Article 123 of the Constitution of India grants the President certain law-making powers to promulgate ordinances when either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session, in urgent situations.

• • • Hence, it is not possible for the ordinances to be issued by Parliament.
    • When an ordinance is promulgated but the legislative session is yet to commence, the ordinance remains in effect as law. It has the same force and effect as an Act of the legislature.
      • But it requires subsequent ratification by Parliament within six weeks of its reassembly.
    • An ordinance promulgated by the President has a maximum validity of six months and six weeks from the date of its promulgation.
  • The Governor of a state can also issue ordinances under Article 213 of the Constitution of India, when the state legislative assembly is not in session.
  • If the two Houses start their sessions on different dates, the later date is considered (Articles 123 and 213).
• Enactment:
  • In the process of enacting an ordinance, the decision to bring forth the ordinance lies with the government, as the President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
    • If the President deems it necessary, s/he may return the Cabinet''s recommendation for reconsideration.
    • However, if it is sent back (with or without reconsideration), the President must promulgate it.
• Withdrawal:
  • The President can withdraw an Ordinance, and both Houses of Parliament can pass resolutions to disapprove it, potentially leading to its lapse. Rejection of an ordinance would, however, imply the government has lost majority.
    • However, If an Ordinance enacts a law that falls outside the purview of Parliament''s competence, it is considered void.
• Repromulgation of Ordinance:
  • When an Ordinance lapses, the government can choose to re-promulgate it if necessary.
  • In a 2017 case, the Supreme Court ruled that repeated re-promulgations without legislative consideration would be unconstitutional and a violation of the legislature''s role.
    • The court emphasised that the power to issue an Ordinance should be treated as an emergency measure and not as a means to bypass the legislature.

An ordinance like any other legislation can be retrospective i.e., it may come into force from a back date. It may also modify or repeal any act of Parliament or another ordinance.

Judicial Pronouncements on Ordinances

• R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (1970): This case challenged the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance, 1969, which nationalised 14 major banks in India.
• The Supreme Court held that the President’s satisfaction regarding the necessity of an ordinance is not immune from judicial review and can be challenged.
• The Court also held that an ordinance is subject to the same constitutional limitations as an Act of Parliament and cannot violate any fundamental rights or other provisions of the Constitution.
• A.K. Roy v. Union of India (1982): This case challenged the National Security Ordinance, 1980, which provided for preventive detention of persons for up to one year without trial.
• The Supreme Court upheld the validity of the ordinance but laid down some safeguards for its operation, such as periodic review by an advisory board, communication of grounds of detention to the detenu, and opportunity for representation against detention.
• The Court also observed that an ordinance should not be used as a substitute for parliamentary legislation and should be resorted to only in cases of extreme urgency or unforeseen emergency.
• D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar (1987): This case challenged a series of ordinances issued by the Governor of Bihar between 1967 and 1981 on various subjects, some of which were promulgated several times without being placed before the state legislature.
• The Supreme Court struck down all the ordinances as unconstitutional and held that re-promulgation of ordinances is a fraud on the Constitution and a subversion of the democratic legislative process.
• The Court also held that an ordinance lapses automatically if it is not approved by the legislature within six weeks of its reassembly and cannot be continued by repromulgation.