Ghana partners with India for satellite and space innovation

·          Africa is increasingly turning to space technology as a vital tool for socio-economic development, and Ghana is leading the charge in this regard. In a significant move to advance its space ambitions, Ghana has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with SIA-India, an association dedicated to fostering growth in the Indian space sector.

·         This partnership, focusing on satellite communications and space technologies, marks a new chapter in the growing cooperation between India and Africa in the space domain.

A Strategic Partnership for Technological Growth

·         The MoU between the Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI) and SIA-India underscores a shared vision to promote the growth and sustainability of space-based technologies that will benefit both nations.

·         Ghana, a key player in Africa’s space strategy, is looking to leverage India’s cutting-edge space capabilities, including satellite manufacturing, launch services, and innovative space applications.

·          India has long been a trusted partner for African nations in space and technology initiatives, demonstrated through various successful collaborations such as the Pan Africa eNetwork Project and the India-Africa Partnership Fund.

·          As India continues to make strides in space exploration and technology, its partnership with Ghana aligns with Africa’s broader vision for the future outlined in Agenda 2063 and the Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024). These frameworks emphasize space as a key driver of socio-economic transformation across the Continent.

Space Cooperation for Economic Development

·         The Ghana-India space cooperation focuses on several key areas, including satellite co-development, capacity-building programs for Ghanaian space professionals, and the establishment of ground stations and space applications tools.

·         The partnership aims to create tangible socio-economic benefits through pilot projects in agriculture, mining, and environmental management, showcasing how space technologies can solve real-world problems.

·         Dr Subba Rao Pavuluri, President of SIA-India, highlighted the significance of this collaboration, stating, “Through this partnership, we aim to formalize cooperation that will drive impactful initiatives, including capacity-building programs tailored for Ghanaian space professionals, and the co-development of satellites, ground stations, and space application tools.”

·         These initiatives are expected to have a far-reaching impact on both nations, fostering innovation and advancing technological expertise.

·         This cooperation also serves to strengthen Ghana’s role as a leader in space science and technology in Africa.

·         By integrating satellite-based solutions into critical sectors like agriculture and environmental monitoring, Ghana can harness the potential of space technologies to address pressing challenges, from food security to climate change.

Unlocking New Business and Development Opportunities

·         The MoU also paves the way for increased business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-government (B2G) collaboration between India and Ghana, facilitating new opportunities for both countries’ private sectors.

·         Companies in both nations are encouraged to explore joint ventures, business collaborations, and knowledge exchange, creating a mutually beneficial ecosystem that will fuel growth and innovation in the space sector.

·         India’s role as a global leader in space technology is steadily growing, and partnerships like the one with Ghana solidify its position as a key player in driving space-based solutions to address global challenges

A Shared Future of Space Innovation

·         As Africa embraces the potential of space technology for socio-economic development, Ghana’s partnership with India represents a powerful step toward realizing this vision. The collaboration not only strengthens the bilateral ties between India and Ghana but also contributes to Africa’s broader efforts to harness space for sustainable development.

·         With the continued growth of space technologies and applications, Ghana and India’s cooperative efforts are poised to unlock new opportunities for innovation, capacity building, and socio-economic transformation, creating a brighter, more connected future for both nations.

Looking to 2025, the Indian space sector

·         India is fast establishing itself as a global powerhouse in space exploration, and 2025 is poised to be a transformative year for the country’s space industry.

·         With robust government reforms, an expanding ecosystem of startups, and significant public-private collaborations, the Indian space sector is gearing up for unprecedented growth.

·          As the country strengthens its space capabilities, it not only seeks to advance its technological prowess but also to position itself as a leader in the global space economy.

Government Reforms: A New Era of Opportunity

·         India’s space industry is benefiting from a series of groundbreaking reforms and government-backed initiatives designed to unlock its full potential. One of the most pivotal changes is the recent liberalization of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy in the space sector.

·          The new policy allows for 100% FDI under the automatic route in satellite components and systems, up to 74% for satellite manufacturing and operation, and up to 49% for launch vehicles and spaceports.

·         These reforms have been welcomed by private players, as they open the door to international investments and advanced technologies that can catalyze further growth in India’s space economy.

·         Additionally, the government’s Rs 1,000 crore venture capital fund managed by IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center) has been a game-changer.

·         This fund aims to support Indian startups and private sector players engaged in the development of space technologies, further fuelling innovation and entrepreneurship.

·          In terms of infrastructure, India has also embarked on ambitious projects such as the Phase III of the Space-Based Surveillance (SBS-III) program, which aims to launch 52 satellites for improved surveillance.

·         Notably, 31 of these satellites will be manufactured by private industry players, providing significant opportunities for India’s burgeoning space-tech firms.

