Flash Floods in Uttarkashi: Causes, Terrain, and Climate Change Threats

Recent Tragedy in Dharali Village

At least four people lost their lives when flash floods and mudslides struck Dharali village in Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand. The disaster caused significant damage to buildings, shops, and hotels in the area. Unlike typical cloudburst-driven flash floods in the region, this incident was triggered by continuous heavy rainfall over several days, not a sudden cloudburst.

Topography of Uttarkashi

Uttarkashi''s unique landscape plays a critical role in its vulnerability to natural disasters:

• Elevation ranges from 800 to 6,900 meters above sea level.
• It includes glacial regions and is home to the origins of the Ganga (Gangotri) and Yamuna (Yamunotri) rivers.
• The district is marked by steep ridges, deep valleys, narrow gorges, and perennial rivers.
• The terrain slopes sharply southwest, with valley drops reaching up to 800 meters.

This rugged and unstable terrain is highly susceptible to landslides during heavy rainfall.

Rainfall Patterns

• Average annual rainfall: 1,289 mm, with most rain occurring during the southwest monsoon (June–September).
• July is the wettest month, with an average of 312 mm.
• The highest rainfall on record was 2,436 mm in 1969.
• Frequent thunderstorms are common in the hilly areas of the district.

Understanding Flash Floods

Flash floods are sudden, high-intensity floods that develop within hours—or even minutes—of heavy rainfall, dam failure, or glacial bursts. Key characteristics include:

• Rapid onset and short duration.
• Localized impact, mostly in mountainous areas.
• Triggers include cloudbursts, glacial lake outbursts (GLOFs), or infrastructure failure.

Unlike regular floods that rise gradually, flash floods are highly destructive due to their speed and force, often sweeping away everything in their path.

Factors Contributing to the Uttarkashi Flash Floods

The flash floods were the result of multiple interlinked factors:

• Continuous rainfall over several days weakened the soil and triggered landslides and debris flows.
• Fragile topography, layered with old mudslides, amplified the impact.
• Climate change has increased extreme weather events and accelerated glacier melting in the region.
• Uttarkashi lies on the southern Himalayan slope, with limited vegetation and loose moraine, making it prone to rapid soil movement.

Even moderate rain can trigger landslides here due to the inherently unstable geological composition.

Glacial Activity and Potential Avalanche

Satellite data revealed the presence of large glaciers and at least two glacial lakes above Dharali village. Experts suspect the possibility of:

• A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) or
• A glacier or rock-ice avalanche, similar to the 2021 Raini disaster in Chamoli that killed over 200 people.

According to the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology:

• Uttarakhand has 1,266 glacial lakes, many of which pose a risk to downstream populations.
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has identified 13 glacial lakes as high-risk, with five being classified as extremely dangerous.

Why It Was Not a Cloudburst

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) defines a cloudburst as rainfall of 100 mm or more in an hour over a 10x10 km area. In this case:

• Uttarkashi recorded only 2.7 mm in 24 hours until 8:30 AM on August 5.
• Even throughout the day, rainfall levels remained well below cloudburst thresholds.

Although other areas in Uttarakhand, such as Haridwar, recorded intense rainfall (up to 300 mm), the Uttarkashi event did not meet the technical criteria for a cloudburst.

The Broader Implications

The increasing frequency of such disasters calls for:

• Stronger disaster preparedness and early warning systems
• Resilient infrastructure development
• Comprehensive climate adaptation strategies

A 2023 research paper emphasized the urgent need for national and international collaboration to address the growing risks posed by climate change in fragile Himalayan ecosystems.

Note: Certain news reports state that the flash floods were due to a cloud burst but some dispute it. Maybe some clarity will be achieved in time.

Cloudbursts in India: Understanding the Phenomenon, Risks, and Mitigation

Context

A devastating cloudburst in the Dharali region of Uttarkashi recently triggered flash floods and landslides, resulting in the deaths of at least four people and the destruction of multiple homes and properties.

What Is a Cloudburst?

According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a cloudburst is defined as rainfall exceeding 100 mm per hour over a small area of about 20–30 sq km.

However, a 2023 study by IIT Jammu and the National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) offered a more refined definition: 100–250 mm/hour over an area as small as 1 sq km, emphasizing the extreme localization and intensity of such events.

Cloudbursts are typically linked with cumulonimbus clouds in mountainous terrains. They occur due to orographic uplift and convection currents that cause rapid accumulation of moisture, which then collapses in a violent downpour.

Why Are Hilly Regions More Susceptible?

• Topography: Steep slopes enhance the speed of water runoff and debris flow.
• Orographic Lifting: Moist air masses are forced upward by hills, leading to intensified rainfall.
• Rocky Surface: Limited soil permeability results in surface water accumulation and rapid runoff.
• Elevation (1,000–2,000 meters): These mid-altitude zones are densely populated and ecologically fragile, making them highly vulnerable.

