BRICS Summit 2025: Advancing Global South Cooperation for Inclusive and Sustainable Governance

Introduction

The 17th BRICS Summit convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 6–7 July 2025, under the overarching theme, "Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance." The Summit culminated in the adoption of the Rio de Janeiro Declaration, reflecting a significant strategic reorientation toward greater inclusivity, expanded membership, and enhanced South-South cooperation.

Reaffirmation of the BRICS Vision and Core Principles

The Summit underscored the enduring BRICS spirit, rooted in mutual respect, sovereign equality, democratic values, and inclusiveness. Member states recommitted to cooperation under the established tripartite framework encompassing:

1. Political and Security Cooperation
2. Economic and Financial Collaboration
3. Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges

Furthermore, BRICS reiterated its commitment to peaceful coexistence, inclusive development, and reform of global governance institutions to better reflect the interests of emerging and developing economies.

Expansion of Membership and Strategic Partnerships

A notable outcome of the 2025 Summit was the expansion of BRICS membership, with Indonesia formally joining as a full member. In addition, 11 new partner countries were welcomed: Belarus, Bolivia, Kazakhstan, Cuba, Nigeria, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Uganda, and Uzbekistan. This expansion is emblematic of an evolving multipolar international order and reinforces solidarity among Global South nations.

Key Initiatives and Declarations

The Summit launched several pivotal initiatives:

• BRICS Leaders’ Framework Declaration on Climate Finance
• Statement on the Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• BRICS Partnership for the Elimination of Socially Determined Diseases

These initiatives underscore BRICS’ commitment to inclusive technological innovation, equitable health systems, and climate action.

Strategic Priorities and Thematic Commitments

1. Multilateralism and Global Governance Reform

The Rio de Janeiro Declaration reaffirmed the necessity for equitable, accountable, and effective multilateralism. BRICS members endorsed the United Nations’ Pact for the Future, including the Global Digital Compact and the Declaration on Future Generations, advocating for shared responsibility and equitable representation in global institutions.

2. Peace, Security, and Development

Concerns were expressed over increasing global military expenditures and persistent regional conflicts. BRICS rejected narratives linking climate change to security threats, instead advocating for development-oriented solutions addressing poverty, food insecurity, and environmental crises.

3. Economic, Trade, and Financial Cooperation

The Summit reviewed progress under the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership 2025 and welcomed the development of the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership 2030. Core areas of focus include the digital economy, trade and investment facilitation, financial integration, and sustainable development. Member states reaffirmed support for a transparent, rules-based multilateral trading system.

4. Climate Action and Sustainability

BRICS reaffirmed its commitment to the Paris Agreement and the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), particularly Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) and recognition of national circumstances. Members pledged full support for COP-30 in Brazil (Belem) and endorsed India’s bid to host COP-33 in 2028.

5. Social and Human Development

The Summit emphasized inclusive development through youth empowerment, gender equity, disability inclusion, urbanization management, and migration governance. Demographic transitions were acknowledged as both developmental challenges and opportunities.

India’s Role and Strategic Gains

India played a pivotal role in shaping the BRICS 2025 agenda. Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled India’s vision for the 2026 BRICS Presidency under the acronym BRICS: Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability, aligning with the G20 theme of “People-centricity and Humanity First.”

India emerged as a key proponent on issues such as:

• De-dollarization
• Climate finance
• Digital governance
• Institutional reform

Although a unified BRICS currency was ruled out, India actively participated in discussions around BRICS Pay and national currency settlement frameworks. Furthermore, the New Development Bank launched the BRICS Multilateral Guarantee (BMG) mechanism to mobilize private investment in infrastructure and climate-related projects.

India–China Bilateral Engagement

A high-level bilateral dialogue between Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping resulted in agreements to:

• De-escalate tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
• Resume border patrol operations

These developments could potentially restore investor confidence, particularly in strategic sectors such as electronics and manufacturing.

Geopolitical Tensions and U.S. Response

BRICS'' growing geopolitical relevance, now representing 45% of the global population and contributing 35% to global GDP, has elicited critical responses from the United States.

Former President Donald Trump issued tariff threats:

• A 10% tariff on nations aligning with what he termed “anti-American policies” of BRICS.
• A 100% tariff on BRICS members reducing dollar usage in international trade.

India adopted a calibrated approach. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasized that India’s push for alternative trade settlement mechanisms is motivated by pragmatic considerations rather than anti-dollar sentiment. Notably, India resisted using the Chinese yuan for Russian oil imports, signaling reluctance to accept Chinese monetary dominance within BRICS.

Conclusion

The BRICS Summit 2025 represents a pivotal moment in the evolution of South-led multilateralism. The Summit reinforced BRICS'' positioning as a credible alternative to traditional Western-dominated governance institutions and illustrated the bloc’s expanding influence in global decision-making.

India’s assertive engagement and forthcoming 2026 Presidency underscore its growing leadership within the Global South. India’s nuanced stance on financial innovation within BRICS—balancing strategic autonomy, economic risk mitigation, and the pursuit of a multipolar order—highlights its pragmatic diplomacy and emerging global stature.

Kashmir’s Unprecedented Heatwave: Analyzing Climatic Shifts and Environmental Implications

Introduction

On July 5, 2025, the Kashmir Valley experienced its highest recorded daytime temperature in over seven decades, with Pahalgam registering its hottest day ever. This extreme event follows the warmest June in the region in nearly 50 years, signaling a significant and concerning deviation from Kashmir’s historical climate patterns.

Climatic Profile of the Kashmir Valley

Kashmir traditionally exhibits a temperate climate, shaped by four distinct seasons:

• Spring (March–May) and Autumn (September–November) are typically mild and conducive to agriculture and tourism.
• Winter (December–February) is characterized by severe cold, frequent snowfall, and sub-zero temperatures, especially in the high-altitude regions.
• Summer (June–August), in contrast to much of India, remains relatively moderate due to the frequent influence of western disturbances that bring periodic rainfall, providing natural atmospheric cooling.

This equilibrium, however, appears to be deteriorating in the face of rising heat and declining precipitation.

