master. The aim of constructive programme was to elevate the status of labour Students: According to Gandhi, the current education is unnatural and to acquire knowledge in foreign language in the place of mother tongue is a waste of time for students. Gandhi set out a clear programme to train and prepare the students, who are the future leaders of the nation, as to what they should do and should not do. Students, in his opinion, should keep away from party politics, political strikes and coercive and secret ways. They should take to spinning, use khadi and village products, learn the national language and enrich their mother tongue.   Q13. ” There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
  • A Tough Question, as students have left studying world history. Otherwise, it is an easy question.
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  Q14. Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and explain their impact on local weather conditions, with examples. (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
  • Moderate Question.
  • This question demands the knowledge of climatology. eg. Impact on Jet streams, monsoon, rainfall, local winds, winters, fog, agricultures etc.
  • Questions on all the above topics area asked previously by UPSC.
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  Q15. How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
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Climate change has led to Global warming, which in turn affects the melting of the cryosphere, i.e. the global ice cover. Melting of Arctic and Antarctica glaciers are posing serious threats to policy makers of Global North and South since it leads to rise in sea level. Apart from that, it affects the air circulation pattern and other weather patterns which can lead to extreme climate change events which affects millions of people. How Melting of Antarctica and Arctic are affecting the weather patterns and human activities on the earth
  • Scientists are now paying special attention to warming in Antarctica, which contains 90 percent of the world’s ice. If it all melted, sea levels would rise by 190 feet. Since 1880, the oceans have risen more than 8 inches, and Antarctica lost 2.71 trillion metric tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2017. Half of these losses occurred in the last five years, indicating that the melting rate is accelerating.
  • Melting of Arctic will lead to condition of weak polar jet stream, which leads to extreme climatic events.
  • The chain of events that connects the melting Arctic to weather to the south starts with rising global temperatures, which cause more sea ice to melt. Unlike on the Antarctic continent, melting ice in Arctic region exposes the dark ocean beneath, which absorbs more sunlight than ice and thus warms even more. Because of this feedback loop, the Arctic is warming much faster than the rest of the planet.
  • This, in turn, reduces the temperature differential between the Arctic and lower latitudes, which is important since it is the temperature gradient between them that drives the jet stream wind, which streaks around the pole at up to 250mph and 8km above the surface.
  • Blockage patterns caused by slow-moving jet stream meanders have been strongly associated with some devastating events, including the 2010 summer flooding in Pakistan, which killed 2,000 people and affected 20 million, and a heat wave in Russia that same year. resulting in 50,000 deaths and $ 15 billion (£ 12 billion) worth of crops destroyed.
  • The jet stream separates the chilly north from the warmer south, but the reduced temperature difference means the winds are now weaker. This causes the jet stream to meander more, with large loops delivering warm air to the frigid north and cold air to the warmer south.
  • The other major influence on the jet stream is the tropics’ sea surface temperature, which waxes and wanes with El NiNo, while solar cycles and even volcanic eruptions have smaller affects.
  • So far, the strongest link between Arctic melting and weather has been for extreme winter conditions, such as the hard winters that affected areas of North America and northern Europe in 2009-10, 2010-11, and 2013-14, generating record snowfalls and billions of dollars in damage.
  • Also, in addition to displacement, sea level rise will increase nuisance flooding, saltwater intrusion, and higher storm surges during hurricanes. These kinds of disruptions are already occurring around the world, destroying homes and livelihoods and claiming thousands of lives. However, as the planet continues to warm, millions more people will face greater dangers.
The Arctic and Antarctic are the vital part of earth as an ecosystem. Nations around the world are upping their game in the fight against climate change. We, as individual human being should also take actions to make the positive changes to reduce the environmental impact of global warming. “Every drop in ocean counts.”   Q16. Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world. (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
  • Moderate Question. 
  • Earlier UPSC asked about the implications of Petroleum refineries being far from the oil producing areas in 2017.
