Amartya Sen Emphasises the Central Role of Migration in Globalisation and Human Progress

During an interaction with students in Kolkata on August 22, 2025, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen underscored the essential role of migration in the broader processes of globalisation and human advancement. He stated that the movement of people across regions has historically served as a powerful engine for progress, enabling societies to grow through exchanges of ideas, cultures, and skills. Migration, according to Sen, is not only integral to economic and cultural development but is also a key driver of historical change.

Sen highlighted the foundational importance of diversity in Indian society, arguing that it is this plurality—of languages, traditions, and perspectives—that fosters genuine national growth. He reiterated this point, noting that diversity enables meaningful development for both the country and its citizens. As an example of the positive outcomes of migration and knowledge-sharing, he cited the repeated Arabic translations of the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta’s work, illustrating how migration fuels intellectual collaboration and scientific progress.

Sen further remarked that “almost nothing would happen” without the movement of people. Migration, he explained, enriches societies by introducing new cuisines, musical forms, cultural practices, and ideational frameworks, creating spaces for innovation and social transformation. His comments come in the context of recent incidents involving attacks on migrant workers from West Bengal in other Indian states, which have resulted in job losses and social tension. These developments, he implied, highlight the ongoing need to affirm migration’s value rather than treat it as a problem.

Interconnections Between Migration and Globalisation

Migration is both a driver and a result of globalisation. It embodies the movement of individuals across and within borders in pursuit of opportunities shaped by shifting global economic dynamics. Although migration is frequently framed in negative terms, it plays a pivotal role in achieving sustainable development across regions. In economically disadvantaged areas, remittances from migrants not only improve household security but also bolster local economies. In contrast, ageing industrial nations benefit from migrant labour, which helps address workforce shortages and sustains social welfare systems.

Global Economic Changes and Their Impact on Migration

Migration—both international and internal—has been significantly shaped by changes in global labour markets. International migration is largely propelled by the restructuring of these markets, especially the increasing demand for semi-skilled and unskilled labour in wealthier countries. Migrants from developing regions often find work in informal sectors such as agriculture, textiles, and construction.

Internal migration, particularly in the Global South, is influenced by the relocation of industries and the expansion of tourism. Rural workers, especially women, migrate to urban or peri-urban areas to take up low-paying yet essential jobs. This form of migration also enables young people to assert their independence and gain exposure to new social and economic environments.

Migrants’ Contributions to Society and the Economy

The contributions of migrants extend well beyond their labour. Economically, remittances are a crucial source of income for families and communities, supporting agriculture, housing, education, and small businesses. When migrants return home, they often bring new skills and experiences, facilitating the development of non-farm employment sectors—provided there is adequate infrastructure to absorb such change.

Migration also plays an important social role by fostering cultural exchange and reshaping community norms. In particular, it challenges traditional expectations for women and youth, offering them the opportunity to exercise greater autonomy and self-determination.

Ongoing Challenges in Migration Governance

Despite these contributions, migrants continue to face numerous challenges. Restrictive immigration policies often fail to meet real labour market demands, inadvertently strengthening illegal smuggling networks and enabling exploitative employers. Internally, migrants are frequently excluded from essential urban services such as housing, healthcare, and education due to bureaucratic or legal restrictions.

Many undocumented migrants work under precarious conditions in informal sectors, with limited rights and protections. Furthermore, the benefits of migration remain unequally distributed: skilled migrants often enjoy higher earnings and the capacity to invest in their communities, while unskilled migrants face low wages and reduced remittance-sending ability. Gender disparities also persist, with women migrants encountering social barriers and exploitation; however, in contexts where they gain access to land and resources, they can become powerful agents of change.

Policy Directions for Inclusive Migration

The report strongly advocates for a rethinking of migration policy. Migration should be seen not as a threat to be mitigated, but as a choice and a force for development. Public policy must therefore shift toward recognising the rights of migrants and creating enabling environments for their contributions.

This includes protecting migrant workers'' rights, improving their working and living conditions, and ensuring equitable access to services and resources. Remittances should be channelled productively through training, financial tools, and infrastructure investments. Additionally, it is essential to address the structural inequalities that compel people to migrate out of necessity, ensuring that migration remains a choice rather than a survival imperative.

NITI Aayog Unveils Model Homestay Policy to Catalyse Tourism Growth and Regional Development

In a new report titled Rethinking Homestays: Navigating Policy Pathways, NITI Aayog has proposed a comprehensive framework to guide Indian states in streamlining regulations and cultivating an inclusive, sustainable homestay ecosystem. The report positions alternative accommodations such as homestays and Bed and Breakfasts (BnBs) as powerful levers for boosting tourism, enhancing local livelihoods, and diversifying the country’s tourism offerings. It lays out a strategic roadmap aimed at unlocking the untapped potential of this sector, with a focus on empowering communities and integrating homestays into mainstream tourism planning.

Current Landscape of Travel and Tourism in India

India’s travel and tourism sector has experienced a robust recovery since the pandemic, largely fuelled by domestic travel. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council’s (WTTC) 2024 Economic Impact Research, the sector contributed ₹21.15 lakh crore to the Indian economy in 2024—a 21% increase from 2019—and is projected to reach ₹43.25 lakh crore by 2034, accounting for 7.6% of the national GDP. The sector currently employs approximately 4.325 crore people, or one in every eleven jobs, with projections indicating a rise to 6.3 crore by 2034.

Domestic tourist spending in 2024 surged to ₹16 lakh crore, reflecting a 25% growth compared to 2019. This figure is expected to nearly double by 2034. International tourist expenditure stood at ₹2.85 lakh crore and is forecasted to climb to ₹4.07 lakh crore in the same period. In alignment with this growth trajectory, the Draft National Tourism Policy 2022 envisions India becoming one of the top five global travel destinations by 2030. It outlines objectives such as increasing tourist arrivals, enhancing foreign exchange earnings, and generating employment opportunities.

To support this vision, the government has augmented the Ministry of Tourism’s budget to ₹2,541 crore and launched multiple initiatives, including the development of 50 priority destinations, promotion of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects, financial support for homestays through MUDRA loans, and incentives for hotel infrastructure under the Harmonised Master List.