Rising Heat and Climatic Disruptions

Recent climatic data point to a pronounced warming trend in the Valley:

• June 2025 was the hottest in nearly half a century, with average temperatures approximately 3°C above normal.
• On July 5, Srinagar recorded 37.4°C, the highest July temperature in over 70 years and the third-highest ever in the city’s history.

Unlike previous years where heat spikes were infrequent and short-lived, 2024 and 2025 have witnessed persistent elevation in both maximum and minimum temperatures, suggesting a systemic climatic alteration rather than a temporary anomaly.

Underlying Causes of Rising Temperatures in Kashmir

The persistent increase in temperatures across the Kashmir Valley can be attributed to a combination of global and regional factors:

1. Global Climate Change: Anthropogenic global warming continues to elevate baseline temperatures, with local manifestations becoming more severe.
2. Disrupted Weather Patterns: Historically, temperatures exceeding 35°C in the Valley would be followed by rainfall, offering relief. However, extended dry spells now prevent this cooling, intensifying heat stress.
3. Reduced Snowfall and Accelerated Melt:
• There has been a significant decline in winter snowfall, with snow cover retreating earlier in the year.
• By March, most snow has melted, leaving mountain slopes bare, thereby reducing natural albedo-driven cooling and decreasing water vapor in the atmosphere.
4. Urban Heat Islands (UHIs):
• Urbanization in cities like Srinagar has exacerbated the UHI effect, wherein built-up areas retain and radiate more heat than surrounding rural regions.
• The loss of vegetation and water bodies, combined with increased concretisation, vehicular emissions, and reduced airflow, has intensified local warming.

Urban Heat Islands: Amplifying the Heat in Srinagar

Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) represent localized zones of elevated temperature caused by dense infrastructure, limited vegetation, and anthropogenic heat emissions. In Srinagar:

• Rapid urban expansion has replaced natural landscapes with heat-retaining surfaces such as concrete and asphalt.
• Green cover and water bodies, which naturally moderate temperature, have declined drastically.
• Increased vehicular traffic and industrial activity contribute further to ambient heat levels.

Consequently, urban areas experience disproportionately higher temperatures compared to rural zones, exacerbating the public health and ecological impacts of climate change.

Conclusion

The record-breaking temperatures in Kashmir underscore a critical shift in the region’s climatic dynamics. What was once considered a naturally moderated summer climate is now giving way to prolonged heat events, disrupted precipitation cycles, and intensified urban warming. The convergence of global climate change, regional environmental degradation, and urbanization-induced heat amplification demands urgent policy interventions focused on climate adaptation, urban planning, ecological restoration, and emission reduction.

Changing Patterns of Riverine Floods in India: Insights from IIT Delhi and IIT Roorkee Study (1970–2010)

Context

A joint study conducted by IIT Delhi and IIT Roorkee, analysing data from over 170 river monitoring stations across India, reveals significant spatial and temporal shifts in flood magnitude, timing, and intensity between 1970 and 2010. The findings underscore the influence of climatic variability and anthropogenic factors on India’s evolving hydrological regime.

Key Findings

1. Decline in Flood Magnitude

• Approximately 74% of monitored stations recorded a decrease in flood magnitude, while 26% showed an increase.
• Larger catchments exhibited a more prominent decline, suggesting widespread hydrological alterations.

Regional Trends:

• Western and Central Ganga Basin:
• Witnessed a 17% per decade decline in monsoonal flood magnitudes.
• Attributed to reduced monsoon precipitation and soil moisture levels.
• Narmada Basin:
• Experienced a consistent decline in flood magnitude, largely due to dam construction and flow regulation.
• Marathwada Region:
• Showed a reduction in river flow by 8% during monsoon and 31% in the pre-monsoon season, reflecting broader water stress patterns.

2. Increase in Pre-Monsoon Flood Intensity

• The Malabar Coast (Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu) has recorded an 8% per decade increase in pre-monsoon flood intensity.
• Rivers such as Chaliyar, Periyar, and Bharathapuzha are particularly affected.
• This trend correlates with a rise in pre-monsoon rainfall, likely driven by localised climate change dynamics.

3. Shifts in Flood Timing

• Upper Ganga Basin: Tendency toward delayed flooding during the monsoon.
• Central India: Observes earlier onset of floods, likely due to shifting precipitation patterns.
• Southern India: Generally experiences later flooding, suggesting seasonal rearrangement of rainfall.

Implications for Water Management and Infrastructure

1. Reservoir Operations and Water Security

• Declining flood magnitudes may translate into lower reservoir inflows, affecting irrigation, potable water supply, and hydropower generation.
• Strategic recalibration of reservoir operation protocols is necessary to optimise storage and release.

2. Flood Risk Management and Adaptation

• The shift toward pre-monsoon and off-season floods necessitates an overhaul of flood management frameworks, with an emphasis on:
• Early warning systems
• Green buffers and riparian restoration
• Climate-resilient infrastructure and urban planning
• Real-time river basin monitoring

Conclusion

The study provides compelling evidence that India’s riverine flood patterns are undergoing complex transformations in response to both natural and human-induced changes. These findings call for adaptive, region-specific water management policies that integrate climate resilience, ecological conservation, and technological innovation. As flood regimes shift, India must proactively align its hydrological governance with the emerging realities of a warming and increasingly erratic climate system.

Maternal Mortality in India: Trends, Challenges, and the Way Forward

Introduction

India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has shown a commendable decline, currently standing at 93 per 100,000 live births (SRS, 2019–21). While this progress is indicative of improved maternal healthcare systems, significant regional disparities and systemic challenges persist—particularly in emergency obstetric care and healthcare access in underserved regions.

Understanding Maternal Mortality

• Definition: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a maternal death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from causes related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.
• Measurement:
  • India: 93
  • Kerala: Lowest MMR at 20
  • Assam: Highest MMR at 167
• The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is calculated as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
• Based on SRS data (2019–21):
• Southern states consistently outperform the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, which include Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand.

Significance of Reducing Maternal Mortality

1. Public Health Indicator: MMR serves as a key barometer of health system quality, gender equity, and the effectiveness of governance.
2. Preventable Tragedy: The majority of maternal deaths are preventable through timely interventions and access to essential obstetric care.
3. Global Commitments: Under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.1, India is committed to reducing MMR to below 70 by 2030—a goal requiring accelerated and targeted efforts.

