Discuss the changing nature of the modern state with reference to transnational actors. (UPSC CSE Mains 2017 - Political Science and International Relations, Paper 2)
The state is defined by its territory, population, and government, as well as recognition by its equals, a model of political organization. Its universalization, owing notably to decolonization, has not led to a stabilization of the international system founded on the illusion of sovereignty. With globalization, the increased power of transnational actors is further weakening the ability of states to regulate.
Transnational actors are actors that are active below the state level as well as across the state borders. There are two types of transnational actors. They are the transnational corporations (TNCs) or multinational corporations (MNCs) and the nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
The increasing number of these organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of political, economic, military and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states. These kinds of non-state actors challenge the “state- centric” perception. There are two prevailing theories about the role of the state in international relations. Neorealism emphasizes the state plays the most important role in international arena. On one hand, the state possesses sovereign power to insure domestic security. On the other hand, neorealism also stresses the state influence economy in international relations. Neoliberalism not only indicates that the state is the main behavior body in international system, but also affirms the role of non-states, such as international organization, transnational organizations and other kinds of social organizations. As a by-product of intensified globalization process, these kinds of organizations have become more significant determinants of foreign policies of the state.
The influence on globalization on the economy from State level to the world stage cannot be overemphasised but the State still has legitimate power on certain levels. States are the components of International politics and it(international politics) is significant in fostering international cooperation, conducting business and ensuring world peace among States.
- The non-state actors such as TNCs and INGOs have become increasingly important players in shaping international relations. While they have the potential to promote positive change and address global issues, they also have negative implications, such as economic dominance, subduing sovereignty, and cultural imperialism.
- Therefore, it is crucial for global governance to recognize and regulate the role of these non-state actors to ensure that their actions align with the goals of international cooperation and sustainable development.
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