India’s cities, their non-communicable disease burden

• Urban India is experiencing a profound transformation in its health landscape, characterized by a dramatic shift towards non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This epidemiological transition represents a critical public health challenge that demands comprehensive understanding and strategic intervention.

Epidemiological Overview

• Disease Burden Transformation: The contemporary health profile of urban India is marked by a significant epidemiological shift. NCDs have emerged as the dominant health concern, accounting for 62% of the total disease burden. This represents a dramatic reversal from previous decades, with communicable diseases now constituting merely 38% of health challenges.

Prevalent Conditions: The spectrum of urban NCDs encompasses:

• Cardiovascular diseases
• Diabetes
• Respiratory disorders
• Chronic cancers
• Urban Health Indicators: Metropolitan centers like Delhi and Chennai reveal alarming health trends. Epidemiological studies indicate that approximately 60% of adults in these urban centers are affected by either diabetes or hypertension, underscoring the critical nature of the NCD epidemic.

Contextual Drivers of NCD Proliferation

• Urbanization Dynamics: Urbanization has emerged as a complex catalyst for health transformations. While expanding healthcare infrastructure, it simultaneously introduces multifaceted health risks:
• Occupational Stress: High-pressure work environments contribute significantly to health deterioration.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behaviors characterize urban living.
• Nutritional Transitions: Proliferation of processed foods and altered dietary patterns accelerate health risks.
• Illustrative Case Study: Urban Transportation Workforce: A compelling example emerges from the Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) workforce. Research reveals that over 40% of employees aged 45-60 exhibit elevated cardiovascular disease risks, directly linked to occupational conditions and lifestyle factors.
• Socioeconomic Determinants
• Urban health inequities are profoundly manifested through:
• Limited healthcare access for marginalized populations
• Inadequate health insurance coverage
• Restricted nutritional choices in informal settlements
• These structural constraints significantly compromise early disease detection and management strategies.

Strategic Intervention Frameworks

• Healthcare System Recommendations
• Enhanced Primary Care Access
• Expand healthcare facilities in underserved urban regions
• Develop targeted screening programs
• Implement community-based health interventions
• Occupational Health Integration
• Collaborate with employers to design comprehensive wellness programs
• Develop stress management and nutrition education initiatives
• Create workplace health screening protocols
• Community Engagement Strategies
• Develop localized health awareness campaigns
• Empower community organizations as health ambassadors
• Create participatory health education models

Conclusion

• The escalating NCD burden in urban India represents a complex, multidimensional challenge. Addressing this requires a holistic approach that integrates medical, social, economic, and policy interventions.
• Successful mitigation demands collaborative efforts across governmental, corporate, and community domains. By recognizing the intricate interplay of urbanization, lifestyle, and health, India can develop robust strategies to combat the rising tide of non-communicable diseases and secure a healthier urban future.

Ajmer Dargah row: All you need to know about court case claiming there is a Shiva temple in the Sufi shrine

·          The  Ajmer Sharif Dargah is a famous shrine dedicated to Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, a well-known Sufi saint.

·         It is located in Ajmer, Rajasthan, and is an important place of worship for both Hindus and Muslims.

·         The shrine is known for its mixed religious influences, combining both Islamic and local traditions.

·         In November 2024, a petition was filed in an Ajmer court, claiming that the Dargah was built on the site of demolished Hindu and Jain temples.

·         This petition has brought back discussions about the history of the shrine and its syncretic (mixed) nature, which brings together both Hindu and Muslim traditions.

 Historical Background of Ajmer:

·         Ajmer, once called Ajaymeru, was the capital of the Chauhan Rajput dynasty, which ruled parts of northern India from the 7th to the 12th centuries.

·         The city was founded by Ajaydeva in the mid-12th century as the capital of the Chauhan rulers.

·         In 1192, Muhammad of Ghor, an Afghan invader, defeated the Chauhan king Prithviraj III in the Second Battle of Tarain, leading to the capture and destruction of Ajmer.

·         Historical records, like the one by Har Bilas Sarda in 1911, claim that during this invasion, the invaders destroyed many temples in Ajmer.

·         After this invasion, the city of Ajmer remained in decline for nearly 400 years.

·         It wasn’t until the reign of Emperor Akbar in the 16th century that Ajmer began to develop again.

Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti and the Dargah

·         Life of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti: Born in 1141 in Sistan (now part of Iran), Khwaja Moinuddin started his spiritual journey at a young age.

·         He became a disciple of Khwaja Usman Harooni and joined the Chishti Order of Sufism.

·         His teachings were about love, kindness, and unity, which attracted both Hindus and Muslims.

·         He came to Ajmer in 1191 and lived there until his death in 1236. His tomb became an important place of worship.

·         The Early Construction of the Dargah: After Moinuddin''s death, a simple tomb was built over his burial place.

·         However, larger construction started in the 1460s under the Khalji rulers of Malwa.

·         The Buland Darwaza, a grand northern entrance, was built during this time.

·         Some people believe that the design of this gateway might be influenced by the structures of old Hindu temples.

·         Syncretic Nature: The Dargah has been a place where both Hindu and Muslim traditions come together.

·         There are stories suggesting that Khwaja Moinuddin respected Hindu beliefs, such as a legend that he meditated near a Shiva idol (lingam) hidden near his tomb.

·         This blending of Hindu and Islamic ideas shows how the shrine represents a mixture of both religions.

Development of the Dargah

·         Mughal Contributions: The Mughal emperors helped in expanding the Dargah.

·         Humayun built the white marble dome over the tomb in 1532, and Emperor Akbar visited the shrine 14 times and supported the construction of the Akbari Masjid (a mosque) nearby.

·         Under Jahangir and Shah Jahan, further additions were made to the shrine, including a golden railing around the tomb.

·         Architectural Features: The Dargah’s architecture shows influences from many cultures, including Islamic, Persian, and Indian styles.

·         The Buland Darwaza is particularly noted for its grand design, which some claim was inspired by the architecture of demolished Hindu temples.

What is Sufism?

·         Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that focuses on the inner search for God. Sufis believe in a simple life, with less focus on material things, and more focus on developing a close relationship with God. The core beliefs of Sufism include:

·         Self-discipline: Sufis believe in controlling one’s desires and focusing on inner spirituality.

·         Devotion to God: Sufism emphasizes loving and serving God above all.

·         Inner purity: Sufis focus on purifying the heart and soul rather than performing external rituals.

·         Service to humanity: Sufis believe that helping others is the same as helping God, which is why they emphasize charity and kindness.

Key Practices of Sufism

·         Dhikr (Remembrance of God): Sufis regularly repeat the names of God (Dhikr), either out loud or silently, as a way to feel closer to God.

·         Asceticism: Sufis live simple lives, avoiding excessive material possessions, and focusing on their spiritual journey.

The Chishti Order

·         The Chishti Order, founded by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, is one of the most important Sufi groups in India. It focuses on:

·         Unity with God: The belief that God is in everything, and the ultimate goal is to become one with Him.

·         Pacifism: The Chishti Order rejects violence and encourages peaceful living.

·         Detachment from material things: Sufis in the Chishti Order believe that material wealth is a distraction from spiritual growth.

·         Some famous followers of the Chishti Order include Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, Fareeduddin Ganj-e-Shakar, and Nizamuddin Auliya.

Other Important Sufi Orders

·         Suhrawardi Order: Founded by Sheikh Shahabuddin Suharwardi, this order was more connected with the state and rulers. They were less focused on pacifism compared to the Chishtis.

·         Naqshbandi Order: Founded by Khwaja Baha-ud-Din Naqshband, this order is known for its silent dhikr (remembrance of God) and its focus on strict Islamic law (Shariat).

·         Qadiriyya Order: Founded by Sheikh Abdul Qadir of Badaun, this order became very popular during the Mughal Empire, especially under Emperor Akbar, and focused on charity and spiritual guidance.·          

Hydrology and water resources management in ancient India

·         The study of ancient Indian civilisations reveals their advanced understanding of water management, particularly in the Deccan region.

·         Hydrologic knowledge in India has a historical footprint extending over several millenniums through the Harappan civilization (3000-1500 BCE) and the Vedic Period .

·          Recent research utilises speleothems to reconstruct past monsoon patterns. These mineral deposits provide vital information about rainfall variations through stable oxygen isotopes.

·         By analysing these isotopes, scientists can interpret historical climate conditions and their impact on human settlements.

Speleothems and Isotopes

·         Speleothems are mineral formations in caves. They form over thousands of years and primarily consist of calcium carbonate. Their oxygen isotopic composition reflects historical climate data. Variations in the isotopes correlate with changes in rainfall and temperature.