Key Challenges

1. Three Delays Model (Deborah Maine Framework):
• Delay in seeking care: Often due to low awareness, gender norms, and poor health literacy.
• Delay in reaching care: Inadequate transport, geographic isolation, and lack of referral pathways.
• Delay in receiving care: Infrastructure deficits, shortage of specialists, non-functional operation theatres, and lack of blood supplies.
2. Infrastructure and Human Resource Deficiencies:
• Of the 5,491 Community Health Centres (CHCs), only 2,856 function as First Referral Units (FRUs).
• Over 66% of sanctioned specialist posts remain vacant, limiting access to critical care during obstetric emergencies.
3. Medical Causes of Maternal Mortality:
• Common direct causes include postpartum haemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obstructed labour, puerperal sepsis, and unsafe abortions.
4. Underlying Health Risks:
• Anaemia, malnutrition, and comorbidities such as malaria, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections are widespread, particularly in EAG states, compounding maternal health risks.

Government Initiatives

1. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Provides financial incentives to encourage institutional deliveries and incentivises Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs).
2. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK): Offers free maternal healthcare, including transport, diagnostics, and treatment.
3. Operationalising FRUs: The target is to establish at least four FRUs per district, each equipped with obstetricians, anaesthetists, and blood storage units.
4. Maternal Death Reviews (MDRs): Mandated under the National Health Mission (NHM) to audit all maternal deaths and facilitate corrective action.
5. Kerala’s Confidential Review Model: Demonstrates effective MMR reduction through targeted facility-based improvements (e.g., uterine tamponade kits, embolism response teams), clinical audits, and provider capacity building.

Strategic Recommendations

1. Targeted Investment in EAG States:
• Prioritise recruitment of obstetric specialists and infrastructure upgrades in high-burden districts.
• Strengthen district hospitals as referral centres for complicated deliveries.
2. Strengthening Emergency Obstetric Care:
• Ensure 24×7 functional blood banks, skilled obstetric teams, and emergency transport systems in rural and tribal areas.
3. Empowering Community Health Workers:
• Scale up ASHA–ANM collaboration for maternal tracking, birth preparedness counselling, and early risk identification.
4. Comprehensive Pre- and Post-natal Care:
• Institutionalise early antenatal registration, universal iron-folic acid supplementation, and mandatory risk screening for all pregnant women.
5. Replicating Best Practices:
• States such as Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand should adopt Kerala’s confidential review mechanism and quality assurance models for reducing preventable maternal deaths.

Conclusion

Maternal mortality in India remains a largely preventable public health issue. The path to reducing MMR requires a dual approach: robust community engagement at the grassroots level and a responsive, well-equipped health system at the facility level. The ultimate objective must go beyond promoting institutional delivery to ensuring safe motherhood, with dignity, timely care, and equitable access for every woman—regardless of geography or socio-economic status.

District SDG Index 2023–24 for the North East Region: Advancing Localisation of the Global Goals

Context and Overview

In a significant step towards localising the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), NITI Aayog, in collaboration with the Ministry of Development of the North Eastern Region (MDoNER), released the District SDG Index 2023–24 for the North Eastern Region (NER). The index assesses district-level progress across all 120 districts in the region using 75 indicators aligned with the SDG framework.

• Top Performer: Hnahthial district (Mizoram) ranked as the best-performing district.
• Front Runner States: All districts in Mizoram, Sikkim, and Tripura achieved "Front Runner" status, reflecting strong progress towards multiple SDG targets.

This index marks a pivotal moment in institutionalising bottom-up approaches to sustainable development and reinforces the role of local governance in achieving global goals.

Significance of SDG Localisation

1. Local Jurisdictions as Primary Sites of Delivery: State governments in the NER are integrating SDG goals into State Vision Documents and implementation strategies. For example, Mizoram has developed robust Village Level Monitoring Committees to track SDG performance at the grassroots level.
2. Bottom-Up Planning: Subnational governments serve as crucial intermediaries between the central government and local communities. They facilitate multistakeholder engagement, including civil society, academia, and private sector actors, ensuring context-sensitive development.
3. Alignment of State Budgets with SDGs: Local authorities are increasingly mobilising domestic resources by aligning budgetary allocations and development planning with SDG priorities.
4. Addressing Regional Disparities: District-level SDG assessments help identify intra- and inter-district disparities, allowing targeted interventions to bring lagging areas in line with national development benchmarks.

Challenges in Localising SDGs

1. Fiscal Constraints: Local bodies often face budgetary pressures, prioritising basic services like health, education, and sanitation, making it challenging to fund long-term sustainability initiatives.
2. Interlinkages and Trade-offs: Local governments may encounter difficulties in balancing the often intersecting and competing objectives of economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.
3. Data Gaps and Capacity Limitations: Reliable, disaggregated, and real-time data is frequently unavailable at the district and village levels, limiting evidence-based policymaking and hindering effective SDG monitoring.

Strategic Pathways for Strengthening SDG Localisation

• Decentralised Governance: Strengthening the institutional capacities of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to plan, execute, and monitor SDG-aligned programs.
• Innovative Financing Mechanisms: Promoting blended finance, impact bonds, and public-private partnerships tailored to local socio-economic conditions.
• Context-Specific Strategies: Encouraging flexibility in SDG planning to account for cultural, ecological, and economic diversity across districts.

India’s National Framework for SDG Localisation

India has adopted a cooperative and competitive federalism model to implement Agenda 2030:

• NITI Aayog’s Role:
• Formulation of the SDG India Index,
• State-specific Vision Documents,
• Coordination with central ministries and state governments.
• Flagship Initiatives and Schemes:
• Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) for performance-based rural governance.
• Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) for PRI capacity-building.
• Housing and social protection schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).
• State-level programmes like Chief Minister’s Samagra Gramya Unnayan Yojana (Assam) support integrated rural development.

Conclusion

The District SDG Index 2023–24 for the North East Region represents a vital shift towards data-driven, decentralised development planning. By empowering local institutions, enhancing fiscal capacity, and ensuring inclusive stakeholder engagement, India is making tangible progress towards achieving the SDGs. However, overcoming structural constraints and enabling sustained capacity-building at the local level remain essential to realising the “Leave No One Behind” principle of the 2030 Agenda.