Key Insights and Strategic Objectives

NITI Aayog’s report underscores the considerable economic potential of homestays in advancing inclusive and sustainable tourism. These accommodations can stimulate local employment and entrepreneurship, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas that are often excluded from mainstream tourism circuits. Beyond their economic benefits, homestays serve as cultural bridges, offering travellers authentic and immersive experiences that reflect India’s diverse heritage while supporting the livelihoods of host communities.

The overarching policy goal is to offer states a well-defined strategy to elevate homestays as a central pillar of India’s tourism development. The report encourages a shift from fragmented local efforts to a more unified and scalable national approach.

Core Policy Recommendations

The proposed framework is structured around four major pillars that collectively aim to enable states to implement efficient, responsive, and culturally sensitive homestay policies.

• First, the framework recommends a light-touch regulatory approach that keeps guidelines simple, transparent, and adaptable. Rather than burdening hosts with excessive compliance, regulations should prioritise safety, heritage conservation, and inclusivity.
• Second, the report calls for the creation of a centralised digital portal to manage host registrations, policy updates, renewals, and regulatory compliance. This digital infrastructure would not only streamline processes but also enhance trust and accessibility for both hosts and travellers.
• Third, there is a strong emphasis on capacity building. Training and skill development initiatives are crucial to improve service quality, while digital tools can help hosts expand their market reach and enhance their credibility. These efforts would also serve to uplift communities that are traditionally underrepresented in tourism.
• Fourth, the report proposes a rethinking of financial incentives. Instead of narrowly focusing on the facilities offered by individual homestays, incentives should be structured at the destination level to promote tourism in underserved areas. A tiered approach could be used to direct resources strategically and stimulate regional tourism economies.

Strategic Roadmap for Implementation

The model homestay policy aims to simplify administrative processes and foster widespread participation from diverse communities. By integrating technology and aligning incentives with broader development goals, it seeks to establish homestays not just as a form of accommodation, but as a tool for social inclusion, economic empowerment, and cultural preservation. The framework encourages states to tailor their policies while adhering to core principles that ensure scalability, sustainability, and local ownership.

Conclusion

Through Rethinking Homestays: Navigating Policy Pathways, NITI Aayog presents a forward-looking vision of homestays as catalysts for inclusive growth and sustainable tourism in India. The report advocates for harmonised state-level policies, digital enablement, and destination-oriented incentives to unlock the full potential of this sector. By focusing on livelihoods, cultural authenticity, and equitable development, the model policy sets the stage for homestays to become an integral component of India’s tourism transformation.

UGC’s Draft Curriculum Framework Proposes Integration of Ancient Indian Knowledge into Higher Education

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has released a draft Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) for undergraduate education, proposing a significant shift toward embedding Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) within higher education. The draft, which is open for stakeholder feedback, aims to merge traditional Indian wisdom with modern academic practices. While it aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and has been lauded for promoting cultural rootedness, it has also sparked debates around academic balance, ideological intent, and the preservation of scientific and interdisciplinary rigour.

Introducing a Culturally Contextual Curriculum

The new framework has been drafted for a range of disciplines, including anthropology, chemistry, commerce, economics, geography, home science, mathematics, physical education, and political science. A prominent feature across all these subjects is the explicit inclusion of Indian intellectual and cultural traditions. The proposed approach reflects NEP 2020’s call for the decolonisation of education and the advancement of indigenous knowledge systems. Through this, the UGC seeks to contextualise academic learning within India’s historical, philosophical, and cultural landscape.

Each subject has been assigned the task of integrating relevant elements of IKS, effectively blending ancient insights with contemporary academic outcomes. This effort is positioned not only as a cultural reassertion but also as a means to develop ethical, sustainable, and holistic educational models rooted in Indian traditions.

Subject-wise Integration of Indian Knowledge Systems

·       In mathematics, the draft introduces students to mandala geometry, yantras, and algorithmic art forms like rangoli and kolam. Temple architecture is examined through the lens of āyādi ratios, and the curriculum highlights the global impact of Indian contributions to arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and early forms of calculus.

·       For commerce, the proposed curriculum draws on Bhartiya philosophy and the Gurukul system’s emphasis on holistic learning. Ethical leadership and sustainable business practices are positioned as extensions of these traditions. Classical texts such as Kautilya’s Arthashastra are incorporated for their relevance to trade and financial regulation, while indigenous governance concepts like Ram Rajya, along with contemporary frameworks like CSR and ESG, are framed through the lens of the Shubh-labh philosophy—profit with responsibility.

·       In economics, the framework adopts a dharmic perspective, exploring indigenous understandings of wealth, ethics in trade, and the importance of collective enterprise. The curriculum includes studies on traditional exchange systems, agrarian values, and concepts such as dana (charity), alongside discussions on the king’s role in economic life, thereby rooting economic theory in India’s moral and cultural traditions.

·       The chemistry syllabus integrates ancient Indian scientific thought with modern science. Modules include studies on traditional alcoholic beverages like kanji, mahua, and toddy, and explore ancient ideas such as parmanu (the atom) in conversation with contemporary atomic theory. This aims to present a balanced understanding of modern science while acknowledging India’s historical scientific contributions.

·       In anthropology, the draft curriculum draws on philosophical insights from historical figures like Charaka, Sushruta, Buddha, and Mahavira. Their reflections on nature, society, and human behaviour are presented as indigenous intellectual resources that enrich conventional anthropological perspectives. This approach seeks to provide students with a broader cultural lens through which to examine human societies.

Debates, Criticism, and Implementation Challenges

Despite its stated goals of fostering cultural identity and ethical education, the draft framework has attracted criticism. While NEP 2020 promotes interdisciplinary learning, the LOCF appears to prioritise discipline-specific education. For example, in the chemistry syllabus, 96 out of 172 total credits are allocated to core disciplinary courses, leaving little space for students to explore subjects beyond their major.

Critics, particularly from opposition-ruled states, have accused the UGC of promoting ideological agendas under the guise of educational reform, referring to the draft’s emphasis on cultural nationalism as a step toward “saffronisation.” They argue that the framework risks compromising academic neutrality and scientific rigor by overemphasising tradition at the expense of empirical inquiry and global academic standards.

The broader concern lies in ensuring that while traditional Indian knowledge is preserved and taught, it does not overshadow or displace critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and openness to diverse perspectives—values that are foundational to modern higher education.