·          Furthermore, the Prime Minister’s announcement of the construction of a second spaceport in Kulasekharapattinam, Tamil Nadu, will bolster India’s capabilities to launch missions from domestic soil, thus reducing reliance on foreign spaceports.

·         As Lt. Gen. AK Bhatt (Retd), Director General of the Indian Space Association (ISpA), notes, “The Indian government’s continued focus on strategic policy reforms not only opens the door for significant private sector investment but also ensures that India stays at the forefront of global space innovation.”

The Private Sector and Startups:

·         In recent years, the Indian space sector has witnessed a surge in private-sector involvement, with numerous startups driving innovation and technological breakthroughs.

·         For example, in April 2024, Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) and Satellogic Inc. successfully launched India’s first private sub-metric high-resolution Earth Observation satellite, marking a significant milestone for India’s commercial space endeavours. Similarly, Agnikul Cosmos, a space-tech startup, made history by launching “Agnibaan – SOrTeD,” the world’s first rocket powered by a fully 3D-printed, semi-cryogenic engine.

·         The growth of Indian space-tech startups has been matched by a rise in funding. In 2024 alone, Indian space-tech startups raised $76.79 million, bringing total funding to $463.24 million.

·         This influx of capital has supported a range of innovative companies, including Pixxel, GalaxEye, Dhruva Space, and Agnikul, all of which are focused on developing cutting-edge solutions in satellite technology and space exploration.

·          “The private space sector is witnessing a major growth in the startup ecosystem driven by favourable policy reforms. We believe this will give India access to the latest technological advances and much-needed funds from both domestic and international investors, which will fuel further innovations.”

Public-Private Partnerships:

·         The public-private partnership (PPP) model has emerged as a central pillar in India’s space strategy. The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) commercial arm, NSIL, has been instrumental in enabling private firms to play a key role in India’s space missions.

·         For instance, NSIL invited private companies to manufacture the Launch Vehicle Mark-III, which is critical to future missions, including lunar and Mars exploration.

·         IN-SPACe has also called for bids from domestic companies to design, build, and operate Earth Observation satellites, allowing the private sector to play an integral role in national space infrastructure.

·         This collaborative approach aligns with India’s broader goals of becoming a global leader in space technology and applications. “The public-private partnership model is crucial in transforming India’s space sector. By combining the strengths of both public institutions and private players, India can not only boost its capabilities in satellite technology but also emerge as a global leader in applications ranging from climate monitoring to defence.”

Satellite Communications: Bridging the Digital Divide

·         The rapid growth of India’s satellite communication sector is another testament to the transformative potential of the space industry.

·         The Telecommunications Act of 2023 introduced landmark reforms, including the administrative allocation of satellite spectrum, a move that will help satellite communication providers expand services across the country.

·         Experts anticipate that these reforms will enable the rollout of satellite-based internet in rural and underserved regions, addressing the critical issue of digital inequality.

The Road Ahead: 2025 and Beyond

·         Looking to 2025, the Indian space sector is on the cusp of even more significant advancements. Startups like Skyroot and Agnikul are preparing for their first orbital launches, which will mark a key milestone in the country’s private space endeavors.

·         The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is also transferring technology for the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) to private players, creating a competitive environment for launch vehicle development in India.

·         Moreover, India’s satellite constellation is expected to expand significantly. Pixxel, for example, aims to deploy a total of 36 satellites in low Earth orbit, enhancing India’s capabilities in Earth observation and data analytics.

·         Other sectors, such as agriculture, infrastructure, and transport, are also set to benefit from the growing availability of satellite data, which will drive innovation and efficiency across these industries.

·         The potential applications of space technologies are vast. For example, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) is piloting a satellite-based toll collection system that could replace the current FASTag system, bringing greater efficiency and transparency to India’s tolling infrastructure.

·         In agriculture, satellite data has already shown its potential to improve crop management, weather forecasting, and supply chain logistics, boosting productivity and reducing costs

India Achieves Major Milestones in Science and Technology Advancements in 2024

·         India continues its rise as a global science and technology powerhouse, achieving remarkable milestones across diverse domains.

Key highlights for 2024.

·         India secured the 39th position in the Global Innovation Index 2024, affirming its place among the world’s top innovative economies.

·         As per the WIPO 2023 report, India climbed to the 6th position globally in intellectual property filings. A significant leap in the Network Readiness Index saw India advance from 79th in 2019 to 49th in 2024.

·         The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), created under the 2023 Act, fosters research and innovation through various initiatives.

·         The Prime Minister’s Early Career Research Grant (PM ECRG) supports young researchers with flexible budgets for impactful projects.

·         The EV-Mission advances research on electric vehicle technology to promote self-reliance. Additionally, the Inclusivity Research Grant (IRG) empowers marginalised communities to contribute to cutting-edge science and engineering fields.

·         The National Quantum Mission (NQM) was allocated Rs.6003.65 crore for eight years, establishing four thematic hubs dedicated to quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials.Comprehensive guidelines have also been introduced to support quantum start-ups.

