National Cooperative Policy 2025: Revitalising India’s Cooperative Movement

Overview
Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah launched the National Cooperative Policy 2025 in New Delhi, replacing the earlier framework from 2002. The policy marks a significant step in rejuvenating India''s vast cooperative network by enhancing its capacity, outreach, and alignment with national development goals.

Guided by the principle of "Sahkar se Samriddhi" (Prosperity through Cooperation), the policy envisions inclusive, tech-enabled, and village-centered growth for the sector over the next two decades.

Context and Significance

India’s last cooperative policy was announced 23 years ago. The creation of a separate Ministry of Cooperation in 2021 underscored the government''s renewed focus on this critical sector.
Currently, India has over 8.4 lakh cooperative societies serving more than 31 crore citizens, especially in states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. The new policy aims to increase this number by 30% and expand the cooperative footprint into underserved states such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Key Pillars of the Policy

The National Cooperative Policy 2025 is built around six core pillars:

1. Strengthening foundational systems
2. Revitalising existing cooperatives
3. Future readiness through digitalisation and innovation
4. Enhancing inclusivity and social outreach
5. Expanding into emerging and non-traditional sectors
6. Youth engagement and capacity building

Targets include:

• Tripling the cooperative sector’s GDP contribution by 2034
• Establishing at least one cooperative in every village
• Engaging 50 crore citizens in cooperative activities

Expansion into New and Emerging Sectors

The policy encourages cooperatives to diversify into sectors such as:

• Green energy
• Tourism and transportation (e.g., Sahkar Taxi initiative)
• Insurance
• Retail and public services

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) are being empowered to manage:

• Fuel outlets and LPG distribution
• Jan Aushadhi Kendras and CSCs
• Implementation of schemes like Har Ghar Jal and PM Surya Ghar Yojana

A sector-specific roadmap is being implemented to support these new ventures, particularly in rural areas.

Model Cooperative Villages and Rural Empowerment

One of the flagship initiatives under the policy is the development of Model Cooperative Villages, with five in every tehsil. These villages, in collaboration with state cooperative banks and NABARD, will serve as hubs for cooperative-led development. Focus areas include:

• Dairy and fishery
• Floriculture and agri-services
• Women and tribal empowerment (White Revolution 2.0)

These villages aim to foster community ownership, decentralised economic activity, and inclusive rural development.

Institutional Reforms and Modernisation

To improve transparency and efficiency, the policy mandates:

• Complete digitalisation of PACS operations
• Technology-driven governance across cooperatives
• Cluster-based monitoring systems
• Decennial legal reviews for continuous policy relevance

As of 2025:

• 83 intervention areas have been identified
• 58 reforms are underway, with three completed
• A national cooperative university, Tribhuvan Sahkari University, has been established to provide professional training and capacity-building opportunities

Economic and Social Impact

The cooperative sector already plays a significant role in India''s economy, contributing:

• 20% of total agricultural credit
• 35% of fertiliser distribution
• 30%+ of sugar production
• 10% of milk production
• 21% of the fishing sector
• 13% of wheat and 20% of paddy procurement

The policy envisions a self-reliant, member-driven cooperative ecosystem that enhances employment, income stability, and social dignity, particularly in rural areas.

Conclusion

The National Cooperative Policy 2025 lays a transformative roadmap to modernise and democratise India’s cooperative movement. By embracing inclusivity, innovation, and decentralisation, the policy seeks to ensure that cooperative institutions are not only sustainable but are active agents of grassroots development and national prosperity.

Draft National Telecom Policy 2025: Building a Secure, Inclusive, and Sustainable Telecom Ecosystem

Introduction

The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has released the Draft National Telecom Policy 2025 for public consultation—seven years after the National Digital Communications Policy (NDCP) 2018. This draft outlines a roadmap to position India as a telecom product powerhouse, emphasizing innovation, indigenous manufacturing, secure connectivity, and environmental sustainability.

Vision

To transform India into a “telecom product nation” that delivers universal, meaningful, secure, and sustainable connectivity for all citizens, while promoting innovation and self-reliance in the telecom sector.

Strategic Focus Areas

1. Universal and Reliable Connectivity

• 5G Expansion: Extend 5G coverage to 90% of the population by 2030.
• Complete 4G Penetration: Achieve 100% 4G network coverage across the country.
• Fiberisation of Towers: Increase fiber-connected towers from 46% to 80% to enhance speed and reliability.
• Wi-Fi Hotspots: Deploy 1 million public Wi-Fi hotspots (revised from 10 million target in 2018).
• Satellite Internet: Promote satellite-based broadband in remote and underserved areas.

2. Employment and Skilling

• Job Creation: Generate 10 lakh new jobs in the telecom sector.
• Upskilling: Reskill another 10 lakh existing workers to adapt to emerging technologies.

3. Domestic Manufacturing and R&D

• Production Boost: Target a 150% increase in domestic telecom manufacturing by 2030.
• Telecom Manufacturing Zones (TMZs): Establish dedicated zones with integrated infrastructure to support end-to-end manufacturing.
• R&D and Standards: Promote local R&D initiatives and participation in global standard-setting, including 6G development.
• CSR Incentives: Recognize telecom R&D under CSR funding to encourage private sector participation.

4. Cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence

• AI-Driven Cybersecurity: Deploy AI tools for threat detection and network defense.
• Address Generative AI Risks: Tackle offensive uses of AI, including deepfakes and automated cyberattacks.
• Consumer Grievances: Introduce AI-powered chatbots on a unified grievance redressal portal.
• Border Security: Improve surveillance of cross-border signals and satellite interference.