Harnessing Industry 4.0 Technologies to Transform Food Processing in India: Opportunities and Challenges

Context

According to a joint report by ASSOCHAM and PwC, the global food processing market is projected to reach USD 10 trillion by 2025. However, despite this significant market size, persistent issues such as food insecurity, post-harvest losses, and limited processing infrastructure continue to hinder sectoral efficiency and sustainability.

Challenges in the Food Processing Sector

1. Food Wastage and Food-borne Illnesses
• Annual losses due to food wastage and food-borne diseases are estimated at USD 936 billion and USD 110 billion, respectively.
• These issues result from inadequate storage, transportation, and quality control mechanisms.
2. Supply Chain Inefficiencies
• India alone incurs post-harvest losses worth INR 1.53 trillion annually, reflecting inefficiencies in logistics, cold chain infrastructure, and market access.
3. High Operational and Environmental Costs
• The sector is resource-intensive, requiring substantial energy and water inputs, raising concerns about environmental sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

Potential of Industry 4.0 Technologies

Industry 4.0, or the fourth industrial revolution, introduces advanced technologies such as AI, ML, blockchain, IoT, and automation, which offer transformative potential in food processing:

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
• Enable non-invasive quality inspections, detect contaminants, and optimise processing conditions.
• Facilitate automation of repetitive tasks like packaging and labelling, improving productivity and reducing labour costs.
2. Smart Foods and Evolving Consumer Trends
• Innovation in food formulation and processing techniques enhances shelf life and nutritional value.
• Growing demand for functional and fortified foods, aligned with health-conscious consumer behaviour.
3. Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency
• Provides real-time traceability and accountability throughout the supply chain, reducing fraud and enhancing food safety.
• Ensures data integrity across stakeholders—from farm to fork.
4. Meeting Future Population Demands
• The global population is projected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050 (UN), necessitating technological interventions to scale food production and reduce waste.

Constraints to Technological Adoption

Despite its promise, the adoption of Industry 4.0 in food processing faces regulatory, operational, and institutional challenges:

• Regulatory Uncertainty: The implementation of frameworks such as the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 is crucial to ensure responsible data handling in AI-enabled systems.
• Workforce and Skills Gap: There is a pressing need to develop a digitally skilled workforce capable of operating advanced technologies.
• Infrastructure and Investment Barriers: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face challenges in accessing capital and upgrading legacy systems.

Food Processing Sector in India: Current Landscape

• Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR): The sector recorded an AAGR of approximately 5.35% over the eight years leading up to 2022–23.
• Export Performance: In 2023–24, processed food accounted for 23.4% of India’s total agri-food exports, underscoring its importance in the export basket.
• Policy Support:
• PM Kisan Sampada Yojana: Aims to create modern infrastructure and boost value addition.
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for the food processing industry: Encourages large-scale investments and technology adoption.

Conclusion and Policy Implications

The integration of Industry 4.0 technologies into the food processing sector offers a pathway to reduce food loss, enhance operational efficiency, and meet future nutritional demands sustainably. However, to unlock its full potential, India must:

• Strengthen regulatory frameworks for digital innovation,
• Promote capacity-building and skills development,
• Facilitate targeted investments through public-private partnerships.

A multi-pronged strategy that addresses technological, human capital, and infrastructural gaps will be critical in ensuring that food processing becomes a pillar of sustainable agri-food systems in the 21st century.

Sheesh Mahal: Restoration and Historical Significance

Overview:
Sheesh Mahal, a Mughal-era palace situated within Shalimar Bagh, North Delhi, has recently been restored and inaugurated by the Union Minister for Culture and Tourism.

Historical Background:

• Built in 1653 by Izz-un-Nisha Begum, the wife of Emperor Shah Jahan.
• Constructed as a tribute to, and replica of, Kashmir’s Shalimar Bagh.
• Designed as a royal garden retreat, offering a peaceful escape from the busy city of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi).

Architectural Features:

• Constructed using bricks and red sandstone.
• Features entry gates on both east and west sides.
• The palace includes an archway flanked by a three-arched corridor (dalan) on each side.
• Contains two well-preserved chambers adorned with intricate mirror work and paintings inspired by Kangra and Rajasthani styles.
• The artwork depicts poetic scenes related to renowned poets Keshav, Surdas, and Bihari.

Historical Importance:

• Served as the site for Aurangzeb’s imperial coronation in 1658.
• Declared a monument of national importance in 1983 and has since been maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
• National monuments commemorate important aspects of a country’s heritage, including its founding, independence, significant wars, or notable historical figures.

Tiruchendur Subramanya Swamy Temple

Recent Event:
After a hiatus of 16 years, thousands of devotees recently gathered to witness the grand consecration ceremony of the Subramanya Swamy Temple in Tiruchendur.

About the Temple:

• The temple is dedicated to Lord Murugan, the son of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, a revered deity in Hinduism.
• Situated in Tiruchendur, within the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, it holds a significant place among the six sacred abodes (Arupadai Veedu) of Lord Murugan.
• Uniquely, it is the only one among the six that is located along the seashore; the other five are positioned atop hills or mountains.
• Overlooking the Bay of Bengal, the temple is continuously kissed by the waves of the Gulf of Mannar, offering a scenic and spiritual setting.

Architectural Significance:

• With a history spanning over 2,000 years, the temple stands as a magnificent example of Tamil architecture.
• Constructed primarily from red sandstone, it provides a breathtaking panoramic view of the sea.
• The temple’s Raja Gopuram (main tower) is situated on the western side, which is unusual as most temples have their Raja Gopuram on the eastern side. This positioning is due to the close proximity of the sea on the eastern boundary.
• The Raja Gopuram is a nine-tiered structure rising to a height of 138 feet.
• Atop the Gopuram, nine Kalasams (sacred copper pots) symbolize the nine stories of the tower.
• The sanctum sanctorum houses Lord Subramanyam’s idol in a standing posture, serving as the focal point for worship.

Additional Features:

• The temple complex includes expansive mandapams (large halls) and long streets that facilitate pilgrim movement.
• It showcases intricately carved pillars and hosts several smaller shrines within its precincts, adding to its architectural grandeur and spiritual ambiance.