·         Under the National Geospatial Policy 2022, innovative programs such as the Spatial Thinking Program in schools and geospatial innovation challenges have been launched. Plans for a white paper on capacity building and a national event are scheduled for 2025.

·         BharatGen, a generative AI model catering to India’s diverse linguistic and cultural needs, was launched under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems.

·         Additionally, over 30 Petaflops of supercomputing capacity were added under the National Supercomputing Mission, including India’s largest system at the Inter-University Accelerator Centre, Delhi.

·         Sustainable energy pilot projects, such as bioenergy-based effluent treatment and solar project cleaning systems, were inaugurated.

·         Plans for Hydrogen Valley Innovation Clusters are underway for 2025 to showcase green hydrogen value chains.

·         More than 340 women scientists benefitted from fellowships and leadership programs under the Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) initiative.

·         Programs like Vigyan Jyoti impacted over 29,000 girls, promoting STEM education.

·         To strengthen ties between the Indian STEM diaspora and domestic institutions, 22 researchers were awarded fellowships under the Vaishvik Bharatiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) Fellowship in 2024, with more results expected by year-end.

·         India’s efforts to advance science and technology showcase its unwavering commitment to becoming a global leader in innovation and research.

·         With robust initiatives and international collaborations, the nation is poised to make an even greater impact in the coming years.

Food Insecurity Worsens in Arab Region, 66 Million Face Hunger Amid Crises: UN Report

·          In 2023, hunger and food insecurity rose across the Arab world, according to a recent United Nations report issued by various organizations, including UNICEF and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

·         The report, 2024 Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition, reveals that 66.1 million people, approximately 14 percent of the Arab region''s population, suffered from hunger in 2023.

·          Even more concerning, 39.4 percent of the population, 186.5 million people, faced moderate or severe food insecurity, with 72.7 million enduring severe levels of insecurity. The findings underscore conflict as the leading cause of food insecurity, exacerbated by economic hardships, climate extremes, and soaring food prices.

·         Undernourishment rates in conflict-hit areas reached 26.4 percent, significantly higher than the 6.6 percent in non-conflict zones. The report also shows that the region is lagging behind in achieving the food security and nutrition targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

·          Economic barriers to accessing a healthy diet remain a pressing concern, with over 151.3 million people unable to afford nutritious food in 2022. Conflict-affected nations suffered the most, where 41.2 percent of the population struggled to afford healthy diets. Alarmingly, the Arab region continues to grapple with a triple burden of malnutrition, including obesity, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies like anaemia among women.

·          Child malnutrition indicators highlight the seriousness of the crisis. Although stunting rates have decreased from 28 percent in 2000 to 19.9 percent in 2022, wasting rates among children remain above global averages, especially in low-income countries, where they reached 14.6 percent.

·         At the same time, childhood obesity has nearly doubled the global average, affecting 9.5 percent of children under five. Libya, Tunisia, and Egypt report the highest rates of childhood obesity.

·         Adult obesity has also significantly increased, with 32.1 percent of adults classified as obese in 2022, more than double the global average.

·         The highest rates of obesity were seen in upper-middle-income countries such as Egypt, Qatar, and Kuwait. Additionally, the prevalence of anemia among women aged 15 to 49 was recorded at 33.2 percent, with low-income countries experiencing the highest cases.

·         Despite modest progress in reducing stunting and addressing malnutrition, the Arab region faces significant hurdles in reversing the escalating hunger and nutrition crisis amid persistent conflicts and economic challenges.

President appoints Chief Justices for Himachal, Uttarakhand High Courts

·          In exercise of the power conferred under Article 217(1) of the Constitution, President Droupadi Murmu  appointed Justice G.S. Sandhawalia as the Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court and Justice Guhanathan Narendar as the Chief Justice of Uttarakhand High Court.

·         Justice Sandhawalia is at present a judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court

·         Justice Guhanathan Narendar is a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court.

·         Justice Narendar’s name was recommended by the Supreme Court Collegium on September 24.On September 17, it had recommended that after Justice Rajiv Shakdher retires on October 18, as the Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh, Justice Sandhawalia be appointed as the next Chief Justice of that High Court.

·         Two additional judges of the Delhi High Court — Justices Shailender Kaur and Ravinder Dudeja — were also elevated as judges, or what is commonly called ‘permanent’ judges.

·          Additional judges are usually appointed for a period of two years before being elevated as permanent judges. Four other additional judges of the Karnataka High Court were also elevated as permanent judges.

What is the collegium system?

·          The collegium system is a forum including the Chief Justice of India and four senior-most judges of the SC, which recommends appointments and transfers of judges. 

·          Judges of the higher judiciary are appointed only through the collegium system, and the government has a role only after names have been decided by the collegium.