Notable Cloudburst Disasters in India

Mechanism of Cloudbursts and Climate Connections

• Rapid Condensation: Storm systems produce strong updrafts that hold large volumes of moisture aloft. When these updrafts suddenly weaken or collapse, all the water is released at once over a small area, resulting in a catastrophic downpour.
• Influence of Climate Change: A 1°C rise in global temperature allows the atmosphere to hold about 7% more water vapour, significantly raising the likelihood of short-duration, high-intensity rainfall, especially during the monsoon season.
• Lightning and Delayed Rainfall: In tall cumulonimbus clouds, lightning creates electrical disturbances that inhibit droplet formation, delaying precipitation. This causes clouds to store more moisture, leading to a sudden and intense rainfall when the delay ends.
• Black Carbon and Aerosol Effects in the Himalayas: Increased emissions from forest fires, vehicles, and crop burning introduce black carbon and aerosols into the atmosphere. These particles act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), increasing cloud density and contributing to cloudburst conditions, especially in orographic zones.

Hazards Resulting from Cloudbursts

• Flash Floods: Extreme rainfall overwhelms natural and built drainage systems, inundating homes, farmland, and public facilities within minutes.
• Landslides: Over-saturation of soil on steep slopes triggers mass movements, blocking roads and burying settlements.
• Mudflows and Debris Slides: Intense rainwater mixes with soil and rocks to form fast-moving flows that destroy everything in their path.
• Infrastructure Damage: Roads are washed away, bridges collapse, and power and communication lines are cut off, isolating affected communities.
• Human Losses: The sudden nature of cloudbursts leaves little to no time for evacuation, leading to significant fatalities from drowning or structural collapse.

Why Are Cloudbursts Difficult to Predict?

• Limited Spatial Scope: Their occurrence is confined to small geographic areas (10–30 sq km), making them difficult to detect with conventional radar.
• Short Timeframe: They last for less than an hour, offering minimal lead time for accurate forecasts or warnings.
• Sparse Monitoring Infrastructure: Mountainous regions often lack dense radar coverage and real-time weather monitoring stations.
• High Cost of Technology: The deployment of advanced radar systems and AI-based forecasting tools in remote, high-altitude regions is expensive and underfunded.

Policy and Institutional Shortcomings

• No Unified Response Strategy: There is no dedicated national cloudburst mitigation framework under NDMA or IMD.
• Inadequate Local-Level Warnings: Forecasts rarely reach remote villages and blocks in time to trigger effective action.
• Poor Land Use Regulation: Unregulated construction in ecologically sensitive zones increases vulnerability.
• Weak Infrastructure Standards: Most roads, bridges, and buildings in hill regions are not designed to withstand such intense and localized rainfall events.

Recommendations and Way Forward

1. Strengthen Predictive Infrastructure

• Extend Doppler radar and Automated Weather Station (AWS) networks across Himalayan states.
• Deploy AI/ML-based hydrometeorological forecasting models for short-term, hyperlocal predictions.

2. Enhance Institutional Coordination

• Create a National Cloudburst Monitoring Programme involving NDMA, IMD, and ISRO.
• Use satellite imagery and GIS tools for village-level micro-risk mapping and monitoring.

3. Regulate Land Use and Urban Planning

• Enforce construction bans in high-risk catchment zones and steep slopes.
• Update zonal rainfall intensity maps for all towns across the Himalayan belt.

4. Boost Community Preparedness

• Develop and disseminate village-level disaster response protocols in regional languages.
• Engage Panchayats and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in organizing evacuation drills and emergency response planning.

5. Invest in Resilient Infrastructure

• Promote eco-engineering techniques for slope stabilization and erosion control.
• Encourage construction of flood-resistant housing, green roofs, and local rainwater harvesting systems.

Conclusion

Cloudbursts are no longer rare or isolated occurrences. They reflect the widening impact of climate change, particularly in ecologically fragile areas like Uttarakhand. Addressing this growing threat demands not just technological interventions but also localised disaster planning, climate-resilient development, and community-led preparedness.

A comprehensive national strategy to address cloudburst-related disasters is now urgently required, not merely advisable.

Tackling Money Laundering in India: Challenges, Legal Framework, and Global Commitments

Rising Cases, Low Convictions: A Troubling Trend

Since 2015, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) has initiated 5,892 cases under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002. However, only 15 convictions have been achieved, according to data presented in the Rajya Sabha by the Finance Minister.

While the government maintains that investigations and Enforcement Case Information Reports (ECIRs) were filed in most cases, the extremely low conviction rate exposes gaps in enforcement and judicial processes. The steady rise in such cases also indicates the government’s limited success in curbing financial crimes.

Laundromats: The Modern Tools of Financial Crime

The term “laundromat”, rooted in U.S. organized crime, originally described using literal laundromats as fronts to legitimize illicit income. Today, in financial contexts, it refers to multi-purpose financial structures, often involving banks or financial service providers, that facilitate money laundering.

These vehicles enable criminals to:

• Disguise ownership of assets
• Embezzle funds
• Evade taxes
• Bypass currency regulations
• Transfer money offshore

By mimicking legitimate transactions, laundromats help conceal the origin and ownership of illegal wealth.

