Vultures and Public Health: How Conservation Prevents Future Pandemics

Vultures, though often absent from mainstream discourse on pandemic preparedness, are indispensable to public health in South Asia. As nature’s most effective waste managers, they play a crucial role in limiting disease transmission by rapidly consuming animal carcasses, thus preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases. Their efficiency in this task makes them not just ecological assets but essential components of public health infrastructure.

Vultures and Their Role in Pandemic Prevention

With India’s National Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2016–25) nearing its conclusion, the focus of the next phase should shift toward explicitly positioning vultures as frontline agents in pandemic preparedness. By swiftly eliminating potential disease sources from the environment, vultures mitigate zoonotic spillover risks and serve as an early warning system for disease surveillance and carcass management. Yet, their role in public health continues to be informally acknowledged and inadequately institutionalised. Local communities living in proximity to vulture populations remain largely untapped as valuable stakeholders in this conservation-public health nexus. Furthermore, financial support for vulture conservation does not yet reflect their potential as low-cost, high-impact tools for preventing pandemics—especially when compared to the vast economic and human costs of outbreak response.

India’s Vanishing Vultures and Public Health Risks

Historically, vultures functioned as nature’s cleanup crew, effectively curbing the transmission of lethal pathogens such as rabies, anthrax, and botulinum. In the 1980s, India’s landscapes were teeming with vultures, with over 40 million birds forming a robust natural barrier against disease spread. However, since the 1990s, vulture populations have collapsed by more than 95%, primarily due to the widespread veterinary use of diclofenac, a drug toxic to vultures. This drastic population decline has escalated from an environmental concern to a significant public health issue, revealing the deep interconnection between biodiversity loss and emerging pandemic threats.

Central Asian Flyway and Regional Linkages

India’s vultures are part of the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), a critical migratory route linking breeding sites in Central Asia with wintering grounds across South Asia. Covering more than 30 countries, this flyway supports millions of migratory birds, including numerous vulture species. As these birds traverse national boundaries, they also connect disparate ecosystems and the disease risks they carry. Poorly managed landfills, carcass dumps, and migratory stopovers along this route can become potent sites for pathogen spillover. The CAF thus represents more than a biodiversity corridor—it serves as a public health corridor, underscoring the urgent need for cross-border cooperation and integrated ecological management.

Conservation Challenges

Despite their ecological and epidemiological importance, vulture conservation efforts remain insufficient, fragmented, and underfunded. Vulture protection is still not systematically integrated into One Health frameworks, which seek to unify human, animal, and environmental health strategies. Infrastructure threats, including electrocution from exposed power lines and continued exposure to lethal veterinary drugs, remain largely unaddressed. Without significant policy shifts, increased funding, and cohesive regional strategies, efforts to conserve vultures—and by extension, safeguard public health—will continue to falter.

Protecting India’s Vultures Through a Post-2025 Strategy

·       A robust post-2025 strategy for vulture conservation in India should be anchored on five interconnected pillars. First, implementing nationwide satellite telemetry would enable real-time monitoring of vulture habitats and potential disease hotspots. Second, developing a Decision Support System that integrates wildlife, livestock, and public health data would facilitate timely interventions. Third, aligning vulture conservation with One Health strategies would ensure cross-sector coordination. Fourth, transboundary collaboration through the Central Asian Flyway—backed by global health security frameworks—would reinforce regional preparedness. Finally, empowering communities, particularly women and youth, in surveillance and awareness campaigns would ground conservation efforts in local stewardship.

·       Collectively, these actions would position vultures as keystone species in a broader framework of public health resilience, in alignment with the WHO’s regional health security roadmap. This shift moves India’s vulture conservation agenda beyond species recovery toward systemic resilience, placing the country at the forefront of biodiversity-driven health security.

India’s Opportunities in Linking Vulture Conservation with Health Security

·       India stands at a pivotal moment to demonstrate that biodiversity conservation is not just an environmental concern but a foundational element of pandemic prevention. By integrating surveillance across human, animal, and environmental health systems, and reducing the time between disease detection and response, India can build resilient public health infrastructure at a fraction of the cost of managing outbreaks. Given its significant population of Central Asian Flyway vulture species—such as the Himalayan griffon, cinereous vulture, and Eurasian griffon—India is well-positioned to lead this effort.