5. Green Telecom and Sustainability

• Carbon Reduction: Cut telecom sector emissions by 30%.
• Circular Economy: Promote reuse and recycling of telecom infrastructure and devices.

6. Technology Advancements

• Quantum-Secure Communication: Invest in quantum encryption for next-gen secure networks.
• Privacy-Centric Shift: Lawful interception provisions removed, signaling a move toward privacy-respecting governance.
• Mobile Number Validation: Strengthen identity verification mechanisms through draft regulations on mobile identity services.

Policy Comparison: 2018 vs 2025

Conclusion

The Draft National Telecom Policy 2025 lays the foundation for a future-ready telecom sector that is not only robust and secure, but also inclusive and sustainable. With a strong push for indigenous innovation, AI integration, and green technology, the policy aligns India’s telecom ambitions with its digital sovereignty and economic empowerment goals.

If effectively implemented, it could play a transformative role in shaping India’s leadership in global telecom innovations such as 6G, quantum communication, and AI-driven governance.

ICJ Climate Change Ruling: Legal Accountability, Compensation, and a Global Wake-Up Call

Overview

In a historic move, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has issued an advisory opinion affirming that states have binding legal obligations under international law to combat climate change. Although non-binding, the opinion has wide-reaching legal and moral influence and is expected to bolster climate litigation, shape national policies, and support compensation claims from vulnerable nations.

This ruling follows a 2023 UN General Assembly request, led by Vanuatu, to clarify states'' responsibilities regarding environmental harm and climate inaction.

Background: Vanuatu’s Push for Climate Justice

Origin of the Initiative

In September 2021, the Pacific island nation of Vanuatu launched a campaign to seek an advisory opinion from the ICJ, highlighting the urgent need for legal clarity to protect climate-vulnerable nations, particularly small island states facing rising sea levels and existential threats.

UNGA Resolution (March 2023)

With broad support, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution requesting the ICJ’s legal opinion on two questions:

1. What are states'' obligations under international law to protect the climate system and environment?
2. What legal consequences arise when states fail to meet these obligations and cause environmental harm?

Legal Foundation and Authority of ICJ Advisory Opinions

• Legal basis: Under the UN Charter, both the UNGA and Security Council can request advisory opinions from the ICJ.
• While not enforceable, these opinions carry substantial legal authority and help shape customary international law and future treaties.

Key Findings of the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion

1. Climate Action as a Legal Duty

The ICJ affirmed that addressing climate change is not merely a policy choice but a binding legal responsibility under international law. This obligation is derived from:

• UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement
• Other treaties including UNCLOS (Law of the Sea) and the Montreal Protocol

2. Emissions Reductions: A Shared but Differentiated Responsibility

• All states must reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
• Developed (Annex I) countries bear a higher duty to lead in cuts and provide financial and technological support to developing nations.

3. Accountability and Compensation

• Failure to act on climate change may constitute an “internationally wrongful act”, triggering state responsibility.
• This opens pathways for compensation or reparations to countries suffering climate-induced loss and damage.

4. Oversight of Private Actors

Governments may also be held accountable for failing to regulate private corporations that contribute to environmental harm, if they lack or neglect to enforce necessary laws.

Implications of the Ruling

A Global Legal and Moral Shift

The ICJ’s opinion is now the most authoritative legal interpretation of climate responsibilities, setting a precedent for:

• National and regional courts
• Public interest litigation
• Future international negotiations

Reinforcement of Climate Commitments

The ruling underscores that countries must treat climate commitments as legal obligations, not just political pledges—particularly important as many developed nations fall behind their 2030 emission targets.

Validation of “Loss and Damage” Claims

For the first time, a major legal body affirms the right of climate-affected nations—or “injured states”—to seek reparations. This could empower future legal claims against:

• Historically high-emitting nations
• Major polluting corporations

Challenges and Legal Tensions

• The ICJ emphasized that climate efforts must be adequate, not just symbolic.
• This may clash with the Paris Agreement, which allows nations to set their own targets without external enforcement.
• As a result, legal disputes may arise around what qualifies as "adequate" climate action, potentially triggering resistance even among developing states.

Conclusion: A Precedent for Climate Accountability

Though advisory, the ICJ’s opinion represents a landmark moment in international environmental law. It redefines climate action as a legal imperative, not merely a matter of policy or goodwill. Its true impact will unfold as:

• Courts reference the ruling in climate litigation
• Governments reconsider their climate obligations
• Developing nations seek reparations or accountability for climate harm

The ruling has laid the groundwork for a more just, accountable, and legally grounded global response to climate change.

Coral Cover Decline in Lakshadweep: Study Reveals 50% Loss Over 24 Years

A recent study highlights a significant 50% reduction in coral cover across parts of the Lakshadweep archipelago — particularly in Agatti, Kadmat, and Kavaratti islands — over a span of 24 years, raising serious concerns about coral sustainability and resilience in the region.

Key Findings of the Study

• Coral Recovery Weakened: The main cause of the long-term decline is the reduced recovery rate following each coral bleaching event.
• ENSO Impact: The region’s corals were significantly impacted by three major El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, which caused stress and repeated bleaching.

