Rice is the most important food crop of India covering about one-fourth of the total cropped area and providing food to about half of the Indian population. India is the second largest producer and consumer of rice in the world after China and accounts for 21 per cent of the world’s total rice production. 

This is the staple food of the people living in the eastern and the southern parts of the country, particularly in the areas having over 150 cm annual rainfall. There are about 10,000 varieties of rice in the world out of which about 4,000 are grown in India.

Rice is life for thousands of millions of people. In Asia alone, more than 2,000 million people obtain 60 to 70 per cent of their calories from rice and its products. Recognising the importance of this crop, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 as the “International Year of Rice” (IYR).

The theme of IYR—“Rice is life” reflects the importance of rice as a primary food source, and is drawn from an understanding that rice-based systems are essential for food security, poverty alleviation and improved livelihood.

Conditions of Growth:

Rice is grown under varying conditions in India from 8° to 25° N latitude and from sea level to about 2,500 metre altitude. It is a tropical plant and requires high heat and high humidity for its successful growth. The temperature should be fairly high at mean monthly of 24°C. It should be 20°- 22°C at the time of sowing, 23°-25°C during growth and 25°-30°C at the harvesting time. The average annual rainfall required by rice is 150 cm.

It is the dominant crop in areas of over 200 cm annual rainfall and is still an important crop in areas of 100-200 cm rainfall. The 100 cm isohyet forms the limit of rice in rainfed areas. In areas receiving less than 100 cm annual rainfall, rice can be grown with the help of irrigation, as is done in Punjab, Haryana and western U.P. About 40 per cent of rice crop in India is raised under irrigation.

However, it is the temporal distribution of rainfall, rather than the total amount of annual rainfall which is more decisive. The rainfall should be fairly distributed throughout the year and no month should have less than 12 cm of rainfall. Lesser amount of rainfall is required as the harvesting time approaches.

The fields must be flooded under 10-12 cm deep water at the time of sowing and during early stages of growth. Therefore, the fields must be level and have low mud walls to retain water. This peculiar requirement of rice makes it primarily a crop of plain areas. Rice grown in well watered lowland plain areas is called wet or lowland rice.

In hilly areas, the hill slopes are cut into terraces for the cultivation of rice. Such a cultivation in which the hill slopes are cut into terraces is called terraced cultivation. The supply of water to the hill terraces is not as much as in the plain areas and the rice grown in hilly areas is called dry or upland rice.

Rice can be grown on a variety of soils including silts, loams and gravels and can tolerate acidic as well as alkaline soils. However, deep fertile clayey or loamy soils which can be easily puddled into mud and develop cracks on drying are considered ideal for raising this crop.

Such soil requirements make it dominantly a crop of river valleys, flood plains, deltas and coastal plains and a dominant crop there. High-level loams and lighter soils can be used for quick maturing varieties of rice. Black lava soil is also useful for rice cultivation.

Rice culture is not much suited to mechanisation and is called ‘hoe-culture’. Most of the work in preparing the seed-bed, in broadcasting seeds, or in transplantation of plants from nurseries to the fields, in harvesting and in winnowing operations is done by human hand. Thus it is a labour intensive cultivation and requires large supply of cheap labour for its successful cultivation.

It is, therefore, primarily grown in areas of high population density which provide abundant labour and at the same time, offer ready market for its consumption. In most rice producing states, labour is locally available but in Punjab and Haryana, rice cultivation mainly depends upon the migrant labourers from Bihar and eastern U.P.

To sum up it can be said that rice needs plenty of heat, plenty of rain, plenty of alluvium and plenty of labour to provide plenty of food for plenty of people. There is no other food crop which is so plentiful as rice in India.

Methods of Rice Cultivation:

Following methods of rice cultivation are practised in India.

1. Broadcasting method:

Seeds are sown broadcast by hand. This method is practised in those areas which are comparatively dry and less fertile and do not have much labour to work in the fields. It is the easiest method requiring minimum input but its yields are also minimum.

2. Drilling method:

Ploughing of land and sowing of seeds is done by two persons. This method is mostly confined to peninsular India.

3. Transplantation method:

This method is practised in areas of fertile soil, abundant rainfall and plentiful supply of labour. To begin with, seeds are sown in nursery and seedlings are prepared. After 4-5 weeks the seedlings are uprooted and planted in the field which has already been prepared for the purpose. The entire process is done by hand. It is, therefore, a very difficult method and requires heavy inputs. But at the same time it gives some of the highest yields.

4. Japanese method:

This method includes the use of high yielding varieties of seeds, sowing the seeds in a raised nursery-bed and transplanting the seedlings in rows so as to make weeding and fertilizing easy. It also involves the use of a heavy dose of fertilizers so that very high yields are obtained. The Japanese method of rice cultivation has been successfully adopted in the main rice producing regions of India.