Significance of the Draft and Broader Implications

The proposed curriculum reflects a potential paradigm shift in India’s educational landscape. By placing Indian Knowledge Systems at the centre of undergraduate education, the UGC aims to decolonise academic content and provide students with an education that is culturally rooted yet globally competitive. It aspires to reassert India’s contributions to fields such as mathematics, medicine, economics, and political thought, all while encouraging ethical, value-based approaches to professional and academic life.

This draft policy also marks a strategic effort to infuse heritage into pedagogy without making education insular. It acknowledges the importance of grounding students in their cultural context while remaining connected to global discourses and practices. If implemented with balance and academic integrity, the LOCF could redefine how Indian higher education approaches identity, tradition, and innovation.

The Road Ahead: Feedback, Revision, and Implementation

The UGC has invited feedback from academic stakeholders, including educators, students, and policy experts, suggesting that the framework is open to revisions before any formal adoption. The final structure will likely reflect a negotiation between cultural restoration and academic pragmatism.

Should the revised curriculum be adopted, it could reshape the intellectual foundation of India’s undergraduate education by integrating historical perspectives into mainstream pedagogy. The challenge will be to ensure that such integration complements rather than replaces critical thinking, multidisciplinary engagement, and scientific inquiry, enabling students to draw strength from tradition while participating confidently in a global academic and professional environment.

Breaking the Colonial Steel Frame for a Deep-Tech Future

Context

Despite India’s digital and fintech leadership, it remains heavily dependent on imports in semiconductors, aerospace, and frontier technologies. To realise the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision for deep-tech self-reliance, India must dismantle colonial-era legacies embedded in its bureaucratic, regulatory, and judicial systems that currently restrict innovation.

India’s Deep-Tech Aspirations and Achievements

In his Independence Day address in 2025, the Prime Minister articulated an ambitious vision for self-sufficiency in key technologies including semiconductors, clean energy, nuclear tech, jet engines, AI, quantum computing, biotechnology, and space exploration.

India has already made strides:

• UPI transactions now exceed 14 billion monthly (NPCI, 2025), and IndiaStack is being adopted internationally, including in Singapore, UAE, and France.
• With over 800 million smartphone users and the world’s lowest mobile data costs (~₹10/GB), digital connectivity is nearly universal.
• Global deep-tech giants like Nvidia, IBM, and Microsoft operate major R&D centres in cities such as Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Pune.

Yet, critical gaps persist:

• India imported semiconductors worth ₹1.2 lakh crore in 2023–24 (Commerce Ministry).
• The country contributes less than 5% to global AI patents (WIPO, 2024).
• Key defence technologies remain reliant on foreign partnerships, exemplified by the GE–HAL collaboration for the Tejas jet engine (2023).

Colonial-Era Governance Constraints

• Bureaucracy: India’s administrative structure, rooted in the colonial “steel frame,” still prioritises generalist recruitment through the UPSC, limiting domain-specific policy innovation. While the Second Administrative Reforms Commission recommended lateral entry and ethical codes, execution remains limited.
• Regulatory Overload: A compliance-heavy system—with over 39,000 regulatory requirements across sectors (DPIIT)—discourages experimentation. The Deregulation Commission’s mandate to streamline rules has seen modest progress.
• Judiciary: India faces over 5 crore pending court cases (SC E-Committee, 2025), and enforcing a contract takes an average of 1,445 days (World Bank, 2020). Weak intellectual property enforcement further undermines innovation confidence.

Structural Challenges to Deep-Tech Growth

1. Political–Administrative Disconnect: Bureaucratic insulation slows execution. Unlike models such as the US DARPA, India lacks a nimble, politically guided innovation ecosystem.
2. Centre–State Tensions: Deep-tech hubs depend on state-level policies (e.g., UP-Semiconductor Policy, Bengaluru–Chennai Corridor), but excessive centralisation curtails regional autonomy and responsiveness.
3. Private Sector Constraints: Despite having the world’s third-largest start-up ecosystem, fewer than 10% are deep-tech ventures due to regulatory uncertainty and delays. While the 2021 Drone Rules liberalised licensing, implementation bottlenecks remain.
4. Human Capital Drain: Over 200,000 STEM students migrate abroad annually (MEA), and public R&D labs struggle with rigid hierarchies and inadequate incentives for talent retention.
5. Global Rule-Setting Gap: India risks becoming a passive consumer of standards set by others. Global frameworks like the EU AI Act (2024) and the US CHIPS and Science Act are shaping norms without Indian input.
6. Colonial Cultural Ethos: A governance culture prioritising control and hierarchy discourages experimentation and risk-taking—both essential for deep-tech innovation.

Implications of the Current Governance Model

• Economic: Continued import dependence in semiconductors and aerospace expands the current account deficit and hampers export competitiveness.
• Strategic: Technological reliance on foreign players increases vulnerability. The US ban on chip exports to China underscores the risks of dependence in strategic sectors.
• Social: Limited deep-tech job creation threatens to exclude India’s youth from Industry 4.0, undermining long-term economic inclusion.
• Governance: Sluggish reforms erode state capacity, weaken digital service delivery, and diminish public trust in institutions.
• Innovation Ecosystem: Venture capital and IP creation are constrained by regulatory friction and judicial delays, enabling multinationals to dominate the deep-tech space in India.

Way Forward

1. Civil Service Reform: Redesign the UPSC examination to prioritise domain expertise over generalist skills; institutionalise lateral entry and enforce a Public Service Code of Ethics.
2. Regulatory Modernisation: Move towards risk-based regulation and extend regulatory sandbox models (as RBI did for fintech in 2019) to sectors like AI and biotech. Establish single-window clearances to accelerate approvals.
3. Judicial Overhaul: Strengthen commercial courts under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015; use AI for case management; and bolster IP tribunals for faster resolution and protection.
4. Federal Empowerment: Encourage decentralised innovation by offering fiscal incentives for state-led initiatives, as seen with Gujarat’s Micron semiconductor fab (2023), and enhance regional skilling through Skill India 2.0.
5. Global Leadership in Rule-Making: Take proactive positions in G20, BRICS, and UN platforms to shape standards for AI, data governance, and digital trade. Advocate open-source deep-tech tools for the Global South.
6. Cultural Reorientation: Transition from colonial “file-pushing” to a results-driven, innovation-first administrative culture—echoing the Prime Minister’s 2022 call to discard the “colonial mindset.”