·         A change of 1-1.5‰ in oxygen isotopes indicates a rainfall shift of 86-100 mm. This method allows researchers to reconstruct monsoon patterns over millennia.

Monsoon Variations and Ancient Settlements

·         Recent studies focused on two stalagmites from Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh. Researchers examined the correlation between monsoon variations and ancient settlement patterns. They utilised Z-scores to identify wet and dry phases. Higher isotopic values indicated droughts, while lower values signified floods. This analysis revealed how ancient communities adapted to changing water availability.

Hydraulic Civilisations and Water Conservation

·         The Mauryan Empire (322 BCE-185 BCE) established a hydraulic civilisation. During drought, they implemented advanced water management techniques.

·          They constructed tanks, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. Varahamihira’s Brihat-Samhita marks their understanding of hydrological processes. However, administrative inefficiencies and climate stress contributed to their decline.

Subsequent Empires and Water Management Practices

·         Following the Mauryans, the Satavahanas (c. 228 BCE- c. 224 CE) continued advancements in irrigation. They utilised waterwheels for agriculture. However, monsoon decline affected their stability.

·          The Pallavas, Cholas, and Chalukyas further emphasised waterworks. They constructed numerous tanks and canals, especially during drought periods. Smaller kingdoms also contributed to water management, showcasing a widespread cultural emphasis on irrigation.

The Vijayanagara Empire’s Agricultural Innovations

·         The Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336- 1646 CE) prioritised extensive water management. Their rulers built tanks, wells, and reservoirs to support agriculture.

·         They transformed valleys into irrigated lands. This strategic focus on water conservation underpinned their agricultural success and regional stability.

Archaeological into Water Management

·         Archaeological findings from various sites illustrate the significance of waterworks in ancient India. Inscriptions and structures reveal the sophisticated planning behind tank and reservoir construction. These efforts were crucial for sustaining populations and supporting agricultural practices across different regions.

ICIMOD releases Air Quality Dashboard, a public platform offering real-time and forecasted data on air pollution.

 Millions of people in the Indo-Gangetic plain and Himalayan foothills face persistent exposure to hazardous air, with recent levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) reported as high as 20 times the World Health Organization’s (WHO) daily recommended limit.

• International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has unveiled an Air Quality Dashboard, a public platform offering real-time and forecasted data on air pollution.
• The dashboard combines ground sensor data with satellite imagery to provide a comprehensive view of air pollution across local, sub-regional, and regional scales.
• Among its tools is a dynamic timelapse powered by the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem).

The WRF-Chem model:

• It is an atmospheric chemistry transport model widely applied to the South Asia region, including its development as an air quality early-warning system for Delhi.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

India classifies Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine as hydro power.

•  Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has categorized   Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) technology under the Hydro Category to drive innovations and explore alternate technologies to achieve net zero emission targets and ensure sustainable development of power sector for the nation
• While traditional hydro power plants rely on potential energy from water stored behind dams, SHKT utilizes the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity, according to the Ministry of Power
• This technology has the potential to help in meeting the growing demand for base-load, round-the-clock renewable energy, especially in areas with poor grid accessibility.
• Surface Hydrokinetic turbines are also easy to install and cost-effective, with generation cost of INR 2 to INR 3 per unit.
• “Adoption of SHKT technology shall mark a significant milestone in leveraging India’s extensive water infrastructure, including canals, hydropower tailrace channels, etc. for sustainable energy generation.

 CEA

• CEA advises the government on policy matters and formulates plans for the development of electricity systems. It is a statutory organisation constituted under section 3(1) of Electricity Supply Act 1948, which has been superseded by section 70(1) of the Electricity Act, 2003.
• Officers from the Central Power Engineering Services Cadre are posted to the Central Electricity Authority of India.

Responsibilities

• Under the Electricity Act 2003, CEA prescribes the standards on matters such as construction of electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid, installation and operation of meters and safety and grid standards.
• The CEA is also responsible for concurrence of hydro power development schemes of central, state and private sectors taking into consideration the factors which will result in efficient development of the river and its tributaries for power generation, consistent with the requirement of drinking water, irrigation, navigation and flood control.

What is SHKT ?

• Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) technology is an innovative approach to harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water for power generation.
• Unlike conventional hydroelectric systems that require dams or reservoirs, SHKT operates directly in natural water bodies, such as rivers, tidal streams, and ocean currents. It is an emerging technology with potential applications in sustainable energy generation.
• This technology is a solution that may support the power sector in meeting the growing demand for base-load, round-the-clock renewable energy, especially in areas with poor grid accessibility.
• Surface Hydrokinetic turbines are easy to install and cost-effective, with generation cost of ₹2-3 per unit. This technology provides win-win situation both for renewable energy buyers and generators.

Characteristics of SHKT Technology

Components of SHKT

 Rotor

• Converts water flow into rotational mechanical energy.
• Blade design optimizes energy capture while minimizing drag.

Generator

• Transforms rotational energy from the rotor into electrical energy.
• Can be positioned above or below the water surface depending on the design.

Support Structures

• Keeps the turbine stable in the water column.
• Anchored to the riverbed or seabed or mounted on floating platforms. 

Control Systems

• Monitors operational parameters, adjusts turbine orientation and ensures safety under varying water flow conditions. 

Working Mechanism

• Kinetic Energy Capture: The flowing water exerts force on the rotor blades, causing them to rotate.
• Mechanical to Electrical Energy Conversion: The rotor''s motion drives a generator to produce electricity.
• Energy Transmission: Generated electricity is transmitted to an onshore facility via underwater cables.

Advantages of SHKT Technology

Challenges in SHKT Technology

Applications

• Useful for rural and off-grid areas with sufficient river flow.
• Ideal for coastal areas with predictable tidal currents.
• Integration into small-scale energy systems for localized power supply.
• Augments existing renewable energy sources like solar and wind in hybrid systems. 

Comparison with Other Renewable Technologies

India''s PRAGATI platform helped accelerate 340 infra projects across country, finds Oxford study

·         A unique digital governance platform in India, PRAGATI, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has transformed the delivery of the country''s infrastructure Projects.

·          India’s PRAGATI platform is reshaping governance and infrastructure development. Launched in 2015, it stands for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation.

·         This initiative, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, addresses bureaucratic hurdles in project execution. A recent study from the University of Oxford marks its transformative impact on the economy and society.

Overview of PRAGATI

·         PRAGATI integrates various stakeholders from central and state governments. This collaboration enhances communication and coordination.

·         It utilises real-time data and technology to streamline project management. The platform aims to overcome traditional bureaucratic inertia.

Economic Impact

·         The economic benefits of PRAGATI are . For every rupee invested in infrastructure, India gains between 2.5 to 3.5 rupees in GDP. This multiplier effect illustrates the importance of efficient infrastructure projects. Timely implementation also strengthens India’s economy during global uncertainties.

Social Progress and Environmental Sustainability

·         PRAGATI accelerates essential services like roads and electricity. This leads to improved living standards for millions. The initiative also prioritises sustainability. It promotes green technologies and faster environmental clearances. This holistic approach ensures inclusive and sustainable development.

Lessons for Global Governance

·         The insights from PRAGATI are valuable for other nations. Many countries face challenges related to the Middle-Income Trap. The platform showcases how governance innovation can drive economic and social growth. By leveraging digital tools, India sets an example for emerging economies.

Future of Governance in India

·         As PRAGATI continues to evolve, its impact will likely expand. The focus on technology and collaboration will remain crucial. This initiative embodies a new era of governance in India, aiming for efficiency and accountability.     

Migratory birds start arriving at Bhitarkanika

·          Migratory and residential bird species have begun arriving at Bhitarkanika National Park with the Onset of winter.

·         Shorebirds like sandpiper, plover, ducks, goose, heron, cormorants, spoonbill, and egret have started thronging Barunei Muhana, Chataka, Praharajpur, Bagagahan, Satabhaya and Raitapatia.

·         Last winter, 121 bird species totalling 1,51,421 were recorded during the waterfowl survey.

·         During winters, Birds migrate from the northern hemisphere and Ladakh to escape harsh winters and leave when water bodies dry up.

·          Every year in mid-November, various types of migratory as well as residential bird species throng Bhitarkanika to escape the harsh winter.

·         The Bhitarkanika water bodies provide a unique ecosystem along with food chains and a congenial environment for the birds to settle down in the water bodies.

Bhitarkanika National Park:

·         Bhitarkanika National Park, spanning 145 km², is located in Kendrapara district, Odisha, and was designated a national park in 1998 and a Ramsar site in 2002.