The Mechanics and Impact of Money Laundering

Under Section 3 of the PMLA, money laundering refers to handling or presenting criminal proceeds as legitimate property. The process generally occurs in three stages:

1. Placement: Injecting illegal money into the financial system, often in small amounts (a method called smurfing).
2. Layering: Moving money across multiple accounts, investments, or entities to obscure its origins.
3. Integration: Bringing laundered money back into the economy through real estate, business investments, or asset acquisition.

In P. Chidambaram vs. ED (2019), the Supreme Court observed that laundering undermines financial stability and national sovereignty. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) also highlights its impact on monetary disruption, inflation, and distorted markets.

Provisions of the PMLA and Associated Challenges

The PMLA was enacted in line with the 1990 UN Political Declaration and Global Programme of Action to combat money laundering and enable the confiscation of illicit assets.

Key features include:

• Reversal of burden of proof: The accused must prove the legitimacy of their property.
• No FIR required: An ECIR is sufficient to initiate legal proceedings (upheld by the Supreme Court in Vir Bhadra Singh vs. ED, 2017).
• Scheduled offence requirement: Prosecution depends on a predicate offence considered an offence against the state.

Despite these strict provisions, money laundering remains widespread, highlighting persistent enforcement difficulties and legal loopholes.

Implementation Issues and Allegations of Misuse

The increasing number of cases and selective application of PMLA provisions have sparked criticism. In Vijay Madanlal Chaudhury vs. Union of India (2022), the Supreme Court clarified that:

• A scheduled offence is necessary for prosecution under Section 3.
• However, property can be attached under Section 5 even without a pre-registered case.

This legal ambiguity has reportedly been misused for politically motivated actions, raising concerns over fairness and due process.

Path Forward: FATF Compliance and International Cooperation

To ensure transparency and fairness, authorities must:

• Strictly follow FATF guidelines,
• Avoid the political misuse of PMLA,
• Strengthen institutional capacity for prosecution.

Given money laundering’s link to terror financing, its enforcement must be impartial and rigorous.

India''s Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) with over 85 countries provide a framework for international cooperation. However, more effective utilization of these agreements is essential to track cross-border money flows and enhance asset recovery.

India–Philippines Strategic Partnership: Deepening Cooperation in Defence, Trade, and Maritime Security

During the inaugural state visit of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. to India, both nations officially upgraded their bilateral relationship to a Strategic Partnership, with a strong focus on defence collaboration, maritime security, and economic ties.

Historical Context of Bilateral Relations

Diplomatic relations between India and the Philippines were established in 1949. Since then, bilateral engagement has evolved steadily, driven by shared democratic ideals, anti-colonial legacies, and a growing alignment of geostrategic interests.

India’s foreign policy evolution from the "Look East" to "Act East" approach has significantly intensified engagement with Southeast Asia, positioning the Philippines as a pivotal partner in the region.

Expanding Trade and Economic Engagement

Although the two countries signed a Trade Agreement in 1979, significant growth in economic cooperation only began in the late 1990s, propelled by India’s Look East policy and later reinforced through the 2009 India–ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement.

Bilateral trade crossed the USD 3 billion threshold for the first time in 2022–23, and further increased to USD 3.53 billion in 2023–24, with India maintaining a trade surplus.

India’s key exports to the Philippines include: Engineering goods, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Automotive components and Rice.

The Philippines’ main exports to India comprise: Semiconductors, Electrical machinery, Ores and Food industry by-products

Notably, the Philippines accounts for nearly 20% of India’s pharmaceutical exports to ASEAN nations, underscoring the depth of trade ties in critical sectors.

Development Assistance and Digital Collaboration

India has provided extensive capacity-building and training opportunities to the Philippines under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme. The partnership has extended into several developmental sectors, including:

• Disaster response
• Humanitarian assistance
• Emerging digital infrastructure

India has also expressed its willingness to support the Philippines'' Sovereign Data Cloud pilot project, reflecting the expanding technological dimension of the bilateral relationship.

Defence and Maritime Ties: A Strategic Pillar

Defence cooperation has emerged as one of the most dynamic and strategic components of India–Philippines relations in recent years.

In 2022, India finalized a landmark USD 375 million deal to supply BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippine Navy—marking India’s first significant defence export to Southeast Asia.

The two nations have since conducted joint naval exercises and sustained regular dialogues on maritime security, defence logistics, and military training. This strengthening of defence ties is largely driven by mutual concerns over China''s assertive posture in the South China Sea and a shared commitment to a rules-based maritime order in the Indo-Pacific.