Conclusion

India’s digital revolution demonstrates its transformative potential. However, for the country to truly lead in deep-tech and advanced industries, it must dismantle the colonial legacies that obstruct institutional agility and innovation. A comprehensive reform of bureaucracy, regulation, and the judiciary is critical to fulfilling the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision and securing India’s place in the future of technology.

Supreme Court’s Modified Directions on Stray Dogs

The issue of stray dog management in India has recently undergone significant judicial reconsideration. An earlier Supreme Court directive calling for the permanent relocation of all stray dogs to shelters was re-evaluated by a larger three-judge bench, resulting in a more balanced approach.

New Guidelines Issued by the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court has now prohibited public feeding of stray dogs on streets and in open public spaces. Instead, municipalities are required to establish designated feeding zones within each municipal ward, allowing for a more regulated and sanitary approach to animal care.

Importantly, sterilised, vaccinated, and dewormed dogs must be returned to their original locations after treatment, with exceptions made only for rabid, suspected rabid, or aggressively dangerous animals. This return-to-source policy is aimed at maintaining the ecological and social stability of local animal populations.

The Court has also expanded the case to encompass all States and Union Territories, consolidating relevant High Court matters. This step signals the Court’s intent to frame a national-level policy on stray dog management.

In addition, the ruling allows individuals and animal welfare advocates to apply to municipal authorities to adopt street dogs. This provision facilitates responsible animal care while addressing the growing public concern about unregulated dog populations.

The Issue of Stray Dogs in India

As of the 2019 Livestock Census, India has an estimated 1.5 crore stray dogs. These animals pose increasing risks to public safety due to aggressive behaviour and the spread of rabies. India accounts for 36% of global rabies deaths, with dog bites and scratches responsible for nearly all human cases of the disease.

Legal and Constitutional Framework

Under Article 243W of the Constitution, municipalities are entrusted with the responsibility of controlling stray dog populations. Moreover, Article 51A(g), a Fundamental Duty, calls upon citizens to show compassion for all living beings, reflecting the ethical complexity of the issue.

The Animal Birth Control (ABC) Rules, 2023, issued under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, mandate sterilisation and vaccination as primary strategies for managing stray dog populations.

Judicial precedents have also shaped this legal landscape. In the Jallikattu Case (2014), the Supreme Court interpreted the right to life under Article 21 as being applicable to animals, reinforcing the constitutional need for humane treatment. Meanwhile, in People for Elimination of Stray Trouble v. Animal Welfare Board of India, the Court suspended the culling of even aggressive dogs, prioritising non-lethal approaches to population control.

Conclusion

The initiatives taken by the Greater Chennai Police in elderly care and the Supreme Court''s modified stance on stray dog management both reflect evolving approaches to governance that prioritise compassion, systemic responsiveness, and ethical responsibility. In both cases, the state is being called upon not merely to enforce order, but to enable dignity, safety, and empathy for vulnerable groups—be they elderly citizens or street animals. Together, these developments mark a shift toward more inclusive, humane, and ethically grounded public policy in India.

Compassionate Policing and Elderly Care

Context
The Greater Chennai Police have observed a significant increase in the use of their institutional support systems by senior citizens, as evidenced by the 3,433 calls received in 2025. This rise underscores a growing societal shift toward relying on formalised mechanisms for elderly care, particularly in urban contexts where family structures are becoming more fragmented.

Key Initiatives for Senior Citizens

Two key helplines are currently operational under the Greater Chennai Police to support elderly individuals:

The toll-free 1253 helpline, functional since 2004, offers emergency services, medical aid, and safety assistance to citizens aged 60 and above. As of 2025, it has received 2,242 calls, including 17 requiring legal assistance. These legal matters were redirected to police inspectors for appropriate intervention.

The Bandham Helpline (9499957575), launched in 2024, is specifically tailored for individuals aged 75 and above. It offers a more comprehensive support system, encompassing medical, legal, and emotional care. In 2025, it received 1,191 calls, with most cases being addressed within a 72-hour response window, demonstrating the initiative’s efficiency and responsiveness.

Significance of the Helplines

These efforts represent a critical advancement in state-led care for the elderly. They bolster India''s existing welfare framework for senior citizens, such as the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act (2007), by offering real-time support that is accessible, empathetic, and locally managed.

They also represent a transformative shift in the model of law enforcement. Moving beyond traditional policing, these services embrace a citizen-centric and compassionate governance model. The police, rather than functioning solely as enforcers of law, engage in welfare delivery, thus reimagining their role within the urban governance system.

Furthermore, these helplines reflect a multidimensional approach to ageing, addressing not only legal and physical needs but also emotional vulnerabilities. This holistic view of ageing acknowledges the complexity of elderly care in a modern society.

The partnership between the police and civic agencies in implementing these services also demonstrates a model of collaborative urban governance. This cooperation enhances service integration and promotes more efficient outcomes for vulnerable populations.

Moreover, by delivering timely, accountable, and human-centred interventions, these services strengthen public trust in government institutions and redefine the perception of policing in India.

Wider Implications

India’s demographic trajectory, marked by a steadily increasing old-age dependency ratio, suggests that the demand for similar interventions will rise in other metropolitan areas. As the population ages, cities will need to adopt comparable support systems to ensure dignity, safety, and wellbeing for the elderly.

The initiative also aligns with the broader ethical goals enshrined in civil service values, particularly those related to compassion, empathy, and justice as outlined under GS-4 ethics frameworks.

Additionally, the success of Chennai’s model offers a scalable template for community policing initiatives nationwide. It illustrates how local police forces can be reoriented toward inclusive and care-based service delivery, without compromising their core functions.

Supreme Court’s Modified Directions on Stray Dogs

The issue of stray dog management in India has recently undergone significant judicial reconsideration. An earlier Supreme Court directive calling for the permanent relocation of all stray dogs to shelters was re-evaluated by a larger three-judge bench, resulting in a more balanced approach.

New Guidelines Issued by the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court has now prohibited public feeding of stray dogs on streets and in open public spaces. Instead, municipalities are required to establish designated feeding zones within each municipal ward, allowing for a more regulated and sanitary approach to animal care.