·         It is part of the larger Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary (672 km²), bordered by Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary to the east and intersected by rivers like Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra, and Pathsala.

·         The park houses India’s second-largest mangrove ecosystem, thriving in tidal estuarine regions and serving as nurseries for aquatic life.

·         Mangrove species have adapted to tidal fluctuations, with specialized roots supporting fish habitats and maintaining ecological balance.

·         Bhitarkanika hosts diverse ecosystems, including mangrove swamps, rivers, creeks, mudflats, and forested beaches, making it significant for ecological and biological research.

Fauna:

·         The park is home to endangered saltwater crocodiles, with 1,671 individuals recorded, including rare specimens exceeding 6 meters in length. It boasts one of the world''s largest populations of these crocodiles.

·         Other notable fauna includes spotted deer, wild boar, rhesus monkeys, Indian pythons, monitor lizards, and Olive Ridley turtles that nest along Gahirmatha Beach.

·         A 2014 mammal survey recorded 1,872 spotted deer, 1,213 wild boars, and smaller populations of otters, jackals, sambar deer, and jungle cats.

Avifauna:

·         Bhitarkanika hosts 320 bird species, including eight types of kingfishers, black ibis, darters, and Asian open-bills.

·         Annually, approximately 120,000 migratory birds and 80,000 resident birds visit for nesting or wintering.

·         In 2023, 179 mangrove pittas were recorded, highlighting the park''s rich avian diversity.

Min orders study on Handigodu disease, seeks detailed report

• Health and family welfare minister of Karnataka directed the health department officials to undertake a scientific study of Handigodu disease and present a detailed report on its control measures. 
• Handigodu Disease (HD) is a rare, chronic skeletal disorder primarily reported in certain regions of Karnataka. Named after the Handigodu village where it was first identified, this disease has significant implications for public health and medical research.
•  It primarily affects bones and joints leading to deformities, disability and chronic pain. Scientific studies aim to uncover the genetic, environmental and biochemical factors contributing to this disorder.

Characteristics of Handigodu Disease

• Affected Population:
• Predominantly seen in the Malnad region of Karnataka.
• Localized occurrence suggests a genetic or environmental influence.

Symptoms:

• Severe pain in joints and bones particularly in the hip and knee.
• Early-onset osteoarthritis leading to deformities.
• Restricted movement and gradual physical disability.

Progression:

• Symptoms typically appear during childhood or adolescence.
• Gradual worsening over time with no known cure.

Impact on Life Quality:

• Significant disability and social stigma.
• Economic challenges due to inability to perform physical labor.

Scientific Perspectives

• Researchers suspect an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern as the condition is often seen in consanguineous families.
• Gene mapping studies have not conclusively identified a single genetic mutation responsible for the disease.
• The disease is geographically localized suggesting environmental triggers such as:
• Contaminated drinking water.
• Nutritional deficiencies.
• These factors may exacerbate underlying genetic predispositions.

The Red-breasted Flycatcher is a cute little furball, but also a magnificent hunter

• Red-breasted Flycatcher’s magnificent journey across continents not only defies its size but reminds one of the good old adage - size doesn’t matter, it is attitude that does!
• The bird, which roughly measures 12-cm, generally migrates from Eastern Europe to escape the harsh winter there and enjoy the moderate temperatures with abundance of food in South Asia. And, Ameenpur in Hyderabad, Telangana has become some sort of ‘home away from home’ for the little bird.
• It is a small passerine bird in the Old-World flycatcher family. It breeds in Eastern Europe and across Central Asia and is migratory, wintering in South Asia. It is a regular passage migrant in Western Europe, whereas the collared flycatcher which breeds further east is rare.
• Scientific name: Ficedula parva.

 UNICEF expresses alarm over high rate of HIV infections among young women, girls

• UNICEF has raised significant concerns regarding the alarming rates of new HIV infections among young women and girls, particularly in the context of a recent report released ahead of World AIDS Day.
• The data highlights a troubling trend that calls for urgent attention and action to address the disparities in access to prevention and treatment services.