Key Outcomes of President Marcos Jr.’s Visit to India

1. Formalization of Strategic Partnership: India and the Philippines officially elevated their relationship, committing to long-term cooperation in strategic sectors such as defence, maritime security, and technology.
2. Strengthening Maritime and Defence Dialogue: Both sides agreed to institutionalize a Ministerial Defence Dialogue and enhance collaboration in the defence manufacturing sector.
3. Expansion of BrahMos Missile Cooperation: The Philippines reiterated its interest in broadening the BrahMos missile agreement, with prospects for joint development and production being explored.
4. Enhanced Indo-Pacific Collaboration: India reaffirmed its support for ASEAN centrality and explicitly backed the 2016 Arbitral Tribunal ruling on the South China Sea, aligning itself with the Philippines’ maritime stance.
5. Trade and Economic Commitments: Leaders from both countries pledged to double bilateral trade by 2030, and signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, digital payments, and green energy.
6. Boosting People-to-People Ties: India announced an expansion of ITEC scholarships for Filipino professionals and the introduction of youth exchange programmes to foster cultural and academic engagement.

Mutual Trust and Shared Vision

President Marcos Jr. described India as an "indispensable partner" in ensuring peace, stability, and prosperity in the region. Prime Minister Narendra Modi praised the Philippines'' confidence in Indian defence technology and reaffirmed India’s commitment to a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific.

Women in the Indian Armed Forces: Inclusion, Progress, and Participation

Context

During a meeting of the Parliamentary Consultative Committee, the Defence Minister emphasized that enhancing the representation of women in the Indian Armed Forces is a key national priority, reflecting the government’s ongoing efforts toward gender inclusivity in defence services.

Expanding Women’s Roles in Defence Services

The Indian Armed Forces—comprising the Army, Navy, and Air Force—have steadily broadened opportunities for women, incorporating them into combat, technical, and leadership roles. This shift marks a significant evolution from earlier, more restrictive policies.

Current Status of Women in Uniform (2024)

As of 2024, the representation of women in the three services is as follows:

• Indian Army: 1,735 women, accounting for 6.85% of total officer strength.
• Indian Air Force: 1,614 women, making up 13.4% of its workforce—the highest among the three services.
• Indian Navy: 674 women, constituting 6% of personnel.

This growing representation signifies a meaningful, though gradual, transformation in traditionally male-dominated military roles.

Progress Over the Years (2005–2024)

Women’s participation has witnessed steady growth over the past two decades:

• Army: Increased from 767 officers in 2005 to 1,735 in 2024.
• Air Force: Rose from 574 to 1,614 during the same period.
• Navy: Grew from 154 to 674, marking substantial expansion in operational integration.

This upward trend reflects both changing policies and rising interest among women in military careers.

Branch and Role Accessibility for Women

Women now have access to a wide range of branches across the three services, though some operational limitations still exist:

• Indian Army: Women can serve in 12 branches, including select combat support and frontline roles.
• Indian Navy: All branches are open to women except the submarine arm, due to operational and logistical constraints.
• Indian Air Force: Offers complete access, including as fighter pilots, making it the most inclusive branch for women officers.

These policy shifts have opened doors for women to participate in high-stakes operations and strategic military functions.

Trailblazers and Inspirational Figures

Several women officers have emerged as role models, showcasing exemplary leadership and breaking barriers:

• Colonel Sofiya Qureshi (Army): Played a key role in international joint exercises and has been a pioneer in commanding operational troops.
• Wing Commander Vyomika Singh (Air Force): notable contributions during Operation Sindoor, demonstrating women’s growing presence in frontline missions.

These officers represent the changing face of India’s defence forces and inspire a new generation of women aspirants.

Conclusion

The steady inclusion of women in the Indian Armed Forces marks a transformative shift towards a more diverse and inclusive military structure. While significant progress has been made in recruitment, role expansion, and representation, ongoing efforts are essential to ensure equal opportunities, address operational barriers, and foster a gender-balanced defence environment. The commitment to increasing women’s participation is not just symbolic—it is integral to strengthening India’s military capabilities in the modern era.

PAHAL (Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG) Scheme

Context

The Government of India has deactivated over 4 crore fake or inactive domestic LPG connections under the PAHAL scheme, as per a statement made by the Petroleum Minister in Parliament. This step is aimed at improving subsidy efficiency and eliminating leakage.

Overview of the PAHAL Scheme

The Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh (PAHAL), or Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG, is a flagship initiative by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It streamlines LPG subsidy delivery through direct cash transfers.

• Rather than providing LPG cylinders at subsidized prices, consumers pay the market price upfront, and the subsidy amount is credited directly into their linked bank account.
• With coverage extending to more than 17 crore LPG users, PAHAL stands as the world’s largest direct cash transfer program in terms of scale.

Objectives of the PAHAL Scheme

The PAHAL initiative was introduced with multiple goals to increase accountability and efficiency:

• Promote transparency and reduce the role of middlemen.
• Eliminate incentives for black marketing or diversion of cylinders.
• Safeguard consumer entitlements by ensuring that subsidies reach only genuine users.
• Improve the supply and availability of LPG for verified customers.
• Identify and cancel duplicate or bogus connections.
• Offer consumers the option to voluntarily opt out of the subsidy if not needed.

Eligibility Criteria

To qualify for the PAHAL scheme, the following conditions must be met:

• The applicant must be a registered LPG consumer.
• The combined annual taxable income of the consumer and their spouse must not exceed ₹10 lakh in the preceding financial year, as per the Income Tax Act of 1961.