Appointment of HC judges

·          The High Court stands at the head of a state’s judicial administration.

·          Article 214 of the Indian Constitution provides for a High Court for each state. The Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act of 1956 authorised the Parliament under Article 231 to establish a common High Court for two or more states and a Union Territory. 

·         Articles 214 to 231 of the Constitution deals with the organisation, independence, jurisdiction, powers, procedures and other issues related to the High Courts.

·         The Chief Justice and judges of the High Courts are appointed by the President under Article 217(1) of the Constitution.

·          To be eligible for appointment as a HC judge one must be a citizen of India, have held a judicial office in India for ten years or must have practised as an advocate of a High Court or two or more such courts in succession for a similar period.

Appointment of SC judges

·          The CJI and judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution.

·          Whenever a vacancy is expected to arise in the office of a judge of the Supreme Court, the CJI will initiate a proposal and forward his recommendation to the law minister to fill up the vacancy.

·          The opinion of the CJI for appointment of a judge of the Supreme Court should be formed in consultation with a collegium of the four senior-most judges of the apex court.

·          The opinion of members of the collegium in respect of each of the recommendations as well as the senior-most judge in the Supreme Court from the High Court from which a prospective candidate comes, would be made in writing.

·         The CJI must transmit his opinion as also the opinion of all concerned to the government of India as part of record.

·          After receipt of the final recommendation of the CJI, the law minister will put up the recommendations to the Prime Minister, who will advise the President in the matter of appointment.

PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of India''s First River-Linking Project on December 25

·          Ken-Betwa River Linking Project, India’s first river interlinking initiative, aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh to the Betwa River in Uttar Pradesh, addressing water scarcity in the drought-prone Bundelkhand region.

·         The project will enhance irrigation, drinking water supply, and green energy generation

·         On the occasion of the 100th birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to mark a historic milestone in India’s water resource management by laying the foundation stone for the Ken-Betwa River Linking Project, the nation’s first river interlinking initiative under the National Perspective Plan.

·         This significant event will take place during PM Modi’s visit to Madhya Pradesh on December 25, where he will also inaugurate and lay the foundation stone for multiple development projects in Khajuraho.

·         The Ken-Betwa project aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh to the Betwa River in Uttar Pradesh.

·         It is designed to alleviate water scarcity in the drought-prone Bundelkhand region, benefiting districts such as Jhansi, Banda, Lalitpur, and Mahoba in Uttar Pradesh, as well as Tikamgarh, Panna, and Chhatarpur in Madhya Pradesh.

·         By providing irrigation facilities to lakhs of farmer families, the project promises to transform the rural economy.

·         It will also enhance drinking water supply and generate over 100 MW of green energy through hydropower, aligning with the government’s focus on sustainable development.

·          As part of the occasion, Prime Minister will release a commemorative stamp and coin in honour of Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

·         Additionally, he will lay the foundation stone for 1,153 Atal Gram Sushasan buildings, which are expected to boost good governance at the grassroots level by enhancing the operational efficiency of Gram Panchayats.

·         The Ken-Betwa Link Project involves constructing the Dhaudhan Dam, a 77-meter tall and 2-kilometer-wide structure within the Panna Tiger Reserve, along with a 230-kilometer canal to facilitate water transfer.

·         This project is one of 30 proposed river interlinking initiatives in India aimed at optimizing water distribution.

·         In another major step toward energy sustainability, Modi will inaugurate the Omkareshwar Floating Solar Project in Madhya Pradesh’s Khandwa district.

·          The project, which will significantly reduce carbon emissions and support the government’s net-zero target by 2070, is also designed to conserve water by minimizing evaporation.

Global hunger crisis deepens as major nations skimp on aid

·         It’s a simple but brutal equation: The number of people going hungry or otherwise struggling around the world is rising, while the amount of money the world’s wealthiest nations are contributing toward helping them is dropping.

·         The result: The United Nations says that, at best, it will be able to raise enough money to help about 60% of the 307 million people it predicts will need humanitarian aid next year. That means at least 117 million people won’t get food or other assistance in 2025.

·         The U.N. also will end 2024 having raised about 46% of the $49.6 billion it sought for humanitarian aid across the globe, its own data shows.

·          It’s the second year in a row the world body has raised less than half of what it sought. The shortfall has forced humanitarian agencies to make agonizing decisions, such as slashing rations for the hungry and cutting the number of people eligible for aid.

·         The consequences are being felt in places like Syria, where the World Food Program (WFP), the U.N.’s main food distributor, used to feed 6 million people.

·         Eyeing its projections for aid donations earlier this year, the WFP cut the number it hoped to help there to about 1 million people, said Rania Dagash-Kamara, the organization’s assistant executive director for partnerships and resource mobilization.