Barilius imphalensis: New Freshwater Fish Species Discovered in Manipur

Discovery:
A new species of freshwater fish, named Barilius imphalensis, has been identified in the Imphal River of Manipur.

Key Details:

• Locally known as “Ngawa” in the Meitei language.
• Belongs to the Danionidae family, subfamily Chedrinae, commonly known as danionid fishes, which are known for their bright patterns and ecological role.
• Endemic to the Imphal River, this species shows significant differences from related fish found elsewhere in India and Southeast Asia.

Habitat:

• Inhabits clear, shallow river waters typically 3 to 5 feet deep.
• Prefers riverbeds made up of gravel and cobbles.
• The riverbanks where it lives are lined with dense vegetation, providing a suitable ecological niche.

Helgoland: Cradle of Quantum Theory

Location:
Helgoland is a small island made up of red-sandstone cliffs situated in the German Bay (Deutsche Bucht) of the North Sea. Although it spans less than one square kilometre, it historically served as a naval fortress.

Scientific Importance:
Today, Helgoland is recognized by physicists as the origin place of quantum theory.

• In June 1925, Werner Heisenberg, then 23 years old and suffering from hay fever in Göttingen, traveled to Helgoland to seek relief.
• During his stay, he abandoned the classical notion that electrons revolve around an atom’s nucleus. Instead, he focused exclusively on experimental evidence — the frequencies and intensities of light absorbed or emitted by atoms.
• To organize this data, he arranged it into grids called matrices.
• Heisenberg found that the multiplication of these matrices was non-commutative, meaning the order of multiplication mattered: position times momentum did not equal momentum times position.
• This crucial discovery led to the formulation of equations that perfectly matched the hydrogen atom’s spectral lines, marking the completion of the first version of quantum mechanics, later known as matrix mechanics.

Defence Accounts Department (DAD): Supporting Defence Financial Management

Overview:
The Defence Accounts Department (DAD) operates under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence and recently received emphasis from the Defence Minister for its role in improving the Armed Forces’ operational readiness and financial flexibility.

Functions:

• The department is led by the Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA).
• Its responsibilities broadly include auditing, providing financial advice, making payments, and maintaining accounts for all expenses related to the Armed Forces.
• This covers bills for supplies and services, construction and repairs, pay and allowances, pensions of defence personnel and civilians, as well as auditing cash and stores for all Ministry of Defence entities.
• DAD has a vast operational footprint, with 1,110 offices catering to the Army, Navy, Air Force, and other organizations such as Defence Ordnance Factories (41), DRDO Laboratories/Projects (50), Coast Guard, DGQA, DGBR, DGNCC, DG Defence Estates, and the Canteen Stores Department (CSD).
• As the principal accounting authority for the Ministry of Defence, CGDA supplies information necessary for Appropriation Accounts and prepares Annual Consolidated Accounts for Defence Services Receipts and Charges.
• It also acts as the Principal Accounts Officer for the Ministry’s Civil Estimates and prepares annual accounts for the Ordnance Factory Board, Military Farms, Canteen Stores Department, and Works Expenditure.
• Furthermore, the CGDA submits the Annual Audit Certificate of Defence Services to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, which is subsequently presented to Parliament.
• The department has recently taken on the responsibility of auditing offset claims.

History:

• The Defence Accounts Department is among the oldest departments under the Government of India, tracing its roots to Military Pay Masters of the East India Company.
• The first Pay Master was appointed in January 1750 to manage payments at Fort Williams, Calcutta, with field payments handled by Commissaries.
• By 1776, a Commissary General was appointed to oversee accounts.
• The role was renamed Military Auditor General in 1788, who supervised all military financial disbursements.
• Post-1858, under British Crown rule, Military Accountants General operated in the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Presidencies.
• In April 1864, the office of Accountant General, Military Department, was established and recognized as the head of Military Accounts in 1865.
• The department was renamed Defence Accounts Department on 1 October 1951, with its head titled Controller General of Defence Accounts.
• Since August 1983, with the introduction of the Integrated Financial Advisor scheme, the department has come under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.

National Overseas Scholarship (NOS) Scheme: Facilitating Higher Education Abroad for Marginalised Students

About the Scheme:
The National Overseas Scholarship (NOS) is a Central Sector initiative designed to support students from marginalized communities with low income by enabling them to pursue higher education abroad at the Master’s or Ph.D. level. The scheme is managed by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.

Selection Details:

• Annually, 125 new candidates are selected for the scholarship, subject to fund availability.
• Of these, 115 slots are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC), 6 for Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes, and 4 for Landless Agricultural Labourers and Traditional Artisans.
• Additionally, 30% of the scholarships are set aside specifically for female candidates.

Eligibility Criteria:

• The applicant must be below 35 years of age as of 1st April of the selection year.
• The candidate should have secured admission or an unconditional offer to pursue a Master’s or Ph.D. from an accredited university or institute abroad.
• The qualifying examination marks should be at least 60% or equivalent grade (Master’s degree for Ph.D. applicants; Bachelor’s degree for Master’s applicants).
• The applicant’s family income from all sources should not exceed ₹8 lakh per annum.

Exclusions:

• Scholarships are not provided for undergraduate (Bachelor’s) courses.
• A maximum of two children per family are eligible, with the second child’s admission contingent upon available slots in the final selection cycle.
• Candidates currently studying, having studied abroad with other scholarships or self-funded, are not eligible.
• The scholarship does not cover pursuing the same academic level (Master’s or Ph.D.) for which the candidate already holds a qualification from any institution, in India or abroad.

Recent Developments:
The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment is in the process of requesting additional budget allocation to expand the scheme’s reach.

UAE Nomination-Based Golden Visa Scheme

Context:
The United Arab Emirates has launched a new nomination-based Golden Visa program specifically targeting Indian and Bangladeshi nationals. This visa offers lifetime residency without requiring applicants to invest in property or businesses in the UAE.

About the UAE Golden Visa

• Definition:
  The Golden Visa is a long-term residency permit that allows foreign nationals to live, work, study, or establish businesses in the UAE without needing a local sponsor.
• Objectives:
• To attract global talent in areas such as science, culture, trade, and innovation.
• To enhance the UAE’s stature as a global center for skilled professionals and entrepreneurs.
• To strengthen strategic relationships with key countries like India under the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
• To diversify the UAE economy beyond oil by fostering knowledge-driven development.