Importantly, sterilised, vaccinated, and dewormed dogs must be returned to their original locations after treatment, with exceptions made only for rabid, suspected rabid, or aggressively dangerous animals. This return-to-source policy is aimed at maintaining the ecological and social stability of local animal populations.

The Court has also expanded the case to encompass all States and Union Territories, consolidating relevant High Court matters. This step signals the Court’s intent to frame a national-level policy on stray dog management.

In addition, the ruling allows individuals and animal welfare advocates to apply to municipal authorities to adopt street dogs. This provision facilitates responsible animal care while addressing the growing public concern about unregulated dog populations.

The Issue of Stray Dogs in India

As of the 2019 Livestock Census, India has an estimated 1.5 crore stray dogs. These animals pose increasing risks to public safety due to aggressive behaviour and the spread of rabies. India accounts for 36% of global rabies deaths, with dog bites and scratches responsible for nearly all human cases of the disease.

Legal and Constitutional Framework

Under Article 243W of the Constitution, municipalities are entrusted with the responsibility of controlling stray dog populations. Moreover, Article 51A(g), a Fundamental Duty, calls upon citizens to show compassion for all living beings, reflecting the ethical complexity of the issue.

The Animal Birth Control (ABC) Rules, 2023, issued under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, mandate sterilisation and vaccination as primary strategies for managing stray dog populations.

Judicial precedents have also shaped this legal landscape. In the Jallikattu Case (2014), the Supreme Court interpreted the right to life under Article 21 as being applicable to animals, reinforcing the constitutional need for humane treatment. Meanwhile, in People for Elimination of Stray Trouble v. Animal Welfare Board of India, the Court suspended the culling of even aggressive dogs, prioritising non-lethal approaches to population control.

Conclusion

The initiatives taken by the Greater Chennai Police in elderly care and the Supreme Court''s modified stance on stray dog management both reflect evolving approaches to governance that prioritise compassion, systemic responsiveness, and ethical responsibility. In both cases, the state is being called upon not merely to enforce order, but to enable dignity, safety, and empathy for vulnerable groups—be they elderly citizens or street animals. Together, these developments mark a shift toward more inclusive, humane, and ethically grounded public policy in India.

Drake Passage

A powerful earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 recently struck the Drake Passage, prompting a brief tsunami alert. This passage is a significant geographical feature located between Cape Horn, at the southern tip of South America, and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It serves as a deep and expansive waterway connecting the southwestern Atlantic Ocean with the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

The passage is named after Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman to successfully circumnavigate the globe. Notoriously turbulent, it is regarded as one of the most treacherous marine routes in the world. This is primarily due to the convergence of cold Antarctic seawater from the south and warm subtropical waters from the north, which creates powerful oceanic eddies. These eddies, when compounded with fierce winds and frequent storms, make navigation particularly hazardous.

The Drake Passage also holds the distinction of being the narrowest section of the Southern Ocean, spanning about 800 kilometers between South America''s southernmost point and the northern tip of the West Antarctic Peninsula. It marks a critical climatic boundary, separating the cold, moist subpolar environment of Tierra del Fuego from the extreme polar climate of Antarctica. Winds in the region predominantly blow from the west and reach their peak intensity near Cape Horn.

Historically, the Drake Passage was vital to maritime trade during the 19th and early 20th centuries, before the opening of the Panama Canal offered a safer and more direct route.

Kilauea Volcano

The Kilauea volcano in Hawaii has erupted once again, marking its 31st eruption since December. This latest eruption sent lava fountains soaring up to 30 metres high, continuing the volcano’s longstanding pattern of frequent volcanic activity.

Kilauea is located in the southeastern region of the island of Hawaii, within the state of Hawaii in the United States. It is one of the world’s most active volcanoes and is classified as a shield-type volcano due to its structure. Rising to an elevation of 4,090 feet (1,250 meters), it has a broad, gently sloping dome built by successive lava eruptions over an extended period. At its summit lies a caldera that houses a lava lake known as Halemaʻumaʻu, which is traditionally considered to be the home of Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes.

The flanks of Kilauea blend into those of its larger neighbor, Mauna Loa, to the west and north. Since 1983, Kilauea has experienced nearly continuous eruptions, typically characterized by nonexplosive lava flows. These eruptions often remain confined within the Halemaʻumaʻu crater, although lava occasionally overflows, spreading across the caldera floor and down the volcano’s flanks.

As a shield volcano, Kilauea exhibits the defining features of this volcanic type. Shield volcanoes are among the largest volcanoes on Earth and are shaped by their characteristic broad, gentle slopes. The lava that forms shield volcanoes is almost entirely basaltic, which is highly fluid upon eruption. Due to this, their eruptions are generally nonexplosive, unless external factors like water entering the vent cause otherwise. Most shield volcanoes, including those in Hawaii, are composed predominantly of lava rather than pyroclastic material. While minor explosive activity at the vents may produce cinder cones or spatter cones, around 90% of a shield volcano’s mass is built up from repeated lava flows.

These volcanoes are created over immensely long geological timescales, with eruptions recurring intermittently for up to a million years or more, shaping their vast yet low-profile forms.

Lesser Flamingo

A rare and exciting sighting of a lesser flamingo—locally known as Raj Hamsa—was recently reported near the Fish Mill in Malpe, sparking interest among bird watchers and ornithologists alike.

The lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) is the smallest yet most populous among all flamingo species. Native to sub-Saharan Africa and parts of western India, these birds are occasionally observed further north, though such instances are typically classified as vagrant appearances. They thrive in habitats characterized by high alkalinity or salinity, such as saline lakes, lagoons, and mudflats.

Visually striking, lesser flamingos are noted for their vivid pink plumage, elongated slender legs, and bright red eyes. Their distinctive bills—deep red with prominent black tips—are uniquely adapted for filter-feeding on microscopic algae and diatoms. One anatomical feature that sets them apart from some other flamingo species is the presence of the “hallux” or hind toe. Adult males generally grow noticeably larger than females.

Lesser flamingos are serially monogamous, forming pair bonds that last throughout the breeding season while they rear their offspring. Highly social by nature, they are typically observed in large flocks exhibiting synchronized movements and communal behaviors.

Despite their large numbers, the lesser flamingo is currently classified as ‘Near Threatened’ on the IUCN Red List, reflecting concerns about habitat loss and environmental changes impacting their populations.

Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve

A state of fear has engulfed the residents of Bhati Ki Bagchi, a village on the fringes of the Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve, as a recently reintroduced tigress, RBT-2507, has been observed prowling near human settlements. This development has drawn attention to the delicate balance between conservation efforts and human safety in regions close to protected reserves.

The Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve is located in the southeastern region of Rajasthan, within the Bundi district. It is ecologically significant as it incorporates elements of both the Vindhyan and Aravalli hill ranges. The reserve spans a total area of 1501.89 square kilometers, consisting of a core area measuring 481.91 square kilometers and a buffer area of 1019.98 square kilometers. It shares its northeastern boundary with the buffer zone of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve and connects on the southern side with the Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve, contributing to a broader conservation landscape.

Formally declared a tiger reserve on May 16, 2022, the area is traversed by the Mez River, a tributary of the Chambal. The reserve’s vegetation is predominantly composed of dry deciduous forests. Its topography varies widely, ranging from gentle undulating slopes and flat-topped hills of the Vindhyas to steep rocky cliffs, conical hillocks, and sharp ridges characteristic of the Aravallis.

Floral diversity in the reserve is led by the dominant presence of Dhok (Anogeissus pendula). Other prominent tree species include Khair (Acacia catechu), Ronj (Acacia leucophloea), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Gurjan (Lannea coromandelica), and Saler (Boswellia serrata), among others.

The region''s fauna is notable for the dominance of leopards and sloth bears. Additionally, the reserve supports various other species such as the jungle cat, golden jackal, striped hyena, crested porcupine, Indian hedgehog, rhesus macaque, and Hanuman langur, forming a rich and diverse ecosystem.

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)

India has granted official privileges and immunities to the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) and its officials under the provisions of the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947, recognizing its international role in big cat conservation.

The IBCA was officially launched in April 2023, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of India’s Project Tiger. It is a treaty-based inter-governmental organization dedicated to the global conservation of seven major species of big cats—namely the tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma. Its primary goal is to promote cooperation and synergy among stakeholders by consolidating successful conservation efforts, scientific knowledge, and best practices to protect these species across their natural ranges and beyond.

Bringing together 95 countries—both range states where these big cats naturally occur and non-range countries committed to conservation—the Alliance includes governments, conservation organizations, research institutions, and corporate partners. It is implemented through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), operating under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India.

Membership of the IBCA is open to all United Nations Member States, with range countries actively involved and non-range countries invited to participate in a supportive capacity. India has taken a leading role by committing ₹150 crore in financial support for the 2023–2028 period. This funding will be used to create a dedicated corpus, develop institutional infrastructure, and meet the recurring operational expenses of the Alliance.

Currently, 12 countries, including India, have joined the Alliance, reflecting growing global consensus on the urgent need to protect the world’s most iconic predators through coordinated international efforts.

Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR)

The Sundarbans Tiger Reserve has now become India’s second-largest tiger reserve following the recent approval by the Standing Committee of the National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) of a proposal by the West Bengal government to expand its area.

Located in the coastal districts of West Bengal, the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve occupies the southernmost section of the lower Gangetic delta. This vast deltaic region is formed by the confluence of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, both of which eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans is not only a tiger reserve but also designated as a National Park and Biosphere Reserve, highlighting its ecological significance.

It is globally unique as the only mangrove forest outside Bangladesh known to sustain a considerable population of tigers, adapted to life in a challenging estuarine environment. The boundaries of the reserve are demarcated by several natural features. To the east, it is bordered by the international boundary with Bangladesh, which is defined by the Harinbhanga, Raimangal, and Kalindi rivers. The southern boundary is marked by the Bay of Bengal, while the Matla River forms the western limit, separating it from the territorial forest division of South 24-Parganas. The northwestern edge is defined by the Bidya and Gomdi rivers.

The region supports a diverse range of flora, including true mangroves, minor mangrove elements, and a variety of associated plant species such as shrubs, halophytic herbs, weeds, epiphytes, and parasitic plants. The rich fauna of the reserve includes not only the Bengal tiger but also species such as the fishing cat, estuarine crocodile, Gangetic dolphin, Irrawaddy dolphin, king cobra, and water monitor lizard, making it one of the most biologically rich and ecologically vital protected areas in India.

Great Nicobar Project

Concerns have been raised by the Tribal Council of Great Nicobar regarding the ₹72,000-crore Great Nicobar Project, specifically highlighting that the forest rights of Nicobarese tribals, as enshrined under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, have not been settled prior to the project’s implementation.

The Great Nicobar Project is a strategic mega-infrastructure initiative planned for Great Nicobar Island in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. Spearheaded by NITI Aayog and the Andaman & Nicobar Administration, and backed by the Government of India, the project was initially conceptualized in 2015 and formally cleared in 2022 after securing environmental and forest-related approvals.

Its primary objectives include enhancing India’s maritime security in the Bay of Bengal and the wider Indo-Pacific region, boosting trade and regional connectivity, fostering local economic development, and reinforcing India’s strategic role in global logistics and shipping networks. The project’s key components consist of a transshipment port at Galathea Bay to handle international cargo, a dual-use international airport, a gas-based power plant for energy stability, and an integrated township with residential and social infrastructure. The project proposes the diversion of over 13,000 hectares of forest land.

Under the FRA, 2006, the rights of Scheduled Tribes and traditional forest dwellers must be recognized and settled prior to any diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes. These rights include habitation, cultivation, grazing, fishing, access to minor forest produce, and community resource rights. Importantly, the FRA mandates that any such land diversion requires the informed consent of the Gram Sabha.

Additionally, the Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation (PAT), 1956, provides exclusive legal safeguards for indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, such as the Nicobarese, Shompens, and Onges. It grants these communities special land and forest rights and prohibits external settlement or land acquisition in notified tribal areas. However, PAT also grants overriding powers to the island’s Administrator to approve forest land diversion without Gram Sabha consent in such areas.

This overlapping legal framework has created tensions between FRA and PAT, as the former emphasizes community consent and rights settlement before any land diversion, while the latter enables unilateral administrative action, raising serious concerns about the protection of tribal rights in the context of large-scale infrastructure development.