·         U.N. officials see few reasons for optimism at a time of widespread conflict, political unrest and extreme weather, all factors that stoke famine. “We have been forced to scale back appeals to those in most dire need.

·         Financial pressures and shifting domestic politics are reshaping some wealthy nations’ decisions about where and how much to give.

·         One of the U.N.’s largest donors – Germany – already shaved $500 million in funding from 2023 to 2024 as part of general belt tightening. The country’s cabinet has recommended another $1 billion reduction in humanitarian aid for 2025. A new parliament will decide next year’s spending plan after the federal election in February.

·         Humanitarian organizations also are watching to see what U.S. President-elect Donald Trump proposes after he begins his second term in January. The U.S. plays the leading role in preventing and combating starvation across the world. It provided $64.5 billion in humanitarian aid over the last five years. That was at least 38% of the total such contributions recorded by the U.N.

Reimposition of Protected Area Regime in Northeast India 

·         A On December 17, 2023, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) reinstated the Protected Area Regime (PAR) in Manipur, Nagaland, and Mizoram.

·         This decision mandates that foreigners must obtain prior permission and Protected Area Permits (PAP) to visit these states. The reimposition comes in response to escalating security concerns in these border regions.

Background of the Protected Area Regime

·         The Protected Area Regime was established under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958. This order restricts foreign nationals from entering certain areas without a permit from the Central government.

·         The permit specifies the entry point, residence, and duration of stay. The regime applies to various regions, including parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and the entire states of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Sikkim.

Relaxation of the Regime

·         The PAR was initially relaxed on December 30, 2010, due to improved security and to promote tourism. This relaxation was intended for one year but was extended several times, ultimately lasting until December 31, 2027. The recent withdrawal of this relaxation indicates a shift in the security landscape.

Reasons for Reimposition

·         The reimposition of the PAR is attributed to rising security issues, particularly in Manipur, which has experienced ethnic violence since May 2023.

·         The conflict involves the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities. Chief Minister N. Biren Singh has brought into light the role of external influences in this unrest. The situation has been exacerbated by an influx of refugees from Myanmar, following the military coup in February 2021.

Impact of the Myanmar Crisis

·         The military coup in Myanmar has led to migration into India. Over 40,000 refugees have settled in Mizoram, with around 4,000 entering Manipur.

·          Many of these migrants belong to the Kuki-Chin-Zo ethnic group, which has cultural ties to communities in the Northeast. This demographic shift has raised concerns about security and social stability in the region.

·         Foreigners wishing to visit these states must secure a PAP from various authorities, including Indian missions and the MHA. Citizens from Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan require prior approval.

·          Additionally, all foreigners must register with the Foreigners Registration Officer within 24 hours of arrival. This requirement now extends to Myanmar nationals, who previously enjoyed exemptions under certain visa conditions.

·         In January 2023, the MHA suspended the Free Movement Regime that allowed movement within 16 kilometers of the India-Myanmar border.

·         This decision further puts stress on the heightened security measures being implemented in response to the ongoing tensions in the region.

Future Implications

·         The reimposition of the PAR reflects the Government of India’s prioritisation of security in its northeastern states. It indicates a cautious approach to foreign tourism and migration in light of regional conflicts.

·         The evolving dynamics of border security will likely influence future policies regarding foreign access to these sensitive areas.

Pangolin Smuggling Crisis in Telangana

·         At Recent events in Telangana highlight the escalating issue of pangolin smuggling. This nocturnal mammal faces increased poaching due to its high demand in the illegal wildlife trade. Pangolins are classified as vulnerable to critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The rise in poaching cases has prompted authorities to enhance their monitoring and enforcement efforts.

Overview

·         The Indian pangolin, or Manis crassicaudata, is one of eight pangolin species globally. It is protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in India. International trade is banned under Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Pangolins are sought for their scales and meat, which are used in traditional medicine and cuisine.

·         In the last four years, Telangana has recorded seven poaching cases, with three occurring in the past two months.

·         Similar incidents have also been reported in Andhra Pradesh. Investigations suggest that middlemen are exploiting local tribal youths, luring them with small sums of money to capture pangolins.

·         Between 2018 and 2022, TRAFFIC and WWF-India reported 1,203 pangolins poached in 342 incidents across India.

·         The data indicates that an average of 40 live pangolins were seized annually. Odisha reported the highest number of seizures, followed by Karnataka and Maharashtra, denoting regional hotspots for illegal trade.

·         Pangolins possess a unique defensive posture. When threatened, they curl into a ball, making it easy for poachers to capture them.

·         This behaviour, combined with their nocturnal nature, renders them particularly vulnerable to illegal hunting.

·         The smuggling process typically involves three layers – the catchers, middlemen, and buyers. Middlemen often get caught during transit, complicating investigations.

·         They promise tribal youths substantial payments for capturing pangolins, but the actual compensation is minimal compared to the illegal market value.