Rice Cropping Seasons:

Rice is grown almost throughout the year in hot and humid regions of eastern and southern parts of India where two to three crops in a year are not uncommon. But in the northern and hilly parts of the country, the winters are too cold for rice cultivation and only one crop is grown in those areas. Table 24.1 gives the period of sowing and harvesting the rice crop.

Rice Cropping Seasons in India:

The revival of the southwest monsoon this month has resulted in the total area sown under kharif crops not only recovering, but even exceeding last year’s coverage from June to mid-July. However, paddy (rice) acreage was 12.50 lakh hectares (lh) as of July 15, down 17.4 percent from 155.53 lh the previous year.

Cause for concern

• On the surface, not much, as government godowns held more than 47.2 million tonnes (mt) of rice as of July 1. These were nearly three-and-a-half times the minimum level of stocks required to meet the quarter’s “operational” (public distribution system) and “strategic reserve” (exigency) requirements. Rice stocks are still close to last year’s highs.
• That comfort does not extend to wheat, where public stocks have fallen from all-time highs to 14-year lows in less than a year.
• Inflation-affected policymakers would fear a repeat of the wheat story in rice.
• In wheat, a single bad crop — the one scorched by the March-April 2022 heat wave — caused all of the damage, reducing stocks to just above the minimum buffer.
• it is India’s largest agricultural crop (accounting for more than 40% of total foodgrain output), and the country is also the world’s largest exporter (a record 21.21 mt valued at $9.66 billion was shipped out during the fiscal year ended March 2022).
• Unlike wheat, import options for rice are limited due to any production shortfall, despite India’s own share of global trade in the cereal being more than 40%.

Acreage decreased

• Farmers start by planting paddy seeds in nurseries, where they grow into young plants.
• These seedlings are then uprooted and replanted in the main field, which is typically 10 times the size of the nursery seed bed, 25-35 days later.
• Nursery sowing is typically done prior to the monsoon rains. Farmers must wait for their arrival before beginning transplantation, which necessitates the field being “puddled,” or tilled in standing water.
• To control weed growth in the early stages of the crop, the water depth must be maintained at 4-5 cm for the first three weeks or so after transplanting.
• All of this would be impossible without the monsoon, which has been exceptionally good this year. From June 1 to July 17, the country received 353.7 mm of rain, 12.7 percent more than the “normal” historical average for this period.
• Despite this, a vast paddy-growing belt stretching from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal has received very little rain.
• Cumulative rainfall in West UP has been 55.5 percent below the long-term average, and in East UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Gangetic West Bengal, it has been 70 percent, 45.8 percent, 48.9 percent, and 45.1 percent, respectively.
• Due to insufficient rainfall, farmers in UP had planted only 26.98 lh of paddy by July 15, compared to 35.29 lh at the same time last season.
• Farmers in Bihar (from 8.77 lh to 6.06 lh), West Bengal (4.68 lh to 3.94 lh), and Jharkhand (2.93 lh to 1.02 lh) reported lower acreages as well. Those in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and eastern Madhya Pradesh have also been affected, though the gap should narrow as the monsoon season approaches.

Gravity of the situation

• It certainly appears so in UP, where the western and eastern subdivisions have received only 90 mm and 79.6 mm of rain, respectively.
• In his area, paddy nursery sowing takes place from June 1 to June 10, and transplanting takes place from July 1 to July 10.
• This time, there was some rain near the end of June, but not much after that. “The seedlings should leave the nurseries in 25-35 days, after which they will age and have insufficient time to grow in the main field.” “How will farmers transplant if there is no water?” he asked.
• Interestingly, farmers with access to basic irrigation in eastern Uttar Pradesh use the ‘Sanda’ double-transplanting method of paddy cultivation under delayed rainfall conditions.
• In this case, after 25 days in the nursery, the seedlings are uprooted and replanted in a puddled field that is only about twice the size of the former.
• After establishment, the plants begin tillering and are thus rejuvenated for the next 10-15 days. When it rains, they are uprooted and replanted in the main field, which is ten times the size of the original nursery.
• Sanda paddy yields are said to be higher than regular one-step transplanting. Because the Sanda plants have already tillered, their establishment in the main field would be near 100 percent with little mortality.

Rice crisis likely

• To begin, the India Meteorological Department predicts that the current monsoon trough, which is active and south of its normal position, will “very likely gradually shift northwards from tonight (Sunday)”. This should provide much-needed relief to farmers in the Gangetic plains in the coming days.
• Second, unlike wheat, which is grown only in a few states north of the Vindhyas, paddy cultivation occurs across a larger geographical area. Rice is also a kharif (monsoon) and rabi (winter-spring) crop.
• As a result, losses in one area or season may be offset by gains in another. Everyone in wheat, from farmers to traders to policymakers, was caught off guard by the sudden rise in temperatures after mid-March, which reduced grain yields by a fifth or more.
• Rice is less likely to reveal major negative surprises. And with current stocks, it should be doable.