Functioning of the Scheme

The process under PAHAL works in the following steps:

Booking: Consumers place an order for an LPG refill at the market price.

Delivery: Once the cylinder is delivered, the government credits the subsidy to the consumer’s bank account.

There are two methods for receiving the subsidy:

• Primary (Aadhaar-Based): Aadhaar is linked with both the LPG ID and the consumer''s bank account—preferred and more secure method.
• Alternative (Non-Aadhaar-Based): In the absence of Aadhaar, the bank account is directly linked to the LPG consumer number to enable subsidy transfer.

Extension of President’s Rule in Manipur

Context

The Indian Parliament has approved a six-month extension of President’s Rule in Manipur, following its initial imposition in February 2025 due to ongoing constitutional breakdown in the state.

What is President’s Rule?

• President’s Rule implies direct governance by the central government in a state under Article 356 of the Constitution.
• It is invoked when a state’s constitutional machinery fails or the elected government is unable to function in accordance with constitutional principles.

Relevant Constitutional Provisions

• Article 356: Empowers the President to take over a state’s administration, generally based on the Governor’s report or other credible sources.
• Article 365: Allows such intervention if a state fails to comply with directions from the Union government.

Procedure for Imposition

• The President issues a formal proclamation, which must be ratified by both Houses of Parliament within two months by a simple majority.
• Once approved, it is valid for six months, and can be renewed every six months, up to a maximum of three years, subject to parliamentary approval.

Conditions for Extension

• Must demonstrate continued constitutional failure in the state.
• Parliamentary approval is required every six months.
• For an extension beyond one year, one of the following must apply:
• A National Emergency must be in effect.
• The Election Commission must certify that free and fair elections cannot be conducted.

Revocation of President’s Rule

• Can be revoked at any time by the President.
• Usually withdrawn when a new government is formed or the previous government regains a legislative majority.

Implications and Safeguards

• During President’s Rule, the Governor administers the state on behalf of the President.
• The State Assembly may be dissolved or kept in suspended animation.
• Commonly invoked in scenarios of civil unrest, political paralysis, or loss of majority in the Assembly.
• Judicial oversight post the S.R. Bommai case (1994) ensures that the provision is not misused for political purposes.

Indri Lemur

Context

A collaborative scientific study has, for the first time, uncovered the composition of the intestinal microbiome of the indri lemur—a highly endangered species exclusive to the northeast of Madagascar.

About the Indri Lemur

• Common Name: Indri or Babakoto (in Malagasy)
• Scientific Name: Indri indri
• Status: Largest living species among the lemur family.

Geographic Range

The indri is endemic to Madagascar, with its presence limited to isolated patches of coastal and montane rainforests in the island’s northeastern region.

• Habitat Elevation: Ranges from sea level up to 1,800 meters.
• The species'' habitat is under serious threat due to deforestation and human encroachment.

Physical Characteristics

• Size: Grows to a length of 60–70 cm (24–28 inches), with only a rudimentary tail.
• Possesses large hands and feet, suited for gripping tree branches.
• Facial Features: Rounded head with a pointed snout and furry, circular ears.
• Fur Texture: The indri is coated in soft, silky fur.
• Coloration: Generally black with variable white markings on the head, throat, forearms, and buttocks—patterns differ across regions.

Behavior and Diet

• Arboreal and Diurnal: Lives entirely in trees and is active during the day.
• Moves in a vertical posture, clinging to trees and leaping from branch to branch.
• Feeds primarily on leaves, but also consumes fruits, flowers, and other plant matter.

Conservation Status

• Listed as ‘Critically Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List.
• Faces existential threats due to:
• Habitat loss from deforestation.
• Limited geographical range.
• Low reproductive rate and fragile ecosystem dependence.

Sunflower Sea Stars

Context

Researchers have identified the bacterium Vibrio pectenicida as the causative agent behind the devastating sea star wasting disease (SSWD), responsible for the loss of over 5.8 billion sunflower sea stars across North America since 2013.

About the Sunflower Sea Star (Pycnopodia helianthoides)

• A large and fast-moving marine predator, with up to 24 arms, playing a crucial role in maintaining underwater ecosystem balance by preying on sea urchins.
• Habitat: Native to the Pacific Ocean, distributed from Alaska to Baja California, residing primarily on kelp beds and rocky seabeds.
• Conservation Status: Classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN due to massive population declines caused by SSWD.

Distinctive Characteristics

• Size: Can reach up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in diameter, making it one of the largest sea stars.
• Mobility: Moves swiftly at speeds up to 1 meter per minute, propelled by thousands of tube feet.
• Arms: Possesses 16 to 24 flexible and soft arms, enabling quick movement and efficient predation.
• Diet: A top predator feeding on sea urchins, clams, and other invertebrates.
• Coloration: Displays vibrant shades including orange, purple, red, and brown, aiding camouflage and protection from predators.
• Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Utilizes a water vascular system and coelomic fluid (functionally similar to blood) for gas exchange and nutrient distribution.