Ideal Conditions for Coral Growth

Key Reasons for Coral Depletion

• Marine Heatwaves: Increasing ocean temperatures from climate change have intensified marine heatwaves, leading to coral bleaching.
• Pollution and Runoff: Storm-induced precipitation causes freshwater runoff, diluting seawater and bleaching near-shore coral systems.
• Extreme Low Tides: Coral exposure to air during low tides causes bleaching, especially in shallow reefs.
• Other Stressors:
• Overexposure to sunlight
• Sedimentation
• El Niño events
• Changing ocean currents

Importance of Coral Reefs

• Biodiversity Hotspots: Though they cover only 1% of the ocean, coral reefs support 25% of all marine species.
• Ecosystem Services:
• Provide habitat and shelter to marine organisms.
• Host filter feeders like sponges that cleanse ocean water.
• Act as sources for biomedical research and pharmaceutical development.
• Economic Value:
• Support tourism and fisheries, boosting coastal livelihoods.
• Help generate oxygen and maintain oceanic balance.

Major Coral Reef Areas in India

Conclusion

The sharp decline in coral cover across Lakshadweep highlights the urgency of climate-resilient conservation measures. With increasing global temperatures and human-induced stressors, safeguarding these fragile ecosystems is essential for marine biodiversity, coastal livelihoods, and ecological stability.

India–UK Free Trade Agreement 2025: Key Highlights, Benefits, and Strategic Impact

Introduction

India and the United Kingdom have signed a landmark Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s official visit to the UK. Alongside the agreement, both countries launched the India–UK Vision 2035, replacing the previous Roadmap 2030. This new strategic framework aims to deepen cooperation across key areas including trade, defence, technology, education, clean energy, and climate action.

The agreement marks a significant shift in India’s global trade posture, reflecting a growing focus on strengthening economic partnerships with advanced economies.

Key Features of the India–UK Free Trade Agreement (Signed July 24, 2025)

1. Market Access and Tariff Reduction

• India’s Gains: 99% of Indian exports to the UK will be duty-free.
• UK’s Gains: Tariffs on 90% of UK goods reduced, with 85% reaching zero-duty within 10 years.
• Benefiting Sectors: Textiles, processed foods, base metals, chemicals, and marine products.
• Examples: Tariffs on processed foods reduced from 70% to zero; improved access for spices, rubber, and plastic goods.

2. Agriculture

• Zero-Duty Access: Over 95% of Indian agricultural exports to the UK.
• Covered Products: Fruits, vegetables, pulses, millets, organic herbs, pickles.
• Expected Outcome: 20% increase in agri-exports within three years; support for India’s $100 billion agri-export goal by 2030.
• Protected Items: Sensitive sectors such as dairy, oats, apples, and edible oils excluded from liberalisation.

3. Marine Products

• Tariff Elimination: Duty-free access for shrimp, tuna, fishmeal, and other seafood.
• Current Status: India holds a 2.25% share in UK marine imports.
• Potential: Significant growth opportunity for India’s coastal economy.

4. Textiles and Apparel

• Coverage: 1,143 product categories included for duty-free access.
• Key Exports: Readymade garments, home textiles, carpets, handicrafts.
• Competitive Edge: Enhanced parity with countries like Bangladesh and Cambodia; potential 5% market share gain in the UK.

5. Engineering Goods

• Current Exports: $4.28 billion to the UK.
• Tariff Reductions: Up to 18% duty eliminated.
• Forecast: Potential to double exports to $7.5 billion by 2030.

6. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices

• Duty-Free Access: For generic medicines and medical devices.
• Products Covered: ECG and X-ray machines, surgical instruments.
• Market Scope: The UK imports $30 billion in pharmaceuticals; India currently accounts for just $1 billion.

7. Chemicals and Plastics

• Chemical Sector: Export growth projected at 30–40% to $650–750 million in FY26.
• Plastics: Targeted growth in films, sheets, kitchenware; 15% export increase expected.

8. Toys, Sports Goods, Gems and Jewellery

• Competitive Edge: Improved market access over Chinese and Vietnamese exports.
• Jewellery: Potential to double exports within two to three years; targeting the UK’s $3 billion jewellery market.

9. Leather and Footwear

• Tariff Reduction: 16% duties eliminated.
• Export Target: Exceeding $900 million.
• Beneficiaries: MSME hubs including Agra, Kanpur, Kolhapur, and Chennai.

Services, Professionals, and Labour Mobility

• Social Security Relief: 75,000 Indian workers in the UK will be exempt from British social security contributions for three years.
• Market Access: 36 services sectors opened without requiring an Economic Needs Test.
• Professional Mobility: Indian professionals can work in 35 sectors in the UK for up to two years.
• Cultural Exchanges: 1,800 professionals including chefs, yoga instructors, and artists to be admitted annually.
• Double Contribution Agreement: Indian workers will no longer be required to contribute to both Indian and UK social security systems.

Strategic and Economic Impact

For India

• Major export gains in agriculture, processed food, engineering goods, seafood, footwear, textiles, and pharmaceuticals.
• Improved mobility and recognition for Indian professionals and service providers.
• Greater integration into global value chains and enhanced competitiveness in UK markets.

For the UK

• Increased access for exports such as whisky, automobiles, and advanced machinery to the Indian market.
• Potential for UK exports to India to grow by 60%, adding £15.7 billion in trade value by 2040.

Bilateral Trade Impact

• Overall bilateral trade expected to increase by 39%.
• Additional trade worth £25.5 billion annually, compared to a no-FTA scenario.

Strategic Context: A Post-RCEP Pivot

India’s exit from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2019 prompted a shift in trade strategy toward high-income markets. The India–UK FTA is part of this broader approach to building deeper commercial ties with developed economies such as the UK and European Union.