·         The lure of quick money leads local tribal communities into the illegal wildlife trade. Authorities are exploring ecotourism initiatives to engage these communities in sustainable practices. This approach aims to provide alternative livelihoods and reduce reliance on poaching.

·         Wildlife crime investigations face obstacles.The lack of intelligence networks hampers efforts to track down organised crime syndicates. Despite the awareness of wildlife crimes, enforcement agencies struggle to connect the dots between poachers and buyers.

·         To combat pangolin smuggling, authorities are encouraging community engagement through ecotourism.

·         Training programs for tribal youths in various skills aim to provide sustainable income sources. Officials stress the importance of habitat management to reduce human-animal conflict and protect wildlife.

Department of Atomic Energy highlights pioneering achievements in 2024

·         The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) has announced significant milestones and contributions across multiple sectors in its year-end review for 2024.

·         India’s nuclear power initiatives advanced significantly, with the Atomic Minerals Directorate discovering 15,598 tonnes of uranium oxide in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Rajasthan, boosting the country’s reserves to 4,25,570 tonnes.

·         The Jaduguda Mines unearthed new uranium deposits, extending their operational life by 50 years.

·         The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) achieved critical milestones, including core loading and sodium pump commissioning. The indigenous 700 MWe PHWR reactors at Kakrapar and Rawatbhata progressed, with the former commencing commercial operations.

·         DAE’s Tata Memorial Centre leads the National Cancer Grid, treating 60% of India’s cancer cases.The network expanded regionally through partnerships with WHO South-East Asia. In diabetic care, BARC’s nitric oxide-releasing wound dressings completed Phase III trials and received regulatory approval.

·         The Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE) Observatory, Asia’s largest Cherenkov telescope, was inaugurated in Ladakh.

·         A breakthrough in cosmic-ray research was made at the GRAPES-3 experiment in Ooty, while TIFR developed India’s first 6-qubit quantum processor.

·         BARC developed high-yield, disease-resistant blackgram and rice varieties, contributing to India’s agricultural growth. Additionally, advancements in eco-friendly technologies, such as plasma pyrolysis for biomedical waste disposal, showcased DAE’s focus on sustainability.

·         Indian students excelled in international Olympiads, earning multiple medals in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Notable awards included Vigyan to Dr. A. K. Tyagi and Prof. Naba Mandal, the Rajbhasha Kirti Puraskar for promoting India’s official language, and the G.D. Birla Award for Prof. Aditi Sen De, the first woman physicist to receive this honour.

·         DAE institutions developed groundbreaking technologies, including radiation detectors, neutron irradiation studies, and the indigenous production of hard magnets.

·         Collaborative ventures with industry partners strengthened the application of these technologies in critical sectors.

·         The DAE’s consistent focus on nuclear energy, healthcare, and innovation reflects its commitment to advancing India’s scientific and technological landscape while addressing key societal challenges.

Rwanda’s First Marburg Virus Outbreak Declared Over

·          Rwanda has successfully concluded its first-ever Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed the outbreak’s end on December 20, 2024.

·         This declaration followed a 42-day countdown with no new cases reported. The outbreak began on September 27, 2024, leading to 66 confirmed cases and 15 fatalities.

·         Marburg Virus Disease is a severe illness caused by the Marburg virus. It is closely related to the Ebola virus. The disease was first identified in 1967 in Marburg, Germany. Initial cases were linked to handling infected monkeys. The average case fatality rate is around 50%, with past outbreaks showing rates between 24% and 88%.

·         The Rwandan outbreak saw 66 confirmed infections. Approximately 80% of these cases affected health workers.

·          These individuals contracted the virus while caring for infected patients. The fatality rate for this outbreak was notably low at approximately 23%. This is achievement compared to historical data.

·         Rwanda’s health authorities executed a comprehensive response strategy. Key actions included disease surveillance, extensive testing, and strict contact tracing. Infection prevention and control measures were crucial.

·         Public awareness campaigns helped educate communities about the virus. The collective efforts resulted in a 90% decline in cases after initial peak weeks.

·         The WHO played a very important role in managing the outbreak. They deployed leading experts on filoviruses to assist Rwandan health officials.

·         A total of 20 experts were sent on a rotating basis. Additionally, 39 health professionals from the AVoHC-SURGE cohort were mobilised from various countries. This marked international collaboration.

·         As of now, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments for MVD. However, several candidates are in development.

·         The Sabin Vaccine Institute is conducting Phase 2 trials for a single-dose vaccine. The WHO continues to support Rwanda in providing care for MVD survivors. This includes managing long-term health effects.

·         The response to the Marburg outbreak in Rwanda demonstrates the importance of strong leadership and health systems.

·          It marks how concerted efforts can effectively manage public health emergencies. The successful containment of the outbreak sets a new benchmark for future responses to similar threats.