About Vibrio pectenicida

• A marine pathogenic bacterium, previously known to affect shellfish, now confirmed as the cause of sea star wasting disease.
• Found in abundance within the coelomic fluid of infected sunflower sea stars.
• The FHCF-3 strain triggers symptoms starting with external lesions, progressing to twisted arms, tissue degradation, and eventual death.
• Rapidly converts infected sea stars into a mucus-like substance within days, severely disrupting marine food chains.
• Thrives in warmer ocean temperatures, linking outbreaks to climate change concerns.

Ecological and Societal Impact

• The sunflower sea star is a keystone species, essential for controlling urchin populations; its decline has allowed urchins to proliferate unchecked.
• This imbalance has led to the near collapse of kelp forests in northern California, where 95% of kelp cover has been lost, affecting marine biodiversity, fisheries, and coastal protection.
• The loss has profound cultural and economic ramifications, impacting First Nations’ traditional practices, recreational diving industries, and the ocean’s natural capacity for carbon sequestration.

Uttarkashi District

Context

A sudden cloudburst in the Dharali area of Uttarkashi triggered flash floods, resulting in the death of at least four individuals, with several others reported missing.

About Uttarkashi District

• What is Uttarkashi?

Uttarkashi is a district situated in the northern Himalayas of Uttarakhand, forming part of the Garhwal division. It was officially established on February 24, 1960.

• Geographical Location: It lies in the northwestern corner of Uttarakhand and shares borders with Himachal Pradesh, Tibet (China), and neighboring Uttarakhand districts: Chamoli, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Dehradun.

Historical and Cultural Importance

• Often called the “Kashi of the North,” Uttarkashi is spiritually akin to Varanasi, located between the rivers Varuna (Syalam Gad) and Asi (Kaligad).
• The region finds mention in the ancient epic Mahabharata, including references to sages such as Jada Bharatha and tribes like the Kiratas, Khasas, and Kunindas.
• Uttarkashi is a prominent part of the Himalayan region often referred to as the “Water Tower of India.”

Key Rivers Originating from Uttarkashi

Religious and Cultural Significance

• Uttarkashi houses the sacred pilgrimage sites Gangotri and Yamunotri, the sources of the Ganga (Bhagirathi) and Yamuna rivers, respectively, making it a major spiritual destination.

Important religious landmarks like the Manikarnika Ghat and Vishwanath Temple in Uttarkashi closely parallel those in Varanasi, emphasizing its spiritual resonance.

India Cine Hub Portal

Context

The central government has recently encouraged states to actively utilize the India Cine Hub Portal to support and facilitate global film production within India.

Overview

Launched on June 28, 2024, the India Cine Hub Portal is a centralized, single-window digital platform designed to streamline all processes related to filmmaking in India. It aims to simplify obtaining permissions, access incentives, and map resources efficiently across the country.

Key Objectives

• Developed by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India.
• Operated through the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC).
• Primarily created to promote and facilitate international film shoots in India.
• Seeks to establish India as a film-friendly destination by reducing bureaucratic hurdles.

Portal Features

• Includes GIS-based location mapping, allowing filmmakers to identify scenic or suitable shooting locations.
• Offers a common application form, simplifying the permission-seeking process.
• Enhances the ease of doing business in the Indian film production sector.
• Promotes India globally as a premier filming location.

Integration and Coverage

• So far, seven states and two Union Territories have fully integrated their film services into the portal.
• An additional 21 states and six Union Territories have been onboarded and are in the process of deeper integration.
• Initially targeted at foreign filmmakers, the India Cine Hub has now extended its services to Indian filmmakers as well, expanding its utility and reach.

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

Context

The first-ever BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival was recently hosted at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, highlighting cultural exchange among member states.

About BIMSTEC

BIMSTEC is a regional organization that brings together countries located around the Bay of Bengal, fostering cooperation across various sectors.

• Established: June 6, 1997, through the Bangkok Declaration.
• Membership: Comprises seven countries: South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Thailand
• Serves as a bridge between South and Southeast Asia, promoting regional integration.

Organizational Structure

BIMSTEC facilitates cooperation through:

• Summits, Ministerial Meetings
• Senior Officials Meetings
• Permanent Working Committees
• Joint Working Groups and Expert-Level Meetings

Demographic and Economic Significance

• Represents a combined population of 1.7 billion, which is 22% of the global population.
• Collectively has a GDP of USD 5 trillion, underscoring its economic weight.

Permanent Secretariat: Location: Dhaka, Bangladesh

Priority Areas

BIMSTEC has identified 14 sectors of collaboration. Each member country leads specific areas. India is the lead nation in: Transport and Communication, Tourism, Environment and Disaster Management, Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime

Russia Withdraws from Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

Context

Russia has formally announced its withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, declaring that it no longer considers itself obligated to abide by its provisions.

About the INF Treaty

• The INF Treaty was a landmark arms control agreement signed in 1987 between the United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia).
• Objective: The treaty aimed to halt the escalating nuclear arms race by mandating the destruction of two classes of missile systems—both capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
• The agreement was prompted by a dramatic build-up of nuclear-capable missiles by both powers in Europe, posing an existential threat to the continent’s security.
• The treaty was a product of extensive negotiations between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev.