India–UK Vision 2035

The India–UK Vision 2035 serves as a long-term strategic framework guiding bilateral relations through to the year 2035. It replaces the previous Roadmap 2030 and outlines an ambitious agenda for cooperation built around a BRISK partnership—focusing on Business, Research, Innovation, Science and Technology, and Knowledge.

Key Pillars of Cooperation

1. Trade and Economic Growth

• Formalisation of the India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).
• Commitment to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT).
• Enhanced engagement through platforms such as the Joint Economic and Trade Committee (JETCO) and the Economic and Financial Dialogue.

2. Technology and Innovation

• Establishment of a UK–India Research & Innovation Corridor to foster collaboration in emerging technologies.
• Promotion of joint R&D and support for start-up ecosystems in both countries.

3. Defence and Security

• Joint development of advanced defence technologies, including:
• Jet Engine Advanced Core Technologies (JEACT).
• Electric Propulsion Systems.
• Increased defence cooperation through:
• Strategic alignment in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region.
• Regular bilateral defence exercises:
• Exercise Konkan (Navy)
• Exercise Cobra Warrior (Air Force)
• Exercise Ajeya Warrior (Army)

4. Climate and Clean Energy

• Joint efforts in:
• Energy storage solutions.
• Grid modernisation.
• Offshore wind energy projects.
• Alignment with shared climate goals and net-zero ambitions.

5. Education and People-to-People Ties

• Initiatives to establish UK university campuses in India to enhance academic exchange.
• Expansion of scholarships, cultural cooperation, and professional mobility.

6. Multilateral and Global Governance

• Joint advocacy for:
• Reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
• Modernisation of international institutions including the WTO, WHO, IMF, and World Bank.
• Emphasis on rules-based international order and shared democratic values.

India–UK Bilateral Relations: Current Snapshot

Trade and Investment

• Total Bilateral Trade (2024–25): £39.7 billion.
• India’s Exports to the UK: £23.1 billion, resulting in a trade surplus for India.
• The UK is India’s 6th largest source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

Institutional Engagement

• JETCO: Addresses trade and investment issues.
• Economic and Financial Dialogue: Facilitates macroeconomic and financial cooperation.

Defence and Strategic Engagement

• Regular joint military exercises across all service branches reflect growing defence interoperability and strategic trust.

National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC)

Recent Development

• The Central Government recently activated the NCMC to manage a disaster situation with national-level implications.

Overview

• Established under: Disaster Management Act, 2005
• Purpose: Apex body for coordinating disaster response across ministries and agencies during major emergencies.

Composition

• Chairperson: Cabinet Secretary
• Key Members:
• Union Home Secretary
• Defence Secretary
• Secretary (Coordination), Cabinet Secretariat
• Member and Head of Department, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

Roles and Responsibilities

• Coordinate and monitor actions of central and state authorities, NGOs, and departments during disasters.
• Evaluate national preparedness and direct enhancements as needed.
• Can co-opt experts or officers based on the nature of the disaster.
• Issues strategic guidance, policy direction, and operational instructions for disaster management.

Microsoft SharePoint Cyberattack: From Espionage to Ransomware Deployment

Overview

Microsoft has disclosed a significant cybersecurity threat involving its SharePoint server software. Originally exploited for cyber espionage, the vulnerability is now being used to carry out ransomware attacks. The escalation marks a dangerous shift in the nature of cyber operations—combining intelligence gathering with direct financial and operational disruption.

Understanding Cyber Espionage

Cyber espionage involves the covert and unauthorized access to digital systems for the purpose of extracting sensitive or classified information. These operations are typically carried out by state-sponsored or well-resourced non-state actors and are motivated by political, strategic, or economic interests.

The SharePoint Exploit: Details of the Attack

• Nature of Exploit: Attackers targeted an unpatched vulnerability in Microsoft SharePoint Server.
• Attribution: The operation is attributed to a hacker group known as Storm-2603, reportedly linked to Chinese state-sponsored entities—though China has denied any involvement.
• Tactics Used:
• Initially leveraged for cyber espionage—covert data extraction.
• Recently escalated to ransomware deployment, with systems being locked or frozen until payment is made.
• Impact:
• Over 400 organizations have been confirmed affected, according to Dutch firm Eye Security.
• The actual scale of the breach is likely larger and still under investigation.

Strategic and Security Implications

• National Security Risk: The breach poses threats to critical sectors, including government systems, defense, healthcare, and infrastructure.
• Blurring of Boundaries: The case reflects a convergence of espionage and cybercrime, with attackers moving from passive surveillance to active extortion.
• Organizational Vulnerabilities:
• Highlights widespread deficiencies in patch management.
• Points to inadequate incident response protocols across affected entities.
• Call for Global Action:
• Underscores the need for international cooperation on cybersecurity standards.
• Reaffirms the importance of digital sovereignty and better cross-border coordination on cyber threats.

Conclusion

The exploitation of Microsoft SharePoint represents a dangerous evolution in cyber threat dynamics. By shifting from espionage to ransomware, attackers are blurring traditional lines between state-backed operations and financially motivated cybercrime. The incident underscores the urgent need for improved cyber hygiene, global cybersecurity norms, and proactive threat mitigation strategies.

Parliamentary Panel Recommendations for Promoting Natural and Organic Farming

The Parliamentary Estimates Committee under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has submitted a report on enhancing climate-resilient agriculture, focusing on natural and organic farming through Krishi Vigyan Kendras.