Current Statistics on HIV Infections

• The presented statistics according to the data of 2023 pointed out that 96000 newly infected girls and 41000 newly infected boys within the age of 15-19 years. This statistic explains that seven out of ten new adolescent infections occurring are among girls. This plight is worst felt in sub Saharan Africa, where 90 percent of new infections in this category affect the girl child. These statistics clearly indicate why it is important to come up with special measures in an effort to prevent the virus from affecting this group of people.

Barriers to Accessing Treatment

• However, much still can be done in order to address HIV and AIDS treatment with regards to children and adolescents. Although 77% of adults living with HIV are receiving antiretroviral therapy, only 57% of children below 14 years and 65% of the youth aged between 15-19 years are availing these life saving products. According to Associate Director of HIV/AIDS of UNICEF Anurita Bains the children need proper attention as for the resources as for the treatment.
• The report also presents the fact that minor individuals aged 14 and below compose 3% of all people with HIV yet 12% of AIDS deaths in 2023. This result shows that there is a significant neglect in catering for the youthful clients in the affected epidemic.

Global Context and Progress

• In 2023, an estimated 1.3 million people got newly infected with HIV, which is still far from the United Nations’ goals of ending AIDS as a major public health threat by 2030. Despite signs of improvement in fighting the HIV infections –the number reduced to 630000 deaths of AIDS related illness in the year prior — adolescent girls are still at high risk of being infected by the virus.
• The UNICEF report shows there has been some progress in HIV prevention, but girls still experience barriers that affect their ability to access the necessary services. It then comes up with an urgent action as a way of addressing this issue.

Recommendations for Action

• To combat the rising rates of HIV infections among young women and girls, UNICEF recommends:
• Enhanced Access to Prevention Services: Implementing comprehensive education programs about safe practices and increasing availability of preventive measures like pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
• Targeted Health Services: Developing health services specifically designed for young women and girls that consider their unique social and cultural contexts.
• Investment in Innovative Testing Technologies: Expanding access to innovative testing methods that can reach adolescents more effectively.
• Strengthening Community Support Systems: Engaging community leaders and organizations to create supportive environments where young women feel safe seeking help.
• By addressing these areas, UNICEF aims to reduce new infections significantly among young women and girls, ultimately working towards the goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
• The urgency of this situation cannot be overstated; without immediate action, the progress made over the past decades could be jeopardized, leaving millions at risk as they navigate adolescence amid an ongoing global health crisis.

Kharif procurement: Govt departments call for reforms beyond MSP hike to tackle agri concerns

•  The Indian agricultural sector is at a crucial juncture as government departments advocate for comprehensive reforms in Kharif procurement practices. While the recent increase in Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Kharif crops is a positive step, experts argue that merely raising MSP is insufficient to address the myriad challenges faced by farmers.

Current State of Kharif Procurement

• The Union Cabinet has increased MSP for Kharif crops for the marketing season 2024-25 with highest increase for oilseeds and pulses. For instance, outgoing MSP for Tur (Arhar) has been increased by ₹550 per quintal and for Nigerseed it has been raised ₹983 per quintal. This adjustment intended to achieve remunerative prices to self-help farmers, conforming to the Govt promise of offering a cost-plus 1.5 prices.
• However, exactly due to such increased procurement issues have not been done away. Kharif crop procurement has further increased from 4,675.98 LMT in 2004-05 to 2013-14 and it reached up to 7,108.65 LMT for 2014-15 to 2023-24 showing that the procurement system is constantly increasing purchase but within it, there are many inefficiencies.

Challenges Beyond MSP

• Government departments are now expecting expansions that go beyond the act of enhancing MSP. Key areas identified for reform include:
• Supply Chain Bottlenecks: The supply chain management which is critical in procurement and distribution of agricultural produce is shown that it results in a lot of wastage. Solving these problems is critical for allowing farmers to transfer their production without any hindrances or loss-making.
• Implementation of Non-Price Recommendations: It is very considerable that the implementation of recommendations also extend beyond manipulation of price levels. These are; the development of infrastructure, development of storage facilities and improved market output for producers.
• Five-Year Plan for Oilseeds: This is the reason why development of a strategic plan with focus on oilseed production is paramount in the current situation. Such a plan should include compilation and actualization of research, subsidies for the production of oil-seed, promotion of crop drifting by farmers among others.
• Market Reforms: Present forms of APMC require a new look to enable a better and simpler pricing system, free of middlemen who exploit our farmers.