Major Outcomes of the INF Treaty

• It led to the elimination of an entire category of weapons: ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 km.
• The treaty also included provisions for mutual verification, allowing inspectors from both countries to oversee the destruction of missile systems.
• Within three years of its implementation, 2,619 missiles were dismantled by both nations.

Current Status

• The United States had previously withdrawn from the treaty, accusing Russia of violating its terms.

With Russia now formally exiting, the treaty is effectively defunct, raising concerns about a renewed arms race.

International Seabed Authority (ISA) Concludes Landmark 30th Session

Session Overview

The International Seabed Authority (ISA) recently concluded its significant 30th Assembly session, which coincided with the 30th anniversary of ISA’s establishment under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and its 1994 Part XI Implementing Agreement.

Key Decisions Made at the 30th Session

• Progress was reported on the development of the Common Heritage Fund, a financial mechanism aimed at supporting sustainability, capacity-building, and fair benefit-sharing among nations.
• The Economic Planning Commission was officially operationalized to evaluate the economic impacts of seabed mining and propose mitigation strategies.
• The assembly adopted November 1 as International Deep Seabed Day, commemorating the importance of deep-sea conservation and sustainable use.

About the International Seabed Authority (ISA)

• ISA is responsible for managing the mineral resources of the seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, which make up 54% of the world’s oceans.
• It is the only international organization focusing on regulating activities in the deep seabed beyond national borders.
• The Authority aims to ensure that all economic activities, including deep-sea mining, are conducted in a regulated, responsible, and sustainable manner.
• Headquarters: Kingston, Jamaica.
• Membership: Comprises 170 members — 169 States plus the European Union — all parties to UNCLOS.

Recent Initiatives by ISA

• Deep-Sea Biobank Initiative (DBI) 2025:
• Objective: To enhance global access to deep-sea biological samples and genetic data from areas beyond national jurisdiction.
• It aims to create a global repository of deep-sea biological specimens for research and capacity-building purposes.
• AREA2030: Focused on facilitating high-resolution mapping of the international seabed by the year 2030.
• Sustainable Seabed Knowledge Initiative (SSKI): Dedicated to strengthening the scientific basis necessary for effective protection and management of deep-sea environments.

CLOVES Syndrome

Overview

CLOVES Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder, with fewer than 200 documented cases worldwide. The acronym CLOVES stands for: Congenital – Lipomatous – Overgrowth – Vascular malformations – Epidermal nevi – Spinal/skeletal anomalies (including scoliosis)

Genetic Cause

• Caused by mutations in the PIK3CA gene.
• This gene encodes a protein that is part of the PI3K enzyme, which regulates several essential cellular functions.
• Mutations can lead to overactivation of the enzyme, triggering abnormal cell growth.
• The same gene mutation has been linked to multiple cancer types, including breast, brain, colon, lung, ovary, stomach, and rectal cancers.

Nature of Mutation

• The genetic mutation is believed to be spontaneous and occurs in utero.
• It is not inherited and cannot be passed down genetically.

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

• Fatty tissue overgrowth on the abdomen, back, sides, and buttocks.
• Vascular anomalies, such as enlarged veins in the chest, arms, and legs, which increase the risk of blood clots.
• Wide hands and feet, with abnormal spacing between fingers and toes.
• Port-wine stain birthmarks, a common dermatological symptom.
• Spinal issues, including scoliosis and tethered spinal cords.
• Skin abnormalities, such as raised or wart-like bumps.
• May also involve kidney complications.

Treatment and Management

• Currently, no permanent cure exists for CLOVES Syndrome.
• With accurate diagnosis, healthcare professionals can manage and treat the symptoms to improve quality of life.
• Ongoing research continues to explore targeted therapies for managing PIK3CA-related overgrowth disorders (PROS).

WHO Classifies Hepatitis D as Cancer-Causing Like Hepatitis B and C

About Hepatitis D Virus

• Hepatitis D is an incomplete virus, which means it depends on the presence of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate.
• Therefore, Hepatitis D only infects individuals who are already infected with Hepatitis B, either at the same time or sequentially.

About Hepatitis Viruses

• Viral hepatitis includes types A, B, C, D, and E, which are major causes of acute liver infections.
• However, only Hepatitis B, C, and D can cause chronic infections, which increase the risk of severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and cancer.
• Hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary liver cancer, ranks among the top 10 cancers worldwide.

Vaccine Availability

• Currently, there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C.
• The Hepatitis B vaccine provides protection against infection by both Hepatitis B and, indirectly, Hepatitis D.

Global Impact

• Over 300 million people worldwide are affected by Hepatitis B, C, and D combined, resulting in approximately 1.3 million deaths annually.
• A significant portion of infected individuals remain undiagnosed.