Key Observations and Issues

• Financial Security: A major obstacle to the adoption of natural farming is inadequate financial support for farmers.
• Farmer Income Concerns: Income uncertainties and implementation challenges hinder sustainable farming efforts.
• Staff Shortages: Lack of adequate manpower affects the delivery and monitoring of farming programs.

Conclusion

The committee emphasizes the need for increased financial support, improved coordination, awareness generation, and sustainable practices to scale up natural and organic farming across India. This will strengthen climate resilience and promote sustainable agriculture for the future.

Palna Scheme: Enhancing Early Childhood Care

Overview

The Palna Scheme is a Centrally Sponsored initiative under the Ministry of Women and Child Development, launched as part of the Samarthya component of Mission Shakti. It is implemented across all States and Union Territories to ensure early childhood care and development.

Objective

To offer safe, accessible, and quality crèche services for children aged 6 months to 6 years, while also supporting their nutritional, health, cognitive, and emotional development.

Key Features

• Universal Access: Open to all mothers, regardless of employment status.
• Types of Facilities:
• Standalone Crèches
• Anganwadi-cum-Crèches (AWCCs)
• Operating Guidelines:
• Crèches operate 26 days per month, for 7.5 hours daily, with timings flexible based on local needs.
• State/UTs can modify hours as per regional requirements.

Funding Pattern

• General States: 60:40 (Centre:State)
• NE & Special Category States: 90:10
• UTs with Legislature: 60:40
• UTs without Legislature: 100% Central Assistance

Services Provided

• Daycare and sleeping facilities
• Early stimulation (for <3 years) & pre-school education (3–6 years)
• Locally sourced supplementary nutrition
• Growth monitoring, health check-ups, and immunization

PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

Overview

Launched on 15 February 2024, the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is a central government scheme to promote rooftop solar energy adoption and provide free electricity to households.

Objectives

• Enable 1 crore households to receive up to 300 units of free electricity per month.
• Promote the use of renewable energy.
• Reduce government expenditure on electricity by up to ₹75,000 crore/year.
• Lower carbon emissions.

• Subsidy Structure

Eligibility Criteria

• Indian citizen
• Must own a house with rooftop space suitable for solar panels
• Must have an electricity connection
• Must not have availed a previous subsidy for rooftop solar
• Implementation

• National Level: Implemented by National Programme Implementation Agency (NPIA)
• State Level: Implemented through State Implementation Agencies (SIAs), primarily DISCOMs
• DISCOM Incentives: ₹4,950 crore allocated for DISCOMs based on capacity installation targets

Additional Components

1. Model Solar Villages:
• One per district
• ₹1 crore assistance per village
• Total outlay: ₹800 crore
2. Incentives to Local Bodies:
• ₹1,000 per rooftop solar installation for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)

Total Outlay

• ₹75,021 crore (to be implemented until FY 2026–27)

National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)

Context

• Shri Nitin Gupta, a retired IRS officer and former Chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), has been appointed as the new Chairperson of the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA).

Overview of NFRA

• Type: Independent regulatory body
• Ministry: Ministry of Corporate Affairs
• Date of Establishment: 1st October 2018
• Legal Basis: Constituted under Section 132(1) of the Companies Act, 2013
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Mandate and Objectives

• Regulate and enforce accounting and auditing standards.
• Recommend policies and frameworks to ensure strong corporate financial governance.
• Supervise and improve the quality of audit practices in India.
• Investigate professional misconduct by auditors of specified classes of companies.
• Serve public and investor interests by promoting transparent and reliable financial disclosures.

Entities Under NFRA Jurisdiction

• All listed companies on Indian and foreign stock exchanges.
• Unlisted public companies meeting any of the following thresholds:
• Paid-up capital of ₹500 crore or more
• Turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more
• Aggregate outstanding loans, deposits, or debentures of ₹500 crore or more
• Banks, insurance companies, power companies, and companies governed by special Acts.
• Foreign subsidiaries or associates of Indian companies contributing 20% or more to consolidated income or net worth.
• Any other entity referred by the Central Government in public interest.

Key Features

• Operates with statutory autonomy and has investigative powers.
• Can issue directives, debar auditors, and impose penalties.
• Aligns India’s accounting and audit practices with global standards like IFRS and ISA.
• Aims to improve corporate governance, investor confidence, and audit integrity.
• Strengthens regulatory oversight of statutory auditors and financial reporting systems.

• Significance

• Functions as a financial watchdog promoting discipline in corporate financial practices.
• Fills gaps left by self-regulatory bodies like ICAI.
• Enhances investor trust, particularly for large unlisted companies.

AI for India 2.0 Programme

Overview

Launched in 2023 on World Youth Skills Day, AI for India 2.0 is a national initiative designed to democratize access to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) education across India, especially targeting youth from non-English and rural backgrounds.

Key Features

• Free Online Training: Offers AI and ML courses at no cost.
• Multilingual Access: Courses available in 9 Indian languages including Hindi, Telugu, and Kannada.
• Target Audience:
• College students
• Recent graduates
• Early-career professionals
• Individuals from rural and non-English-speaking regions

Partnerships & Accreditation

• Joint initiative of:
• Skill India
• GUVI (Grab Ur Vernacular Imprint) – an ed-tech company incubated by IIT Madras and IIM Ahmedabad
• Recognized by:
• National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET)
• IIT Madras

Impact

• Empowers learners with expert-curated Python and AI content.
• Bridges the digital divide through vernacular tech learning platforms.
• Promotes inclusive skilling aligned with India’s digital growth goals.