The Role of Technology

• Incorporating technology into agricultural practices can significantly enhance efficiency in procurement. Digital platforms can facilitate real-time price discovery and connect farmers directly with buyers, thereby reducing reliance on middlemen. Additionally, technology can improve logistics management, ensuring that crops are transported efficiently from farms to markets.

Conclusion

• While the recent MSP hikes represent a step forward in supporting farmers during the Kharif season, they are not a panacea for the systemic issues plaguing Indian agriculture. Comprehensive reforms addressing supply chain inefficiencies, implementation of non-price recommendations, and strategic planning for critical crops like oilseeds are essential.
• By adopting a holistic approach that integrates technology and market reforms, India can pave the way for a more resilient agricultural sector that truly benefits its farmers.

What is hybrid warfare? Why Russia has been accused of it ?

•  Western intelligence agencies were accusing Russia of increasingly engaging in hybrid war since invading Ukraine.
• It approaches broadening military operations to consist of espionage, sabotage and cyberattacks, as well as undertaking election interference, propaganda or disinformation campaigns to weaken and destabilise the enemy from within.
• To create confusion, disrupt the enemy’s decision-making, and make the most vulnerabilities, without relying on a full-scale conventional war.

Instances of Use of Hybrid Warfare

• Both the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in hybrid war during the Cold War, by clandestine sabotage operations amongst several other processes.
• Russia’s engagement in hybrid war was solidified in 2013 after army chief Valery Gerasimov published a piece of writing noting that the rules of war have been modified.
• China has also publicly followed a “Three Warfares” concept referring to psychological operations, media manipulation and legal warfare.

Why is Hybrid Warfare on the Rise?

• To Avoid Direct Confrontation: In the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union engaged in hybrid war as the two nuclear powers needed to avoid outright confrontation.
• To keep Military Might: After the Soviet Union broke up, Russia observed its military may diminished, which only advocated the further use of hybrid war to keep away from direct military confrontation with the West.
• Inexpensive War: As the costs of conventional war in a nuclear technology continues to develop, it’s much more feasible to sponsor a hybrid warfare.
• Increased Cyber Networks: The increasing reliance on digital infrastructure and communication structures has opened new avenues for war.
• Rise of Social Media: The proliferation of social media and digital systems has made it less difficult to unfold disinformation, impact public opinion, and destabilize governments. 

Preparedness for Hybrid war is critical for several reasons

• Evolving Threat Landscape: As technology advances, adversaries increasingly use cyber and facts war procedures. India has to adapt to those evolving threats.
• Deterrence: A robust hybrid warfare defense can deter ability aggressors by demonstrating the ability to counteract their strategies, thereby reducing the likelihood of war.
• Protection of Critical Infrastructure: Hybrid war assaults frequently target important structures, which include power grids and conversation networks.

India’s Preparedness for Hybrid Warfare

• Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and Theaterisation: The advent of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in 2019 was a prime reform aimed toward integrating the 3 defense forces—Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Integrated war Groups (IBGs): India has restructured its military formations into IBGs, which are fast-response units capable of dealing with both conventional and hybrid threats. 
• Defence Cyber Agency: India operationalized the Defence Cyber Agency in 2021 to particularly cope with cyber threats to national security.
• ‘Make in India’ in Defense: The government has closely promoted the ‘Make in India’ initiative, encouraging home production of protection equipment.
• Intelligence Agencies: India’s intelligence organizations just like the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), and National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) play an essential position in collecting intelligence to pick out and neutralize hybrid threats.
• Countering Financing of Terrorism: This consists of stricter anti-money laundering laws and cooperation with international organizations along with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
• International Cooperation: India works with the USA, Australia, and Japan inside the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) framework to deal with issues like cybersecurity, maritime security, and counterterrorism.
• Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence 2024: Indian defense force’ preparedness to address “hybrid war” is one of the 17 topics that the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence has narrowed down for deliberations for the year.

Way Ahead

• With contemporary war converting in terms of its core aspects, wars are lots more than the employment of direct, physical force.
• India can recognition on following regions to put together for the Hybrid war:
• Invest in superior cybersecurity infrastructure and educate specialized employees.
• Develop capacities for cyber retaliation and offensive cyber operations.
• Promote strategic verbal exchange and public diplomacy to guard against external narratives.
• Develop training packages for army and intelligence personnel in hybrid war processes.
• Collaborate with like-minded nations to share intelligence and counter hybrid threats.