Key Initiatives

• India: The National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (2018) targets the elimination of Hepatitis C by 2030 and aims to reduce mortality from all types of viral hepatitis, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3.
• Global: The World Health Organization’s Global Health Sector Strategy (2022–2030) on HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections seeks to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat.

Challenges in Combating Hepatitis

• Low Diagnosis Rates: Only about 13% of Hepatitis B and 36% of Hepatitis C cases were diagnosed worldwide in 2022.
• Poor Vaccine Coverage: In India, despite inclusion in the immunization program, Hepatitis B vaccine coverage stands at only 50%.
• Limited Treatment Options: While there are few approved therapies currently available, newer drugs like bulevirtide offer promising treatment possibilities.

BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile

Context

In the wake of the successful Operation Sindoor, the Indian Navy and Air Force are gearing up for extensive procurement of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, highlighting its precision and combat effectiveness against Pakistani targets.

Overview of BrahMos

• The BrahMos is a two-stage supersonic cruise missile, jointly developed by India’s DRDO and Russia’s NPOM.
• It holds the distinction of being the fastest operational cruise missile globally, with speeds ranging from Mach 2.8 to 3.0.

Key Specifications

• Range: Approximately 290 kilometers, with extended-range variants currently under development.
• Warhead: Conventional explosives weighing between 200 to 300 kilograms.
• Speed: Maintains supersonic velocity throughout its flight, drastically reducing enemy reaction times.
• Launch Platforms: Capable of being deployed from land, air, sea, and underwater platforms.

Special Features

• Employs a fire-and-forget system, meaning it requires no further guidance once launched.
• Incorporates stealth technology with a low radar cross-section, improving its ability to evade detection.
• Can follow multiple flight paths—high, low, or mixed—providing significant tactical versatility.
• Delivers a kinetic impact nine times greater than subsonic missiles upon hitting the target.
• Achieves pinpoint accuracy with a high probability of neutralizing even moving targets.

Strategic Importance

• Played a crucial role in Operation Sindoor, successfully destroying key terrorist infrastructure and military installations inside Pakistan.
• Strengthens India’s precision strike capabilities and deterrence against regional threats.
• Supports the vision of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ by leveraging predominantly indigenous technology for national defense.

Current Operational Deployment

• Navy: Installed on Rajput and Visakhapatnam-class destroyers, as well as Veer-class corvettes.
• Army: Several regiments operate mobile launchers equipped with BrahMos.
• Air Force: Integrated with the Su-30 MKI, extending strike capabilities over both land and maritime targets.

Lalit Kala Akademi

Context

The 64th National Exhibition of Art (NEA), organized by Lalit Kala Akademi, was recently inaugurated with grandeur in New Delhi, reaffirming its commitment to Indian visual arts.

Overview

• The Lalit Kala Akademi, also known as the National Academy of Art, was established on August 5, 1954, by the Government of India.
• Inaugurated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, then Minister for Education, it functions as an autonomous institution dedicated to the promotion of Indian art.
• It was granted statutory authority status in 1957 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

Organizational Structure and Reach

• Headquarters: New Delhi.
• Regional Centres: Located in Chennai, Lucknow, Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, and Garhi.
• It operates through its General Council, Executive Board, and various committees.

Role and Activities

• The Akademi identifies, preserves, and promotes a wide spectrum of visual arts including modern, contemporary, folk, and tribal styles.
• It plays a vital role in representing Indian visual art on international platforms through cultural exchange programs and bilateral cultural agreements.
• It maintains a permanent art collection showcasing the depth and diversity of Indian visual culture.

National Exhibition of Art

• First organized in 1955, this annual event is the Akademi’s most prestigious showcase.
• It serves as a platform to exhibit cutting-edge artistic innovations and trends of the year.

Haat on Wheels

Context

The Ministry of Textiles launched the “Haat on Wheels”—a mobile handloom marketplace—during the celebrations of the 11th National Handloom Day on August 5, 2025, in New Delhi.

About the Haat on Wheels Initiative

• What is it It is a mobile retail platform specifically designed to bring authentic handloom products directly to urban consumers. The initiative was launched as part of a nationwide campaign aimed at promoting India’s rich handloom heritage.
• Ministry Involved: The project is spearheaded by the Ministry of Textiles.
• Implementation Partner: It is executed in collaboration with the National Handloom Development Corporation (NHDC).

Objectives

• To actively promote indigenous handloom crafts.
• To enhance market accessibility for weavers, facilitating direct engagement with consumers.
• To integrate sustainable fashion into mainstream retail channels.

Key Features

• The platform showcases 116 different weaves representing diverse Indian regions.
• Mobile vans travel extensively across the Delhi National Capital Region (NCR), visiting local markets, residential areas, and cultural venues.
• The campaign promotes the theme: “My Handloom, My Pride; My Product, My Pride.”
• Operates on a direct-to-consumer model, connecting skilled weavers straight with urban buyers.

Significance

• Strengthens the livelihood security of weavers by eliminating middlemen from the supply chain.
• Supports the principles of vocal for local, encouraging self-reliance and sustainable consumer habits.
• Raises awareness about regional weaves and contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage