Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. UPSC IAS Mains 2021 General Studies (Paper – 3)
An earthquake is the shaking of the earth caused due to the release of energy which generates waves that travel in all directions. Earthquake hazards can range across ground shaking, surface rupture, landslide, liquefaction, tectonic deformation, tsunami etc.
India is prone to earthquakes because:
- The landmass is penetrating into the Eurasian plate, which makes the country prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity.
- Densely populated areas, extensive unscientific constructions and unplanned urbanisation have increased risks.
- Regions in Himalayan foothills are vulnerable to liquefaction and landslides due to earthquakes.
Major disasters caused by earthquakes over last three decades:
- 1993, Latur: Relatively shallow depth caused large surface damage; causes remain debatable due to lack of plate boundaries in the region.
- 1999, Chamoli: Caused by the thrust fault; resulted in landslides, changes in surface water flow, surface rupture and disconnected valleys.
- 2001, Bhuj: Associated with a reactivated fault, which was previously unknown; impeccable loss of life and property.
- 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami: Created by under-water seismic activity, created massive waves which flooded coastal areas and islands, causing long-term changes.
- 2005, Kashmir: Caused by severe upthrust of Indian plate against Eurasian plate, it created multiple after-shocks. Infrastructure and communication were disrupted.
India has come a long way on the road to earthquake safety. And yet, much remains to be done before this journey is completed. Creating a system and culture for building safe houses in 21st century India is something not only possible but an absolute necessity.
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