Spratly Islands

According to a recent report by a U.S. think tank, Vietnam has notably intensified its land reclamation and construction activities on territories it claims within the Spratly Islands chain in the South China Sea. The report suggests that Vietnam is on track to match or even exceed the scale of similar development efforts by China in the area.

The Spratly Islands comprise a vast collection of reefs, shoals, atolls, and small islets scattered across the South China Sea in the Pacific Ocean. Geographically, they lie north of insular Malaysia and approximately midway between the coastlines of Vietnam and the Philippines. These features are dispersed over a broad expanse of ocean, covering roughly 158,000 square miles (409,000 square kilometers). The region experiences a tropical climate, and many of the landforms remain submerged beneath the sea.

Among the few main naturally occurring islets, Itu Aba is the largest, covering around 90 acres (36 hectares). Another prominent feature, known as Spratly Island or Storm Island, measures about 900 by 1,500 feet (275 by 450 meters). Wildlife on the islands is sparse, limited primarily to turtles and seabirds. There is no permanent human settlement on any of the islands.

Historically, the islands were controlled by France from 1933 to 1939. During World War II, Japan occupied the archipelago and converted it into a submarine base. After the war, the Chinese Nationalist government stationed troops on Itu Aba, a presence they maintained even after retreating to Taiwan in 1949. When Japan formally relinquished its claims to the islands in 1951, a dispute ensued. Taiwan, mainland China, and Vietnam each declared full sovereignty over the entire group, while the Philippines laid claim to portions of the area based on proximity in 1955.

Currently, the Spratly Islands are claimed in full by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Malaysia and the Philippines also assert sovereignty over certain sections. While Brunei has not claimed any specific island within the archipelago, it maintains an exclusive economic zone in the region that includes at least one Spratly reef.

Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development (AIBD)

India has recently been elected as the Chairman of the Executive Board of the Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development (AIBD) during the 23rd AIBD General Conference held in Phuket, Thailand.

The AIBD was founded in 1977 under the auspices of UNESCO and functions as a regional inter-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of electronic media in the Asia-Pacific region. It serves the member countries of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), promoting growth in electronic media through policy and resource development.

The Institute was established with the support of three founding organizations: the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). These organizations are non-voting members of AIBD''s General Conference.

The AIBD currently comprises 92 member organizations from 44 countries. This includes 26 Government Members represented by 48 national broadcasters and 44 Affiliate Members from 28 countries and regions spanning Asia-Pacific, Europe, Africa, the Arab States, and North America. The organization’s secretariat is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

India, a founding member of the AIBD, last held the Executive Council Chairmanship in 2016. The country is represented at the AIBD by Prasar Bharati, the public service broadcaster under the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India.

UN Declares Famine in Gaza

The United Nations has officially declared a state of famine in Gaza, placing nearly 500,000 individuals in a critical state of food insecurity. This declaration follows the identification of systematic obstruction of humanitarian aid by Israel, significantly worsening the humanitarian crisis in the region.

A famine declaration is a formal global classification made through the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) framework. This system, jointly managed by UN agencies and humanitarian partners, serves to alert the international community about extreme levels of food insecurity requiring immediate and urgent intervention. To declare a famine, three strict thresholds must be simultaneously met: at least 20% of households must face extreme food shortages, acute malnutrition among children must exceed 30%, and the mortality rate must surpass two deaths per 10,000 people per day.

The declaration process begins with the collection of critical data by humanitarian agencies on food availability, nutrition levels, and mortality statistics. This data undergoes a technical assessment by the IPC Global Support Unit and is then validated by UN bodies including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Once validated, a joint public declaration is issued to rally international awareness and action.

The significance of declaring a famine extends beyond symbolic acknowledgment. It acts as a catalyst for global attention and urgent humanitarian response, helping to mobilize financial resources and unlock international aid commitments. It also offers a legal and moral foundation to demand ceasefires and establish humanitarian corridors, increasing pressure on conflicting parties under international humanitarian law.

Gaza now joins a list of regions where the UN has previously declared famines, including Somalia (2011 and 2022), South Sudan (2017), Yemen (2018 onwards), Ethiopia’s Tigray region (2021), and Sudan (2024), all driven by a combination of conflict, displacement, and humanitarian blockades.

Algeria

On 21 August 2025, the Indian Army announced that General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), will undertake an official visit to Algeria in the following week. This high-level engagement reflects growing defence cooperation between India and North African countries.

Algeria is situated in North Africa and lies along the Mediterranean Sea. It holds the distinction of being the largest country on the African continent in terms of land area. The capital city, Algiers, is located on the northern coastline along the Mediterranean and serves as both the political and economic centre of the country.

Algeria shares its borders with several nations. To the northeast, it is bordered by Tunisia and Libya; to the southeast lies Niger; Mali and Mauritania are to the south; Western Sahara to the southwest; and Morocco borders it to the west. Its entire northern edge faces the Mediterranean Sea, making its coastline strategically important for trade and regional influence.

Geographically, Algeria is characterised by a diverse and dramatic landscape. In the north, the Tell Atlas mountain range runs parallel to the Mediterranean coast. Further south, the Saharan Atlas stretches into the interior and gradually merges into the expansive Sahara Desert. One of the most prominent features in the south is the Ahaggar (also known as Hoggar) Mountains, home to Mount Tahat, the highest peak in Algeria, standing at 3,003 metres.

Approximately 80% of Algeria’s landmass is covered by the Sahara Desert, comprising rocky plateaus, sweeping sand dunes, and scattered oases. Within this arid expanse lies the M’zab Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site celebrated for its traditional fortified settlements and unique architecture. In contrast, the northern Mitidja Plain offers fertile ground that supports Algeria’s agriculture sector.

Algeria does not possess permanent rivers. Instead, its hydrological systems depend heavily on wadis—seasonal rivers that flow only during periods of rainfall. Among these, the Chelif River stands out as the longest, while the Soummam River is another significant wadi. Water availability in the desert regions is sustained largely through deep aquifers and naturally occurring oases.

The country’s climate zones vary markedly. Along the Mediterranean coast, Algeria experiences a Mediterranean climate, characterised by wet winters and dry, hot summers. Moving inward to the high plateaus, the climate shifts to a semi-arid or steppe type. Further south, within the Sahara Desert, the conditions become hyper-arid, with extremely high temperatures during the day, very cold nights, and minimal rainfall throughout the year.

