Custodial violence basically means torturing or inflicting violence on an individual or group of persons while in the custody of the police or judiciary.

Ethical Arguments against Torture

1. Immanuel Kant’s theory
   • For Kant, actions are right if they respect what he calls the Categorical Imperative. The categorical imperative is a moral principle which denotes that you should act a certain way only if you’re willing to have everyone else act the same way too. Torture is unjustified as it consists of intentional infliction of severe physical, mental or emotional suffering on the other person. Here the word ‘intentional’ is the defining parameter as ethical reasoning is applicable only when the actions of the moral agents are out of their free will.
   • Under Kant''s practical imperative, using any individual as a means to an end is immoral. Therefore, torture is immoral under Kant''s practical imperative on the grounds that it treats the suspect as a means in order to satisfy the goal of the interrogators.
2. Human Rights

Torture of human beings consists of curtailment of individual autonomy.  Right against an inhuman torture is absolute. (i.e) it must never be limited or restricted in any way. For example, a police authority can never justify an accusation that it has tortured someone in an inhuman or degrading way for whatsoever the reason.

3. Doctrine of Double effect

The doctrine of double effect is used to justify actions that have intended “good” effects and unintended “bad” effects. Torture is unjustified even by using the doctrine of the double effect.

4. Consequentialist Arguments
   • Torture is a slippery slope– each act of torture makes it easier to accept the use of torture in the future.
   • Torture is an ineffective interrogation tool as there is no guarantee that the person who is being tortured will give the correct information because under torture a prisoner will eventually say anything to stop the pain.
5. Institutional Code of Ethics
   • Torture damages the institution that carries it out. It damages the reputation and moral authority of the institution. Its use is likely to produce internal dissent among the members and so damages the integrity of the institution. The Police should recognize and respect the limitations of their powers and functions.
   • Using torture provides “the enemy” with something they can exploit for propaganda. For example, the terrorist organizations like ISIS use state brutalities as an excuse to radicalize the youths to pick up arms.
6. Constitutional Ethics
   • Protection from torture is a fundamental right enshrined under Article 21 (Right to Life) of the Indian constitution.
   • The right to counsel is also a fundamental right under Article 22(1) of the India constitution.
   • Indian Constitutional law in Article 20 (3) says, “no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Thus, compelled testimony is not limited to physical torture or coercion, but extends also to techniques of psychological interrogation which cause mental torture in a person subject to such interrogation.

Looking Forward

1. Though, torture is unjustified from many ethical perspectives, but there may be situations when the unity and integrity of the State is under threat or the lives of innocent people may be in danger. Under such situations, a law enforcement officer or a person with noble intentions might feel compelled to undertake any means necessary to protect the country or to save the lives. It is important to note here that the actions of the officer in such a scenario are guided by the supreme value of nationalism and saving lives. 
2. The issue of torture is complicated and needs to be discussed in public domain to evolve a consensus on the same. 
3. India should ratify the UN Convention Against Torture:It will mandate a systematic review of colonial rules, methods, practices and arrangements for the custody and treatment of persons subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment. It will also mean that exclusive mechanisms of redress and compensation will be set up for the victim besides institutions such as the Board of Visitors.
4. Police Reforms:Guidelines should also be formulated on educating and training officials involved in the cases involving deprivation of liberty because torture cannot be effectively prevented till the senior police wisely anticipate the gravity of such issues and clear reorientation is devised from present practices.
5. Access to Prison:Unrestricted and regular access to independent and qualified persons to places of detention for inspection should also be allowed. CCTV cameras should be installed in police stations including in the interrogation rooms. Surprise inspections by Non-Official Visitors (NOVs) should also be made mandatory which would act as a preventive measures against custodial torture which has also been suggested by Supreme Court in its landmark judgment in the DK Basu Case in 2015.
6. Implementation of Law Commission of India’s 273^rdReport: The report recommends that those accused of committing custodial torture – be it policemen, military and paramilitary personnel – should be criminally prosecuted instead of facing mere administrative action establishing an effective deterrent.
7. Apply Mind: By apllying tactics like Prisoner Dilemma Game, police officers can bring out the truth instead of resorting to custodial torture.