Syros Island (Greece)

Background

A cruise ship carrying Israeli passengers recently diverted from Syros Island to Cyprus following local protests linked to the ongoing Gaza conflict.

Geographical and Cultural Significance

• Location: Part of the Cyclades island group in the Aegean Sea, around 144 km southeast of Athens.
• Area: 83.6 sq. km
• Elevation: Up to 442 metres
• Population (2021): ~21,124
• Major Towns: Ermoupoli (capital), Ano Syros, and Vari
• Capital of Cyclades and South Aegean region
• Notable for:
• Picturesque beaches and villages
• Annual cultural festivals
• Maritime trade and shipbuilding as key economic drivers

Henley Passport Index 2025

Context

• As per the Henley Passport Index 2025, India has climbed 8 positions, moving from 85th to 77th in the global passport ranking.

• About the Index
• What it Measures: Passport strength, determined by the number of countries a passport holder can visit without a pre-arranged visa.
• Published by: Henley & Partners, a global citizenship and residence consultancy.
• Data Source: Based on data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), supplemented by independent research.
• Total Scope: Evaluates 199 passports against 227 destinations.

Ranking Criteria

• Includes visa-free access, visa-on-arrival, and electronic travel authorizations.
• Reflects diplomatic strength and global mobility of passport holders.

2025 Global Highlights

• Top Performers:
• Singapore: Ranks 1st with access to 193 destinations.
• Japan & South Korea: Tied for 2nd, with access to 190 countries.
• EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, etc.): Occupy most of the top 5 spots.
• Rising Performers:
• UAE: Jumped from 42nd to 8th in a decade.
• China: Improved from 94th to 60th since 2015.
• Saudi Arabia: Gained 4 more destinations, now offering access to 91 countries.
• Lowest Rank:
• Afghanistan: Remains at the bottom with access to just 25 destinations.
• Declining Powers:
• USA: Dropped to 10th from 9th.
• UK: Slipped to 6th, down from 5th position.

India’s Performance

• Current Rank: 77th
• Visa-Free Access: 59 countries (e.g., Malaysia, Maldives, Thailand)
• Visa-on-Arrival: Available in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indonesia, Macau, etc.
• Historical Movement:
• Lowest Rank: 90th (in 2021)
• Highest Rank: 71st (in 2006)
• Reasons for Improvement:
• Strengthened bilateral relations
• Expanding economic influence
• Digitization of visa processes

India Skills Accelerator Initiative

Overview

A national initiative by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) in partnership with the World Economic Forum (WEF) to strengthen India’s workforce readiness.

Aim

To promote inclusive upskilling, reskilling, and lifelong learning, and to drive reform through public-private collaboration.

Key Focus Areas

1. Mindset Shift: Promote awareness about the importance of future-ready skills.
2. Collaborative Ecosystem: Facilitate knowledge exchange and coordination between government, industry, and academia.
3. Institutional Reform: Align policies and frameworks to support adaptive and responsive skilling systems.

Strategic Goals

• Enable agile career transitions
• Scale up training aligned with emerging sectors like AI, robotics, and clean energy
• Ensure the education system meets evolving industry demands

Long-Billed Bush Warbler

Recent Sighting

• First confirmed Indian sighting in 46 years recorded in Suru Valley, Ladakh by a team of birders.

• Species Profile
• Scientific Name: Locustella major
• IUCN Status: Near Threatened
• Distribution: Found in parts of China, India, Pakistan, and Tajikistan
• Habitat:
• Grassy slopes with bushes and weeds
• Alpine meadows and upland cultivation (2400–3600 meters)

Physical Characteristics

• Medium-sized with long tail and bill
• Plumage: Brownish-olive with fine streaks; whitish underparts
• Size: 15–17 cm
• Secretive nature; more likely to run than fly when disturbed
• Call: A soft clicking sound, not loud or melodic

Preah Vihear Temple: Heritage and Dispute

Location & History

• An ancient Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, located in Preah Vihear Province, northern Cambodia, on the Cambodia–Thailand border in the Dangrek Mountains.
• Built during the Khmer Empire by Kings Suryavarman I and II (11th–12th century).
• Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Architectural Highlights

• Constructed along an 800-metre-long axis with interconnected sanctuaries.
• Features five gopuras (entrance towers) linked by elevated walkways and staircases.
• Distinct multi-tiered platforms and a mix of stone and wooden roofs, some of which are partially in ruins.

The Territorial Dispute

• Thailand and Cambodia have long disputed ownership of the temple and the land around it.
• 1962: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) awarded the temple to Cambodia.
• 2008: Tensions reignited when Cambodia listed the temple as a World Heritage Site.
• 2011: Armed clashes killed at least 15 people.
• 2013: ICJ reaffirmed Cambodia''s sovereignty, including the disputed 4.6 sq.km. area — a decision still contested in Thailand.

Cambodia: Geopolitical Overview

Context

Tensions have reignited between Cambodia and Thailand over territorial disputes along their shared border.

Country Overview: Cambodia

Political Geography

• Location: Located in mainland Southeast Asia.
• Regional Bloc: Member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations).
• Land Borders: Shares boundaries with Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.
• Maritime Boundary: Lies along the Gulf of Thailand.