WTO’s Dispute Settlement System Faces Major Challenges

·         The World Trade Organization (WTO) is struggling to maintain its dispute settlement system. As of late 2024, the Appellate Body, crucial for resolving trade disputes, remains non-operational.

·         This situation has persisted for five years due to the United States blocking the appointment of new members. The blockage started during the Obama administration and has continued under both Trump and Biden.

·         The U.S. aims to weaken the WTO’s effectiveness, reflecting a bipartisan consensus on trade issues.

·         Established in 1995, the WTO marked shift in international trade law. It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and introduced a binding two-tier dispute settlement system. This system includes an appellate function and compulsory jurisdiction, providing a legal framework for trade relations.

·         The WTO was seen as a constitutional project, enhancing the rule of law in international trade.

·         The Appellate Body serves as the second tier in the dispute resolution process. It reviews decisions made by WTO panels. However, its non-operation means that countries can appeal decisions without resolution.

·         This creates a backlog and undermines the effectiveness of the WTO. The ongoing blockage by the U.S. has rendered this system largely ineffective.

·         The U.S. has adopted a protectionist stance towards the WTO, particularly regarding China. Initially, the U.S. supported China’s accession to the WTO in hopes of promoting free-market principles.

·          However, the U.S. now believes China has exploited the system to its advantage. This perception has led to calls for dismantling the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanisms.

·         The rise of China has altered the global trade landscape. The U.S. now views the WTO as a hindrance rather than a facilitator.

·         This has led to unilateral trade measures, such as tariffs imposed by the Trump administration. The shift from a rules-based system to a more politically driven approach marks change in international trade relations.

·         Some experts argue that the WTO is experiencing a regime change rather than merely a crisis. The legal framework established since 1995 is being eroded.

·          Countries are reclaiming control over trade policies, moving away from the stringent regulations of the WTO. This “GATTification” indicates a return to a more diplomatic approach to trade, reminiscent of the pre-WTO era.

·         The WTO faces an existential crisis. The ongoing dysfunction of the Appellate Body and the U.S.’s protectionist policies challenge its relevance.

·          The international community must navigate these changes to restore a functional dispute settlement system. However, the current trend suggests a continued decline in the WTO’s authority.

Isro Spadex mission: The science behind docking two satellites in space

·         The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) is all set to launch the ambitious Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission to space on December 30 to end 2024 with a bang.

·         SpaDeX becomes crucial since the Indian space agency has a series of ambitious missions on the horizon, each requiring advanced docking technologies.

·         Chandrayaan-4, India''s lunar sample return mission, will utilise docking for the transfer of lunar samples between modules.

·         The Bharatiya Antariksha Station (Indian Space Station) project will involve multiple docking manoeuvres to assemble smaller modules in orbit.

·          These docking operations will be crucial for transferring crew, fuel, and resources to the station.

·         Additionally, Isro''s Servicer Mission aims to extend the life of satellites by refuelling them in orbit through automated rendezvous and docking. This mission will also employ advanced robotics for tasks like in-orbit repair and assembly, showcasing India''s growing expertise in space technology.

WHAT IS SPADEX?

·         Isro''s SpaDeX mission – Space Docking Experiment will test India''s indigenously developed docking mechanism by deploying two satellites, ''target'' and ''chaser'', into slightly different orbits at an altitude of 470 km using the PSLV rocket.

·         This mission marks a first for Isro, as it involves a private entity in the end-to-end assembly, integration, and testing of the spacecraft.

·         Moreover, it will be the first time Isro attempts to dock two spacecraft in orbit, demonstrating India''s growing capabilities in advanced space technologies.

·         Isro''s SpaDeX mission involves launching two Indian Micro Satellite (IMS) class spacecraft of 220 kg each, designated as target and chaser, into slightly different orbits using a PSLV launcher.

RENDEZVOUS-BERTHING-DOCKING IN SPACE

·         A space rendezvous is a precise orbital manoeuvre where two spacecraft, often a space station and another vehicle, achieve the same orbit and approach each other to a very close distance, to get within the visual range.

·         This requires careful alignment of their orbital velocities and positions, enabling them to maintain a constant distance through orbital station-keeping.

·         The rendezvous may or may not culminate in docking or berthing, processes that physically connect the spacecraft.

·         Docking involves the autonomous connection of two free-flying spacecraft. This typically requires precise manoeuvring and alignment, often facilitated by advanced navigation and guidance systems. The spacecraft actively guide themselves towards each other and connect using specific mechanisms.

·         Berthing is a passive process where one spacecraft, often a module, is attached to another using a robotic arm. The robotic arm captures the module and carefully positions it onto the docking port of the target spacecraft.

·         This method is commonly used for attaching modules to space stations using the Canadarm to grapple the incoming Cygnus cargo spacecraft and positions it onto the ports of the International Space Station (ISS).