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The Middle East contains more than half of the world’s proven oil reserves. Canada, the United States, Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet Union’s region contain less than 15% of the world’s proven reserves. India is highly dependent on west Asia for its energy needs. This uneven distributions of mineral oil in the world has various social, economic and political implications. The amount of oil produced in a given region is not always proportional to the size of its proven reserves. For example, the Middle East has more than half of the world’s proven reserves but only accounts for about 30% of global oil production. Political Implication
  • World has witnessed various wars to acquire the mineral oil reserves by considering its economic value. USA’s interference in the geo politics of West Asia is also one of the reasons of uneven distribution of oil mineral.
  • According to the survey, Oil-producing countries are 50% more likely to be autocratic, and civil wars are more than twice as likely in oil-producing countries as in non-oil-producing countries. These political and military consequences are linked to statistics indicating that these states are more secretive, financially volatile, and discriminate against women in economic and political opportunities.
Economic and Social Implication
  • Many developing and least developed nations has to face huge trade deficit due to lack of oil reserves. For example, India’s dependence for oil and natural gas in the major reasons behind India’s current account deficit.
  • On the other hand, Countries may not have the resources they require, but trade allows them to obtain those resources from places that do. Japan is a country with very few natural resources, but it is one of the richest in Asia.
  • Uneven distribution of oil reserve give autonomy to oil producing nations to decide the prices of crude oil. This makes the Global oil market volatile, which leads to rise in oil prices. Hike in oil prices will lead to inflation in the domestic market of various nations.
  • Availability of Oil reserves leads to more job opportunities in middle east. That is the reason why India has a large diaspora in the middle east.
  • It is critical to understand that, while resources are extremely important, it is not the presence or absence of natural resources within a country that determines its prosperity. In fact, some of the wealthier countries lack natural resources, whereas many poorer countries have plenty.
Environmental Implication
  • Even though Oil resources are unevenly distributed, but it does not have a direct correlation with environmental degradation. For Example, USA following china and India are the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, but they are not the major oil producing nations.
Socio-economic development of any nation is determined by two factors: (1) what resources a country has access to (what resources it can obtain or end up with) and (2) what the country does with those resources (the efforts and skills of workers and the technology available for making the most of those resources).   Q17. What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
  • Moderate Question.
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The twenty-first century is expected to be dominated by information technology, with India at the center of global attention and regarded as a knowledge powerhouse. IT services, IT-enabled services (ITES), e-commerce (online business), software, and hardware products are all part of the IT industry. In this competitive world, IT-based services are essential for any organization to increase productivity, ease of doing business, and grow efficiently and economically. Not only has information technology contributed to the country’s economic growth, but it has also made governance more competent and approachable. It has simplified and reduced the cost of obtaining government services and information. Cities house nearly 31% of India’s current population and account for 63% of GDP (Census 2011). By 2030, urban areas are expected to house 40% of India’s population and contribute 75% of India’s GDP. This necessitates the creation of comprehensive physical, institutional, social, and economic infrastructure. All of these factors contribute to improving the quality of life and attracting people and investment, thereby initiating a virtuous cycle of growth and development. India’s IT sector will play an immense role to make it a reality. Socio- Economic Implication arising out of the development of IT Industries in Indian Cities
  • Demographic Dividend: India’s IT sector has huge potential. Due to high demand majority of Indian youth are acquiring skill sets on par with IT sector. Due to this India is moving towards to direction of skills economy. More youth are getting employment in this sector, which will contribute to the overall growth of the Nation.
  • Good Governance: India’s strong IT sector opens the door for policymakers to utilize ICT technologies to solve the socio economic issues of the nation. JAM, Digital India, Smart cities program etc. are the steps in the direction of Good governance, which would not have implemented efficiently without strong IT Industries.
  • Improving criminal Justice system: IT sector has various positive implications. Digitalization of criminal justice system has the potential to address various social problems.
  • Boost to Start ups: IT sector has brought the startup culture. Cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad are tagged as start-up hubs of India. This generates immense employment opportunity. India can also become major power in services sector if India startups are getting a conductive environment to grow. India is the world’s leading sourcing destination, accounting for approximately 55% of the US$ 200-250 billion global services sourcing business in 2019-20.
  • Reducing Disparities: Stand up India is government of India’s flagship program to promote entrepreneurship among SCs and STs community. This will reduce the disparities prevailed in the Indian society. This also shows that IT sector is leading towards Inclusive growth.
  • Addressing environmental issues: Industry 4.0 has the potential to solve the prevailing climate change problems. Air and water pollution are the most alarming problems in various Indian cities. Growth of IT sector will lead to innovations, which in turn solve these alarming issues.
India is the world’s most popular offshoring destination for IT firms. After demonstrating its ability to deliver both on-shore and off-shore services to global clients, emerging technologies now provide a plethora of new opportunities for top IT firms in India. By 2025, the Indian IT and business services industry is expected to be worth US$ 19.93 billion. All the stake holders must work collectively to nurture India’s IT sector.   Q18. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
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One of the most formidable problems that India faces is the rapidly increasing population, which negates any attempt at development. There is a pressing need to disseminate factual information about population dynamics so that the next generation understands the nature and magnitude of the burden imposed by rapid population growth. India’s population is growing at a rate of 2.5 percent per year. India is located next to China and has a population that is slightly less than three times that of the United States, twenty-one times that of Canada, and more than six times that of Japan. With the current rate of growth, the country’s population could reach the incredible figure of one billion before the end of the century. What is Population Education? According to UNESCO, “Population Education is an educational programme that provides for the study of the population situation of the family, the community, the nation, and the world, with the goal of developing in students rational and responsible attitudes and behavior toward that situation.” Why Population Education is the need of an hour in India?
  • Hunger Issue: India ranked 101st out of 116 Nations in the recently published Global Hunger Index. Despite the green revolution’s spectacular success, the food crisis persists due to a massive increase in population. The nutritional value of the food consumed is also low. The increase in population is cancelling out scientific and technological advancements.
  • Over the last five decades, there has been remarkable progress in both the industrial and agricultural sectors. However, their per-capita consumption has not increased. The increased facilities in various sectors of life are falling short of meeting the needs of the growing population.
  • Immense burden on environment: An increasing number of people cannot survive just on agriculture. They move to cities, big cities, and industrial districts. This condition is causing issues such as water and air pollution, transportation, a lack of housing, overcrowding in schools, and the emergence of slums. All efforts to prepare for progress are being thwarted by the country’s growing population.
  • Education and Healthcare issues: India growing population is adversely affecting the human resources indicators like education and healthcare. During the covid 19 pandemic it was visible that, India’s fragile healthcare is not component to accommodate India’s growing population. Education and healthcare system are bedrock of any Nation’s economic and social development. Population control measures are imperative to provide quality education and healthcare facilities.
What needs to be done?
  • Minimum age of Marriage: Because fertility is affected by the age of marriage. As a result, the marriage age should be raised. The minimum age for marriage in India is 21 years for men and 18 years for women, as mandated by law. This rule should be strictly enforced, and people should be made aware of it through public awareness.
  • Women Empowerment: Women continue to face discrimination. They are imprisoned within the four walls of the house. They are still limited to childrearing and childbearing. As a result, women should be offered opportunities for social and economic development. They should be provided with free schooling.
  • Promoting Family Planning: People can control the birth rate by taking preventive measures. This strategy is widely utilized; its success is dependent on the availability of low-cost contraceptive devices for birth control.
  • The government can provide several forms of incentives to people in order to encourage them to use birth control methods. Monetary incentives and other benefits, such as paid leave and promotion, can be offered to the working class that adheres to modest family standards.
  • Communication media such as television, radio, and newspapers are effective means of disseminating the benefits of planned families to the uneducated and illiterate, particularly in rural and disadvantaged sections of the country.
Population policy should touch the lives of ordinary people and involve a broader range of stakeholders, including legislators, bureaucrats, the media, professionals, teachers, and the general public.   Q19. What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian society also?(250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
  • Tough Question: You need to talk about Cryptocurrency in first part only. Rest of the question is on social impacts of such transactions.
    • Last two parts of the questions on Cryptocurrency.
      • A gig economy mainly consists of temporary and flexible jobs. Companies tend to hire independent contractors and freelancers, instead of the full-time workers or employees. Gig workers are independent contractors, online workers, contract firm workers, telephonic or on-call workers and temporary workers.
      • Cryptocurrency is a newly evolved digital payment system. It’s a peer-to-peer transaction system, that doesn’t rely on banks to verify transactions. can enable anyone to send and receive payments.