Physical Geography

• Major Rivers:
• Mekong River
• Tonle Sap River and Lake
• Mountain Ranges:
• Dangrek Mountains (northern border)
• Krâvanh (Cardamom Mountains)
• Dâmrei Mountains

Henley Passport Index 2025

Overview

The Henley Passport Index is a global ranking that evaluates the power of passports based on the number of destinations passport holders can visit without obtaining a visa in advance.

About the Index

• Compiled by: Henley & Partners
• Data Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA)
• Started in: 2006 (originally as Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index)
• Coverage: Ranks 199 passports against 227 destinations

• India’s Performance
• Rank in 2025: 77th
• Previous Rank (2024): 85th
• Improvement: Climbed 8 places in one year

Global Highlights

• Top Rank: Singapore (visa-free access to 193 destinations)
• Second Rank: Japan and South Korea (190 destinations)
• Third Rank: Seven EU countries (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain – each with access to 189 destinations)
• United Kingdom: Slipped to 6th place (186 destinations)
• United States: Dropped to 10th place (182 destinations)

Renewable Power Generation Costs (RPGC) Report – 2024

Released By

• International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

Key Findings

1. Record Capacity Additions

• Global renewable energy capacity additions in 2024 reached 582 GW.
• Solar Photovoltaics (PV): 452.1 GW (77.8% of total)
• Wind Energy: 114.3 GW

2. Cost Competitiveness

• Renewables are more cost-effective than fossil fuel-based energy alternatives.
• Wind power remains the most affordable source of electricity generation.

3. Economic Benefits

• Renewable energy generation helped avoid USD 467 billion in fossil fuel-related expenses in 2024.

4. Short-Term Challenges

• Geopolitical instability
• Supply chain disruptions
• Trade-related obstacles and protectionist policies

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

• Context

• The Madras High Court recently ruled that upon receiving a complaint indicating a cognizable offence under this Act, the police must immediately register an FIR—no preliminary inquiry is required.

• About the Act
• Enacted to: Prevent atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) by non-SC/ST individuals.
• Administered by: State Governments/UT Administrations with central assistance.
• Empowered under: The Central Government can frame rules for effective implementation.
• Key Provisions

Offences Covered

• Applies only to crimes committed by non-SC/STs against SCs/STs.
• Includes 37 listed offences targeting social, economic, and psychological humiliation of SCs/STs.
• Covers denial of rights, abuse of the legal system, and social exclusion.

Investigation Protocol

• All offences under the Act are cognizable.
• Only officers not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) can investigate.
• Investigations must be completed within 30 days, with reports sent directly to the State Police Director.

Special Courts

• Dedicated courts are to be established for speedy trials.
• State Governments, in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, must set up Special Sessions Courts.
• Cases are to be heard on a day-to-day basis.
• Special Public Prosecutors with at least 7 years of experience are appointed for these courts.

Punishments

• Minimum punishment: 6 months imprisonment; maximum: life imprisonment or death in severe cases.
• Section 4: Public servants who neglect duties under this Act can be imprisoned for up to 6 months.

Victim Relief

• As per the Rules of 1995, District Magistrates or Executive Magistrates must provide immediate relief to victims and their families.
• Relief includes cash or kind support, and essentials like food, shelter, clothing, medical aid, and transportation.

UAV-Launched Precision Guided Missile (ULPGM)-V3

Context

• India has successfully conducted flight trials of the ULPGM-V3 at the NOAR test range in Kurnool, marking a major development in its indigenous drone strike capabilities.

• About ULPGM-V3
• Type: Air-to-surface missile launched from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• Purpose: Designed to accurately engage fixed and moving targets with minimal collateral damage
• Developed by:
• Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
• In collaboration with Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), Adani, MSMEs, and startups under the Make in India initiative
• Variants

• ULPGM-V1: Initial prototype
• ULPGM-V2: Production-ready standard version
• ULPGM-V3 (ULM-ER): Extended-range and enhanced-capability variant

Key Features of ULPGM-V3

• Precision Targeting:
• Uses imaging infrared (IR) seekers
• Effective in both day and night operations
• Range:
• Up to 4 km in daylight
• Up to 2.5 km at night
• Powered by dual-thrust solid propulsion
• Advanced Control:
• Equipped with two-way datalink for real-time updates and improved accuracy
• Warhead Options:
• Supports multiple warhead types:
• Anti-tank
• Bunker-busting
• Soft-target engagement
• Drone Compatibility:
• Lightweight (12.5 kg) and integrable with UAVs like Rustom and TAPAS-BH

Strategic Significance

• Enhances India''s strategic autonomy in UAV-based warfare, vital for:
• Border security
• Counter-terrorism operations
• Boosts Defence Exports under the Defence Export Policy 2020
• Validates Indigenous Capability: Showcases India''s ability to design, test, and deploy next-gen autonomous weapon systems

AI-Driven Dynamic Targeting Technology

Context

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has successfully tested Dynamic Targeting, an artificial intelligence-based system that enables Earth observation satellites to autonomously bypass cloud cover and focus on high-priority scientific targets.

Overview of Dynamic Targeting Technology

What is it?

• Dynamic Targeting is a real-time AI-enabled onboard software that empowers satellites to independently detect, analyze, and respond to Earth-surface phenomena without human intervention.

Developed By

• Created by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in collaboration with:
• Open Cosmos
• Ubotica
• Under the aegis of NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office.

Purpose and Objectives

• To maximize the scientific value of satellite-collected data by autonomously prioritizing observation zones such as:
• Clear-sky areas
• Wildfires
• Storm systems
• Volcanic activity
• Reduces dependency on ground-based commands and enhances mission responsiveness.

