Discuss the various forms of environmental movements waged in India. (UPSC CSE Mains 2016 - Sociology, Paper 2).
India has a rich history of environmental movements driven by concerns over environmental degradation, conservation, and sustainable development. These movements have played a crucial role in shaping policies, promoting awareness, and safeguarding the environment.
- Chipko Movement (1970s):
- Objective: To protest against deforestation and promote forest conservation by hugging trees to prevent their felling.
- Impact: Led to a shift in forest policies, emphasizing community involvement in forest management and ecological sustainability.
- Example: The Chipko Movement in the state of Uttarakhand gained international attention and inspired similar movements globally.
- Narmada Bachao Andolan (1985 onwards):
- Objective: To oppose large-scale dam projects like the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River and advocate for the rights of affected communities.
- Impact: Raised awareness about displacement, environmental degradation, and social injustice associated with big dams and influenced policy decisions.
- Example: Medha Patkar, a prominent activist, led the movement, attracting national and international support.
- Silent Valley Movement (1973-1984):
- Objective: To protect the Silent Valley rainforest in Kerala from being destroyed by a proposed hydroelectric project.
- Impact: Led to the preservation of the Silent Valley rainforest as a biodiversity hotspot and a national park.
- Example: Environmentalists and locals jointly campaigned against the project, emphasizing the ecological significance of the region.
- Bishnoi Movement (1730s onwards):
- Objective: To protect trees and wildlife, particularly the Khejri tree, which holds religious significance for the Bishnoi community.
- Impact: Promoted conservation ethics and influenced government policies regarding forest protection.
- Example: The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan is well-known for its strong commitment to environmental conservation.
- Jungle Bachao Andolan (2019 onwards):
- Objective: To protect Aarey Forest in Mumbai from being cleared for a metro car shed project.
- Impact: Garnered public support and awareness regarding the importance of urban greenspaces and biodiversity conservation.
- Example: Activists and citizens organized protests and legal battles to save the Aarey Forest.
- Anti-GMO Movement (ongoing):
- Objective: To oppose the introduction and cultivation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture, citing potential risks to health and the environment.
- Impact: Has influenced public opinion and policy discussions on GMOs, promoting a cautious approach to their introduction.
- Example: Various organizations and activists advocate for stringent regulations and transparency in GMO research and development.
Environmental movements in India have been instrumental in shaping policies, influencing public opinion, and conserving the environment. From forest conservation to opposition against large dams and GMOs, these movements emphasize the need for sustainable development and responsible environmental practices. Continued awareness, citizen engagement, and activism are crucial to addressing emerging environmental challenges and fostering a more environmentally conscious society.
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