Key Features of the Golden Visa

• Lifetime Residency: Residency is granted indefinitely without any renewal requirements, even if assets are sold.
• One-Time Fee: A fixed payment of AED 100,000 (approximately ₹23.3 lakh) applies.
• No Investment Needed: Unlike previous schemes, there is no need for property purchase or business investments.
• Sponsorship Benefits: Visa holders can sponsor family members of any age and an unlimited number of domestic staff.
• No Sponsor Requirement: Applicants are not required to have a UAE-based sponsor, offering complete independence.
• Flexible Residency: Visa holders may live outside the UAE for more than six months without losing residency status.
• Multiple-Entry Starter Visa: A six-month multiple-entry visa is provided initially to complete formalities.
• ‘One Touch’ Service: A streamlined online portal simplifies documentation and renewal processes.

New Provisions for Indian Nationals

• Nomination-Based Eligibility: Indians can now qualify for the Golden Visa without any property or business investments.
• Selection Criteria: Candidates are chosen based on their professional qualifications, social contributions, and potential in fields like science, culture, startups, trade, or finance.
• Pilot Phase: The initial rollout of this nomination system covers India and Bangladesh.

Significance for India-UAE Relations

• Enhances people-to-people connections between India and the UAE, benefiting the skilled Indian diaspora.
• Supports the objectives of the India-UAE CEPA (signed in 2022) by enabling greater mobility and exchange of talent.
• Facilitates easier access for Indian professionals to opportunities within the UAE market.

National Overseas Scholarship (NOS) Scheme

Context:
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has recently withheld provisional award letters for 66 out of 106 candidates selected under the National Overseas Scholarship due to insufficient funds.

About the National Overseas Scholarship Scheme

• Purpose:
  The NOS is a Central Sector Scheme designed to financially assist students from marginalized communities in pursuing higher education abroad (Master’s or Ph.D.), covering tuition fees, living expenses, and other related costs.
• Administered by: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• Target Beneficiaries:
• Scheduled Castes (SCs)
• Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes
• Landless Agricultural Labourers
• Traditional Artisans
• Objective:
  To empower low-income students from socially and economically disadvantaged backgrounds by providing opportunities for quality international education, aiming to enhance their social and economic prospects.

Eligibility Criteria

• Academic Qualifications:
• Master’s applicants: Bachelor''s degree with at least 60% marks
• Ph.D. applicants: Master’s degree with at least 60% marks
• Age Limit: Candidates must be under 35 years old as of April 1 of the selection year.
• Income Ceiling: The total annual family income should not exceed ₹8 lakh.
• University Requirement: Candidates must have an unconditional admission offer from universities ranked within the QS Top 500 globally.
• Other Conditions:
• Applicants should not already be studying or settled abroad.
• A maximum of two children per family can receive scholarships, with the second eligible only if seats remain available.

Key Features

• Annual Intake: 125 scholarships offered annually, divided as:
• 115 for Scheduled Castes
• 6 for Denotified, Nomadic & Semi-Nomadic Tribes
• 4 for Landless Agricultural Labourers and Traditional Artisans
• Gender Reservation: 30% of the scholarships are reserved for female candidates.
• Selection Process:
• Phase 1: Admission into QS Top 500 universities required.
• Phase 2: Broader eligibility extended to QS-ranked and other recognized institutions.
• Geographical Distribution: No more than 10% of scholarships allocated to candidates from any single state to ensure wider representation.
• Funding Constraints: Awards may be partially distributed if funds are insufficient to cover all selected candidates.

Battery Passport Framework

Context:
The Indian government, led by NITI Aayog in coordination with various ministries, is developing a Battery Passport framework to improve the safety, traceability, and export readiness of electric vehicle (EV) batteries.

About the Battery Passport

• Definition:
  A Battery Passport is a digital identity encoded as a QR code that contains comprehensive lifecycle data of an EV battery. This includes its origin, chemical composition, performance metrics, carbon footprint, and information about its end-of-life handling.

Why is a Battery Passport Necessary?

• Safety Concerns: Recent electric vehicle fires have highlighted safety issues related to battery cells.
• Cell Compatibility: Mixing battery cells from different production batches or years creates performance and safety risks.
• Battery Swapping: Standardized, verifiable information is crucial for effective battery swapping systems.
• Export Compliance: Aligning with emerging regulations, particularly the European Union’s battery passport requirements, facilitates global market access.

Objectives of the Battery Passport

• Enhance EV battery safety by detecting faulty or mismatched cells.
• Promote uniform quality standards across the EV industry.
• Support export readiness by complying with international traceability norms.
• Enable comprehensive lifecycle monitoring to assist users and recyclers.
• Encourage circular economy practices through improved battery reuse and recycling.

Key Features

• Digital QR Code: Encodes detailed battery data including origin, chemistry, performance, and environmental impact.
• Unique Battery Identity: Similar to an Aadhaar number for individuals, each battery receives a unique identity ensuring traceability.
• Real-Time Lifecycle Tracking: Data is tracked throughout manufacturing, operational use, and disposal phases.
• Standardized Data Format: Contains information such as manufacturer details, batch numbers, and service records.
• Data Access Control: Regulates data sharing among stakeholders including the public, regulators, and recyclers.
• Compliance with EU Norms: Designed to meet the European Union’s regulations for batteries above 2 kWh capacity.

Significance for India

• Enhances credibility and consumer confidence in Indian-made EVs.
• Supports the Make-in-India initiative by facilitating exports and adhering to global manufacturing standards.
• Improves regulatory monitoring and enforcement of EV battery safety norms.

Vera C. Rubin Observatory

Context:
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory, located in Chile, has unveiled its first test images, highlighting its groundbreaking capability to revolutionize astronomy by detecting millions of celestial phenomena, asteroids, and signals related to dark matter every night.

About Vera C. Rubin Observatory

• What is it? A cutting-edge astronomical facility situated atop Cerro Pachón in the Chilean Andes (at 8,684 feet), designed to create the most comprehensive and detailed map of the universe. It aims to explore dark matter, dark energy, and near-Earth objects (NEOs).
• Location:
  Chilean Andes, Cerro Pachón mountain.
• Collaborating Agencies: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and National Science Foundation (NSF).