Working Mechanism

1. Lookahead Sensor Strategy

• The satellite tilts forward mid-orbit to scan up to 500 km ahead, identifying upcoming regions for analysis.

2. AI-Powered Cloud Detection

• Utilizes onboard AI processors to distinguish cloud-covered vs clear-sky regions using optical and near-infrared imagery.

3. Decision-Making in Under 90 Seconds

• The AI system rapidly assesses conditions and adjusts the imaging plan autonomously, avoiding cloud-obstructed zones.

4. Pivot and Capture

• After analysis, the system returns to a nadir (straight-down) view and initiates image capture within 60–90 seconds, ensuring precision targeting.

Key Features

• Fully Autonomous Functioning: Operates independently in space without real-time instructions from Earth.
• AI Edge Computing: Uses neural networks directly onboard, eliminating latency from ground processing.
• Compact & Scalable Design: Successfully tested on CubeSat-class satellites, enabling deployment across a range of satellite sizes.
• Optimized Imaging Efficiency: Reduces data loss due to cloud coverage, a significant issue in Earth observation.
• Fleet-Wide Integration: Can be expanded to satellite constellations, with potential applications in planetary observation missions.

Strategic Importance

• Climate Event Monitoring: Captures fleeting phenomena such as wildfires, storms, and ice events more effectively.
• Operational Optimization: Reduces unnecessary image storage and transmission, freeing up satellite bandwidth and onboard storage.
• Disaster Response Capabilities: Enables real-time autonomous detection of volcanoes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters, enhancing early warning systems and disaster preparedness.

Bambusa tulda: Eco-Friendly Innovation in Automobiles

Context

Researchers at IIT Guwahati have developed a sustainable bamboo-based composite for use in the automobile sector using Bambusa tulda and biodegradable polymers.

About Bambusa tulda

• Type: A fast-growing clump-forming bamboo species.
• Habitat: Grows in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand; thrives in moist lowlands up to 1500m elevation.
• Flowering Pattern: Monocarpic—blooms once every 25–40 years and then dies.

• Local Names
• Jati Bahn (Assam)
• Mritinga (Tripura)
• Also known as spineless Indian bamboo

Uses

• Edible Shoots: Slightly bitter, commonly pickled.
• Medicinal Uses: Secretion used as a tonic and aphrodisiac.
• Industrial: Used in agarbatti (incense) sticks, paper, furniture, and handicrafts.

Traditional Indian Art Forms

Context

Artists from Sohrai, Pattachitra, and Patua traditions recently visited the President of India as part of Kala Utsav 2025’s ‘Artists in Residence Programme’ hosted at Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Details of the Art Forms

• Sohrai Art
• Origin: Jharkhand
• Cultural Link: Associated with the Sohrai harvest festival.
• Practiced by: Sadan, Oraon, Munda, and Santal tribal communities.
• Style: Wall paintings using natural pigments to depict animals, plants, and ritual symbols.
• Pattachitra
• Origin: Odisha
• Meaning: Derived from Sanskrit words ‘patta’ (cloth) and ‘chitra’ (painting).
• Features: Intricate scroll paintings on cloth, depicting mythological and religious themes, especially related to Lord Jagannath.
• Patua Art
• Origin: West Bengal
• Form: Folk scroll paintings, traditionally painted on pati or patta (cloth).
• Unique Trait: Often includes narrated storytelling, where the artist sings the story as they unroll the scroll.

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)

Context

The Supreme Court of India ruled that under the India–UAE DTAA, even temporary or shared use of premises qualifies as a Permanent Establishment, not just exclusive possession.

About DTAA

• Definition: A bilateral agreement between two or more countries to prevent the same income from being taxed twice.
• Purpose:
• To eliminate double taxation for NRIs, PIOs, and OCIs.
• Facilitates smooth international business and investment.
• India’s Reach: India has signed 94 DTAAs with countries like Australia, Austria, Albania, Armenia, and others.

Environmental Flow (E-Flow)

Context

The Union Jal Shakti Minister recently chaired a review meeting on the environmental flow of the Ganga River and its tributaries.

What is Environmental Flow?

• Definition: The required quantity, timing, and quality of water flow needed to sustain freshwater ecosystems and the communities dependent on them.

Significance

• Preserves the ecological health of rivers and their estuaries.
• Counters negative effects of dams, pollution, and encroachments on river systems.
• E-flow policy helps restore natural balance in regulated rivers like the Ganga.

Maritime Development Fund (MDF)

Context

India proposed the Maritime Development Fund during the Maritime Financing Summit 2025 held in New Delhi.

About MDF

• A blended finance mechanism aimed at:
• Lowering capital costs for maritime infrastructure.
• Attracting long-term investments into shipyards, coastal ports, and inland waterways.

Related Developments

• Ports'' turnaround time in India reduced to under 1 day.
• India has permitted 100% FDI in shipping, boosting private participation.

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) – NavIC

Context

ISRO is preparing to launch three next-generation NavIC satellites to improve India’s regional positioning capabilities.

About IRNSS (NavIC)

• Full Form: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
• Also Known As: NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)
• Developed By: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Objectives

• To provide accurate position data within India and up to 1500 km beyond its borders.
• Ensures sovereign satellite navigation capability independent of foreign systems.

Types of Services

• Standard Positioning Service (SPS): Open to general public.
• Restricted Service (RS): Encrypted service available only to authorized users, including the military.