SMILE Scheme

The Government of India has recently launched a 15-day Entrepreneurship Development Programme under the SMILE scheme with the aim of promoting economic empowerment and self-reliance among transgender persons. This initiative is designed to equip members of the transgender community with the skills and support needed to establish independent livelihoods.

The SMILE scheme, which stands for Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise, is a Central Sector Scheme implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. It encompasses two major sub-schemes: the Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons, and the Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Persons Engaged in the Act of Begging. Together, these sub-schemes constitute a broader umbrella initiative aimed at ensuring comprehensive welfare and rehabilitation for marginalized individuals, particularly transgender persons and those involved in begging.

The SMILE scheme includes a wide range of support measures. It provides scholarships to transgender students from Class IX up to post-graduate levels, enabling them to pursue and complete their education. Under the PM-DAKSH scheme, provisions for skill development and livelihood training are also made available to ensure long-term economic stability. In addition, a Composite Medical Health component has been integrated with the PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat) scheme, offering transgender individuals access to gender-reaffirmation surgeries through selected hospitals.

For housing and community support, the scheme includes the establishment of ‘Garima Greh’ shelters. These facilities offer not just accommodation, but also essentials such as food and clothing, recreational and skill development activities, as well as medical care for both transgender individuals and persons engaged in begging.

To further ensure safety and justice, the SMILE scheme mandates the creation of Transgender Protection Cells in every state. These cells are responsible for monitoring incidents involving offences against transgender persons, and ensuring prompt registration, investigation, and prosecution of such cases. Additionally, a national portal and helpline have been set up to serve as information and assistance hubs for transgender individuals and those involved in begging, offering timely help and resources when required.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

The national capital has seen a marked increase in cases of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD), particularly among children, raising public health concerns.

HFMD is a contagious viral illness that primarily affects infants and young children, although adults can also contract it. In most adults, a strong immune system offers protection, but individuals with compromised immunity are especially vulnerable. The virus spreads quickly in settings like schools and daycare centers.

Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common causative agent of HFMD. It is important to distinguish this illness from foot-and-mouth disease (also known as hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects livestock such as cattle, sheep, and swine. Despite the similar names, the two diseases are entirely unrelated and are caused by different viruses.

Typical symptoms of HFMD include painful mouth sores and a rash appearing on the hands and feet. There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for the disease, but most affected individuals recover within 7 to 10 days. Serious complications are rare; however, in exceptional cases involving Coxsackievirus A16, the infection may lead to viral or “aseptic” meningitis. Patients with this complication may experience symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, or back pain, potentially requiring hospitalization for a few days.

ISRO’s Heaviest Rocket, the Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV), Set to Be Ready by 2035

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced that its heaviest and most advanced rocket to date, the Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV), is expected to be ready by the year 2035. This vehicle is specifically designed to support future lunar missions, including India’s ambitious goal of sending humans to the Moon by 2040.

The LMLV is an upgraded and more powerful version of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV). Towering as high as a 40-storey building, its design reflects a significant leap in launch capability. The LMLV will be used for lunar exploration missions, with an emphasis on supporting the infrastructure required for India''s first human spaceflight to the Moon.

In terms of payload capacity, the LMLV is capable of transporting up to 80 tonnes to low Earth orbit (LEO) and around 27 tonnes directly to the Moon. This makes it the most robust launch vehicle in ISRO’s arsenal to date. The rocket consists of three stages: the first two stages will operate using liquid propellants, while the third stage will use cryogenic propellants, enabling it to handle the massive energy requirements for deep space missions.

ISRO has developed and operated several key launch vehicles over the decades, each tailored for specific types of missions. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), often referred to as ISRO’s workhorse, is a third-generation launch vehicle equipped with liquid stages. It is capable of deploying satellites into Sun-synchronous Polar Orbit, low Earth orbit (LEO), and Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Notable missions such as Chandrayaan-1 and the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) were launched using PSLV.

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) represents ISRO’s fourth-generation technology, consisting of three stages. It is primarily designed to launch satellites weighing up to 2.0 tonnes into GTO, especially for communication purposes.

LVM3, formerly known as GSLV Mk III, is ISRO’s current heavy-lift launch vehicle. This three-stage rocket can carry payloads of about 4 tonnes to GTO or around 10 tonnes to LEO. It was instrumental in launching both Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 missions and is proposed to be used for the deployment of the future Bharatiya Antariksh Station, India’s planned space station.

For smaller payload requirements, ISRO has developed the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV). This is a three-stage launch vehicle with all-solid propulsion, specifically designed to launch small satellites ranging in mass from 10 kg to 500 kg. The SSLV aims to offer cost-effective, on-demand launch services for the rapidly growing market of mini, micro, and nano satellites.

Together, these launch vehicles represent ISRO’s evolving capability to support a wide range of space missions—from Earth observation and interplanetary exploration to future human spaceflight and lunar colonization—culminating in the development of the LMLV as a cornerstone of India’s long-term ambitions in space.

Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has nominated its Executive Director, Indranil Bhattacharyya, as an ex-officio member of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), reinforcing the institution’s internal representation within the body responsible for shaping India’s monetary policy.

The MPC is a statutory committee created to set India’s benchmark interest rate—the repo rate—and is tasked with ensuring that monetary policy decisions are both transparent and grounded in economic data. Established in 2016 under the amended Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, it institutionalized India’s inflation-targeting framework, aiming to maintain consumer price inflation at 4%, with a permissible deviation of ±2%.

Chaired by the RBI Governor, the MPC comprises six members—three from the RBI (the Governor, the Deputy Governor in charge of monetary policy, and one Executive Director) and three external members appointed by the Central Government. These external members serve for four years and are not eligible for reappointment. The committee decides policy actions by majority vote, and in the case of a tie, the RBI Governor holds the casting vote.

Functionally, the MPC is responsible for setting the repo rate to maintain price stability while also supporting economic growth. It meets bi-monthly, reviewing macroeconomic indicators and inflation trends, and publishes minutes of its meetings, including individual voting patterns, to promote institutional accountability and market transparency.

The committee’s decisions are binding on the RBI and guide adjustments in key monetary instruments such as the reverse repo rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). Through its policy actions, the MPC helps manage inflation expectations, influencing investment and consumption decisions in the broader economy.