HOW WILL ISRO ACHIEVE DOCKING?

·         After deployment, the target and chaser satellites will begin the far-range rendezvous phase, separated by distances between 50 km and 5 km.

·         During this phase, there will be no direct communication link between the two satellites, and operations will be guided from the ground.

·         As the satellites approach closer, Isro will use a Laser Range Finder to navigate distances between 5 km and 0.25 km.

·         For intermediate ranges of 300 m to 1 m, a Docking Camera will come into play, while a Visual Camera will provide real-time imaging during the final approach, spanning distances from 1 m to 0 m.

·          Retroreflectors will be mounted on the target satellite, and the chaser’s onboard camera will image them. The images will be processed using advanced algorithms to calculate position, velocity, attitude, and angular velocity. Isro will estimate relative navigation and attitude variables through computer algorithms, ensuring precise alignment for docking.

·         To successfully dock, Isro will reduce the relative position and velocity to zero while aligning and minimising the angular orientation and angular velocity. This will require simultaneous control of both translational and rotational dynamics

·         Isro plans to integrate cutting-edge technologies such as laser-based, camera-based, and RF-based systems for tasks like beaconing, altimetry, velocimetry, optical flow analysis, and close-range photogrammetry.

·         These systems will provide critical data for situational awareness in both assisted and autonomous docking modes.

·         Through rigorous development and testing, Isro aims to enable future docking missions, including those integral to its Human Spaceflight Program (HSP).

WHAT IS ISRO’S MAGIC HERE?

·         Docking is a precise process where one spacecraft moves close to another and carefully connects to it.

·         It happens in steps: first is soft capture, where the spacecraft makes initial contact; next is load attenuation, which absorbs the impact; and finally, hard docking, which creates a secure, airtight connection.

·         The International Berthing and Docking Mechanism (IBDM), developed by other space agencies, is a system for hard docking. It provides a strong, pressurised link between spacecraft for power and service connections, as well as separation during normal or emergency situations.

·         However, this system uses 24 motor drives and 12 pyrotechnics, making it heavier, costlier, and less reliable due to the extra moving parts and complex electrical systems.

·         Isro has developed a patented design that solves these issues. Their system uses a single motorised actuator to perform all critical functions, reducing weight, simplifying the design, and cutting costs.

·         This innovative approach improves reliability and increases torque, making it a more efficient and cost-effective solution—a true example of Isro''s ingenuity.

·         The successful execution of the SpaDeX mission will be a monumental leap, marking India''s entry into the elite club of nations capable of autonomous docking.

·         This achievement will not only solidify India''s position as a global space power but also inspire generations to dream big and aim for the stars.

Payload Overview

·         The PSLV-C60 mission will include a diverse array of payloads. Among them are RVSat-1, BGS ARPIT, RUDRA 1.0 HPGP, and GLX-SQ. Each payload serves a unique purpose, contributing to scientific research and technological advancements in space.

RVSat-1 – Microbiological Research

·         Developed by R.V. College of Engineering, RVSat-1 focuses on microbiological experiments in microgravity. It studies the growth of the gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The experiment aims to understand how this bacterium behaves in space, providing vital information about astronaut health and potential applications in antibiotic development.

BGS ARPIT – Amateur Radio Communication

·         The BGS ARPIT payload, created by SJC Institute of Technology, is designed for amateur radio communication.

·         It transmits audio, text, and images using FM modulation in the VHF band. This payload aims to enhance global amateur radio satellite services.

RUDRA 1.0 HPGP – Green Propulsion System

·         Developed by Bellatrix Aerospace, RUDRA 1.0 HPGP showcases a high-performance green propulsion system. Its goals include sustaining thruster firing for at least 50 seconds and monitoring the system’s thermal profile. This technology aims to improve propulsion efficiency in future space missions.

GLX-SQ – Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging

·         The GLX-SQ payload, from GalaxEye Space Solutions, focuses on generating and processing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images in space. This capability is crucial for Earth observation and various applications in remote sensing.

Innovative Robotic Technology

·         The mission will also feature the Relocatable Robotic Manipulator-Technology Demonstrator (RRM-TD). This robotic arm is India’s first with walking capability. It is designed to perform tasks in space, demonstrating advanced robotics for future missions.

Plant Growth Experiments

·         The Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS) aims to study plant growth in microgravity. It will conduct a 5 to 7-day experiment to observe seed germination and plant sustenance.

·         The Amity Plant Experimental Module in Space (APEMS) will also study plant callus growth under different gravitational conditions.

Collaboration and Contribution

·         Of the 24 payloads, 14 are from ISRO centres while 10 come from academic institutions and start-ups. This collaboration puts stress on the role of Indian academia and industry in advancing space research and technology.

·         The results from these experiments will contribute to understanding human physiology in space.

·         They will also support the development of technologies for sustainable living in extraterrestrial environments.