Objectives

• Survey the entire southern sky every three days for a continuous period of ten years.
• Maintain a dynamic cosmic record to observe changes in the universe over time.
• Monitor near-Earth objects and potential asteroid threats.
• Conduct precise studies of dark matter and dark energy.
• Provide open access to its vast astronomical data for researchers worldwide.

Key Features

• Wide Field of View:
• Captures an area equivalent to 40 full moons in a single image.
• Covers a larger sky area per image than both the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes.
• World’s Largest Digital Camera:
• Boasts 3,200 megapixels and weighs about 2,800 kg (roughly the size of a small car).
• Capable of detecting objects 100 million times fainter than visible light.
• Equipped with six filters to capture light ranging from ultraviolet to infrared for spectral analysis.
• Rapid Targeting:
• Fastest telescope slewing speed, repositioning within 5 seconds between targets.
• Can take around 1,000 images per night, completing a full sky scan in about 72 hours.
• Automated Detection Software:
• Compares new images with old ones to generate approximately 10 million alerts each night.
• Detected more than 2,100 new asteroids within 10 hours during testing.
• Massive Data Output:
• Produces roughly 20 terabytes of data daily.
• Expected to identify and catalogue over 5 million asteroids and 100,000 near-Earth objects in a decade.

Significance

• Dark Matter Research: Enables detailed 3D mapping of the universe to study gravitational effects and cosmic structures.
• Planetary Defence: Improves early detection of asteroid threats to Earth through rapid tracking of NEOs.
• Astrophysical Discoveries: May validate or challenge current theories about galaxy formation and the expanding universe.

Dark Web

Context:
A 35-year-old engineer from Kerala was arrested for functioning as a Level-4 darknet vendor, allegedly trafficking LSD and ketamine via dark web marketplaces using cryptocurrencies.

What is the Dark Web?

• Definition:
  The dark web is a hidden segment of the internet not indexed by conventional search engines, accessible only through specialized browsers like Tor. It offers strong anonymity and encryption.

How Does It Work?

• Access:
  Requires downloading the Tor browser (The Onion Router).
• Routing:
  Internet traffic is routed through multiple randomly selected nodes, encrypting data at every layer to mask user identity.
• Websites:
  Uses “onion” domain names, invisible to standard search engines.
• Decentralization:
  Lacks a central governing body, making regulation and surveillance difficult.

Key Features

• Anonymity & Encryption: Conceals IP addresses and user activity, keeping both users and hosts untraceable.
• Marketplace Ecosystem: Hosts a mix of legal and illegal marketplaces, forums, data leaks, and whistleblower platforms.
• Resistance to Censorship: Provides access to uncensored information, particularly useful for journalists, activists, and whistleblowers in authoritarian regions.
• Cybercrime Risks: Facilitates illicit trade including drugs, weapons, hacking services, and stolen data; law enforcement faces challenges tracking activities due to encryption layers.

What is a Level-4 Vendor on the Dark Web?

• A rating system within darknet markets that ranks vendors based on:
• Potency and variety of drugs sold
• Quality of customer service
• Reliability and successful deliveries
• Level-4 signifies a high-tier, trusted seller with a large customer base and strong reputation.
• The arrested individual, known as “Edison,” was reportedly India’s only Level-4 vendor, indicating a significant operation scale.

Japonica Rice

Context:
Scientists at the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, have enhanced phosphate uptake in japonica rice using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. This innovation has resulted in a 20–40% yield increase under controlled phosphate fertilizer usage.

About Japonica Rice

• What is Japonica Rice? Japonica rice is a short-grain, high-starch rice variety predominantly cultivated in East Asia. It is favored for genetic research due to its stable traits and ease of genetic modification in controlled environments.
• Developed By: NIPGR, New Delhi, through CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing techniques.
  The research findings were published in the Plant Biotechnology Journal.
  The cultivar used was Nipponbare, a standard model japonica variety.

Development Process

• Target Gene: OsPHO1;2, a phosphate transporter responsible for moving phosphorus from roots to shoots.
• Repressor Gene: OsWRKY6 acts as a negative regulator suppressing this transporter.
• Initial Approach: Completely knocking out OsWRKY6 impaired other plant functions.
• Refined Strategy: Precisely removed the 30 base-pair binding site of OsWRKY6 using CRISPR, avoiding full gene knockout.
• Result:
  This increased phosphate transport to shoots, enhancing seed development without compromising other functions.

Key Features of Gene-Edited Japonica Rice

• Yield improvement:
• 20% higher yield with full recommended fertilizer.
• 40% higher yield with just 10% of the recommended phosphate dose.
• Enhanced phosphate absorption due to activated transporter.
• Increased number of panicles and seeds, maintaining normal seed quality and size.
• No foreign DNA present in the final rice generation (removed by Mendelian segregation).
• No off-target genetic modifications detected, confirmed through genome-prediction software.
• Mimics minimally invasive promoter gene editing.

Significance for India

• Reduces dependency on imported diammonium phosphate (DAP), with India importing about 4.5 million tonnes annually.
• Addresses phosphorus deficiency in Indian soils, which affects crop productivity.
• Promotes environmentally friendly agriculture by optimizing phosphate usage and reducing pollution.
• Opens prospects to apply similar techniques to indica rice, the predominant variety in India.
• Enhances food security by increasing yield in nutrient-deficient conditions.

Namibia

Context:
The Indian Prime Minister visited Namibia—the first visit by an Indian PM in 27 years—to strengthen bilateral relations, sign crucial agreements including the launch of UPI (Unified Payments Interface), and bolster ties with the Global South.

About Namibia

• Location:
  Situated in southwestern Africa, Namibia borders the Atlantic Ocean and acts as a strategic gateway to Africa’s interior.
• Capital:
  Windhoek.
• Neighbours:
  Shares borders with Angola, Zambia, Botswana, South Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean.

