Elucidate the concepts of ‘majoritarianism’ and ‘minoritarianism’ in accentuating communal tensions in India. (UPSC CSE Mains 2016 - Sociology, Paper 2).
Majoritarianism and minoritarianism are terms used to describe the dynamics of power and representation in a society, particularly in the context of communal or religious identities. Majoritarianism refers to the dominance, control, and privileging of the majority community, while minoritarianism implies the opposite - the marginalization, discrimination, and neglect of minority communities. In the Indian context, these concepts play a significant role in accentuating communal tensions and affecting social harmony.
- Majoritarianism:
- Definition:Majoritarianism refers to the political and social ideology where the majority community holds dominant influence and power in a society, often leading to the marginalization and neglect of minority communities.
- Effects:
- Policies and laws may be framed to cater to the interests and preferences of the majority community.
- Minority cultures, languages, and traditions may face neglect or suppression.
- Communal tensions and conflicts can arise due to perceived threats to the majority community''s identity or privileges.
- Minoritarianism:
- Definition:Minoritarianism refers to the condition where minority communities face systemic discrimination, marginalization, and lack of representation in political, social, and economic spheres.
- Effects:
- Limited representation and access to resources for minority communities.
- Discriminatory laws or policies may be enacted, perpetuating inequality and limiting opportunities for minorities.
- Communal tensions can arise due to feelings of alienation and unequal treatment experienced by minority communities.
Accentuating Communal Tensions in India:
- Majoritarianism:
- Communal policies favoring the majority community can lead to communal tensions. For example, the controversy surrounding the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in India, which was seen by many as discriminatory against Muslim minorities, sparked protests and tensions across the country.
- Minoritarianism:
- Discriminatory laws and policies that disproportionately affect minority communities can fuel communal tensions. For instance, the controversy over the Uniform Civil Code in India, where minority communities fear a loss of personal laws and cultural identity, has sparked debates and communal tensions.
Examples:
- Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid Dispute:
- The Ayodhya dispute in India was a classic example of majoritarianism and its impact on communal tensions. The demolition of the Babri Masjid by Hindu extremists in 1992 was fueled by majoritarian sentiment, resulting in widespread communal riots and tensions.
- Gujarat Riots (2002):
- The Gujarat riots were fueled by majoritarianism, where the majority community targeted Muslims, resulting in widespread violence, deaths, and displacement. The state machinery was accused of not doing enough to protect the minority community.
Majoritarianism and minoritarianism play significant roles in accentuating communal tensions in India. Addressing these dynamics and promoting a more inclusive and equitable society is essential for fostering communal harmony and peaceful coexistence among diverse religious and cultural groups. It requires policy interventions, education, awareness, and efforts to bridge the gaps in representation and power between majority and minority communities.
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