  • UPSC has asked questions on money laundering from various angles previously.  
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Globalisation or the larger idea of the globe being a global village . It reconfigures and interconnects and integrate globe into one. The economic, political, climatic, socio-cultural, technological processes both positive and negative taking place in one part of the world influences pan regions. Globalisation being a historic process has sought to provide benefits in a continuum. A new development in this process is the Crypto Currency. The names one hear Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple etc are a buildup digital/ virtual currency created through a process of the Blockchain Technology that is a secured decentralised database that maintains a continuously growing list of records. In some sovereign economies this currency is banned while in certain others like Venezuela it is allowed. A new version of cryptocurrency that is stablecoin too is gaining grounds as it is backed by reserve assets like gold etc. In India initially banned by RBI has had been revoked by the SC of India as it goes against the Fundamental Rights of the citizens and it fails to pass the Test of Proportionality. Thus the cryptocurrency needs regulation and not an outright ban. The use of crypto currency and its impact on the society The crypto currency and behind it an inbuilt technology that is the blockchain technology has both negative and positive consequences but since the negatives outweighs the positive the government wants the walk the rope cautiously. The impact of crypto currency on the economy, society, political sphere are all interrelated.
  • Severe indulgence in the financial illegitimate activities as in case of Narcotics, terror financing and money laundering.
    • The excessive use of the illegal narcotics business puts to test our youth and closes the window of the Demographic dividend short open.
    • The business of terror financing puts the security of the country in a jeopardy.
    • Money Laundering poses for wide open inequalities and social injustice in society.
  • Cause of excessive environmental degradation and a digital Divide.
    • It increases the e waste and electricity consumption.
  • The possibility of Tax evasion and the lack of traceability that defeats the aim of the progressive taxation and is bad for the society.  The government too is deprived of the tax revenue.
  • Crypto currency lacks an intrinsic value this too can put way forth the consequence of the investment on the ponzi schemes that deliberately wastes the hard earned money of the investors.
  • Digital Divide and inequality in the Financial Literacy, Access Points.
  • Further tightens for CYber Terrorism/Nuclear Attack/Natural Disaster. As the economy continue to rests on it anything untoward happens will malfunction the entire economy.
The positive aspects –
  • It tends to reduce the cost of printing physical currency and that money can be used for the betterment and the development of the society.
  • Reduces the Scope for counterfeiting.
  • There is a promptness of disbursal of money where just one click away will be many things.
  • This allocation of new money can be used for the development of various sectors.
  • Spread of virus through physical currency notes.
Thus the financial crisis that the world faced was pan world as its ripples were felt almost everywhere whether be the Great Economic Depression, 2008 crisis thus cryptocurrency and its negative side effects will to be pan global society, thus individual countries along with the multilateral world must come in together to eliminate the negative consequences of the crypto currency and usage of the blockchain technology well. But it must be held true that the conventional sovereign money economy can’t be replaced as a whole. Q20. How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values? Enumerate the changes taking place in it.(250 words) 15 Marks Approach:
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The features of the Indian culture are i) longevity and continuity ii) Tolerance and unity in diversity iii) Amalgamation of spirituality and materialism.  A) Longevity and continuity: The Harappan civilization existed in India thousands of years ago. This shows that India has a very rich history behind. With time India has developed a lot into modernism. Multi storeyed buildings in Delhi and Mumbai have been constructed. This shows that Indian culture has the characteristic of longevity and continuity. B) Tolerance and unity in diversity: In India, there is a diversity of culture, rituals and food habits. People speak in different languages and belong to socio-cultural diversity. All these make India’s culture a rich heritage and diversity. C) Amalgamation of spirituality and materialism: The oldest religion of the world which is Hinduism originated in India. On one hand, India’s culture is an example of spirituality which asks the humankind to not engage themselves in luxury and in the other hand we have seen that Indian culture has not remained a religious society. It has developed into a materialistic one where people are working to make themselves rich, in order to afford the luxury. The core values of Indian culture also include ‘Ahimsa’ which is non-violence. This is a major value which was later incorporated by Mahatma Gandhi into the struggle for Indian independence. Indian culture is known to be the ideal way to live one’s life.






POSTED ON 08-01-2022 BY ADMIN
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