Geographical Features

• Major Rivers: Kunene, Okavango, Zambezi, and Orange rivers form natural borders and support irrigation and regional cooperation.
• Deserts:
• Namib Desert: A hyper-arid region along the west coast, famous for the Skeleton Coast and rich mineral deposits like diamonds and uranium.
• Kalahari Desert: Located in the east, a semi-arid sandy region transitioning into savanna grasslands, supporting limited pastoralism.
• Mountains:
  Brandberg Mountain, at 2,573 meters, is Namibia’s tallest peak and part of the western escarpment, renowned for ancient rock art.
• Central Plateau: This elevated area is Namibia’s main agricultural zone, home to notable features such as Fish River Canyon and the saline Etosha Pan.
• Soil Types: Fertile soils are found mainly in the Otavi Highlands and Caprivi Strip, while much of the rest of Namibia has infertile sandy or rocky soils.
• Climate: Characterized by arid to semi-arid conditions. Coastal rainfall is minimal (less than 50 mm annually), whereas the Caprivi Strip receives over 600 mm. Droughts are common in the interior.

Humanitarian Crisis in Sudan

Context:
The United Nations has raised serious concerns over the deteriorating humanitarian situation in El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur province in Sudan, amid ongoing conflict and instability.

About Sudan

• Capital: Khartoum
• Political Attributes:
  • North: Egypt
  • East: Eritrea and Ethiopia
  • South: South Sudan
  • West: Central African Republic and Chad
  • Northwest: Libya
• Sudan is the third-largest country in Africa.
• Land Borders:
• Geographic Characteristics:
  • Petroleum
  • Small deposits of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, and gold
• Maritime Boundary: Borders the Red Sea on the east.
• Major River: The Nile River, along with its tributaries, flows from south to north, draining the majority of the country.
• Highest Peak: Marrah Mountains
• Natural Resources:

Enemy Property Act, 1968

Context:
The Madhya Pradesh High Court dismissed a challenge by an actor against a government notification that declared his property as ''enemy property'' under the provisions of the Enemy Property Act, 1968.

About the Enemy Property Act, 1968

• Definition of ''Enemy'':
• A nation (and its citizens) that has carried out external aggression against India.
• Currently includes Pakistan and China.
• What is Enemy Property?
• Any property owned, held, or managed on behalf of an enemy, enemy subject, or enemy firm.
• Such properties are vested with the Custodian of Enemy Property for India, functioning under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• 2017 Amendment Highlights:
  • Legal heirs or successors of enemies, regardless of their Indian citizenship.
  • Individuals who changed their nationality after being classified as enemies.
• The definition of ''enemy'' was expanded to include:

Red Sea

Context:
Cargo ships in the Red Sea continue to be attacked as Houthi rebels from Yemen claim to have sunk another vessel.

About the Red Sea

• Geography:
  • Gulf of Aden via the Strait of Bab El Mandeb (south).
  • Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal (north).
• A marginal sea located in the northwest of the Indian Ocean.
• Connects to:
• Bordering Countries:
• Western Shore: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea
• Eastern Shore: Saudi Arabia, Yemen
• Northeast via Gulf of Aqaba: Israel and Jordan
• Northern Division:
• Gulf of Suez (northwest)
• Gulf of Aqaba (northeast)
• Environmental Facts:
• Among the most saline seas globally.
• Receives negligible precipitation.
• Lacks inflow from rivers.

Jaa Mata Exercise

Context:
The Japanese Coast Guard ship Itsukushima docked in Chennai to participate in the Jaa Mata joint sea exercise with the Indian Coast Guard.

About Jaa Mata

• Meaning: "See you later" in Japanese
• Nature: Bilateral maritime exercise between India and Japan
• Purpose:
• Strengthen interoperability
• Enhance combat readiness
• Improve joint operational capabilities between both coast guards

Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)

Context:
The CDSCO has issued recommendations to dispose of 17 drugs (including Fentanyl, Tramadol, Diazepam) by flushing them to avoid harm to pets and people.

About CDSCO

• Authority Type: India’s Central Drug Authority
• Parent Organization: Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
• Legislative Framework: Operates under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
• Functions:
• Regulates drug imports through licensing
• Approves new drugs and oversees clinical trials
• Bans harmful or non-compliant drugs and cosmetics
• Convenes Drug Consultative Committees (DCC) and Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB)
• Centre–State Division:
• State Governments: Oversee manufacture, sale, and distribution
• Central Authority: Responsible for new drug approvals and import regulation

Maize

Context:
The Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare emphasized the strategic value of maize at the India Maize Summit 2025.

About Maize

• Crop Type: Kharif crop, used as both food and fodder
• Global Recognition: Known as the “queen of cereals” due to its highest genetic yield potential
• Soil Requirements:
• Prefers well-drained sandy loam to silt loam
• Grows well in old alluvial soil
• Ideal pH range: 5.5 to 7.5
• Climatic Conditions:
• Optimal temperature: 21°C to 27°C
• Major Producing States in India:
• Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
• Other Leading Producers Globally:
• United States, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, Mexico

Guadalupe River

Context:
Heavy rains triggered severe flooding along the Guadalupe River in Central Texas, causing significant damage.

About Guadalupe River

• Origin: Begins from the North and South Forks in Kerr County, Texas
• Mouth: Empties into San Antonio Bay, which connects to the Gulf of Mexico
• Associated Water Bodies:
• Canyon Reservoir
• Edwards Aquifer (San Antonio section in the Balcones Fault Zone)
• Flooding Zone:
  • Steep terrain
  • Shallow soils
  • High rainfall
• The river lies in a region commonly referred to as “Flash Flood Alley”, marked by:
• Known for sudden and destructive flooding events

Amaravati Quantum Valley Declaration (AQVD)

Context:
The Andhra Pradesh government has approved the Amaravati Quantum Valley Declaration (AQVD) to position the state as a quantum technology hub.

About AQVD

• Nature: A strategic collaboration between the Andhra Pradesh Government and industry partners such as IBM, TCS, and L&T
• Objective: Establish a quantum tech ecosystem focused on:
• Quantum computing
• Quantum communication
• Quantum sensing
• Goals:
• Foster public–private partnerships
• Promote skilling and research in emerging tech
• Develop global collaborations in quantum fields
• Align with India’s national quantum mission goals
• Drive technology-led economic development
• Impact: Positions Amaravati as a future-ready, innovation-driven research centre in quantum technologies.