·       Scaling up telemetry, operationalising Decision Support Systems, and embedding vulture protection into the One Health framework would not only secure India’s ecological future but also inspire regional and global models. Ultimately, safeguarding vultures is not only about preserving a species—it is about reinforcing the health and safety of entire ecosystems and human communities alike.

India-Pakistan Relations and the Indus Waters Treaty: Historical Context, Strategic Insecurities, and the Path Forward

India''s decision to call for a review and eventual suspension of the 65-year-old Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) following the April terror attack in Pahalgam marks a significant shift in its approach to bilateral ties with Pakistan. Water sharing, once seen as a relatively stable domain of cooperation, now stands to become as divisive and politically charged as the issues of cross-border terrorism and Kashmir. The discourse around the Treaty, however, has often been dominated by emotion rather than grounded analysis, further complicating the already strained relationship.

Competing Narratives Around the Indus Waters Treaty

·       The IWT, signed in 1960, allocated around 80% of the waters of the Indus river system to Pakistan, a decision that has long been a point of contention in India. Critics within India argue that the Treaty granted excessive water rights to Pakistan, but experts point out that the division was not based strictly on water volume. Instead, it reflected geographic and topographic realities, as well as the natural flow of the rivers. For then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, the Treaty represented a generous gesture in pursuit of regional peace and stability—what he described as a form of “purchased peace.”

·       However, such idealism has since given way to scepticism. Figures like External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar view the Treaty as a one-sided act of appeasement, one that failed to anticipate Pakistan’s long-term strategic posture. Pakistan, despite receiving the lion’s share of the waters, has never publicly celebrated the outcome. This reluctance is rooted in the fear that any triumphalist narrative could undermine Pakistan’s carefully constructed image of victimhood, which is central to its domestic and diplomatic messaging. Consequently, both countries harbour deep dissatisfaction with the Treaty, albeit for reasons that diverge significantly.

Pakistan’s Strategic Insecurity Over Water

·       Although the Treaty grants India control over the eastern rivers and limited use of the western ones, Pakistan has repeatedly used the IWT’s dispute resolution mechanisms to challenge and delay Indian infrastructure projects in Jammu and Kashmir. This behaviour, analysts argue, is not driven by a real need for additional water but by a fundamental insecurity about India’s control as the upper riparian state. Pakistan’s dependence on the western rivers leaves it vulnerable to potential disruptions—whether real or perceived—which feeds into its broader strategic anxieties, especially concerning Kashmir.

·       This linkage between water security and territorial claims is not a recent phenomenon. As early as the 1960s, Pakistani military ruler General Ayub Khan explicitly connected the Kashmir dispute to Pakistan’s water security, suggesting that control over the region was crucial to safeguarding river flows. Such statements underscore the deep intertwining of hydropolitics and geopolitics in Pakistan’s strategic calculus.

Endurance of the Indus Waters Treaty Amid Conflict

·       Despite persistent hostilities—including four wars and decades of terrorism—the IWT has endured, frequently cited as a rare example of successful transboundary water cooperation. Much of this resilience is attributed to India’s role as the upper riparian. The Treaty places the burden of compliance largely on India, requiring it to ensure minimum flows and to provide timely hydrological data to Pakistan. In contrast, Pakistan, as the downstream state, does not bear comparable obligations and has often used the Treaty’s provisions to block or delay Indian projects that fall well within its legal rights.

·       This upstream-downstream dynamic is crucial. Many analysts believe that if the roles were reversed—if Pakistan were the upper riparian—the Treaty might not have lasted this long. Nonetheless, even from its relatively passive position, Pakistan has found ways to strategically exploit the Treaty to its advantage, particularly in efforts to contest Indian infrastructure developments in Jammu and Kashmir.

Looking Ahead: Renegotiation, Resistance, and Regional Implications

·       As India suspends the Treaty and reconsiders its long-term posture, Pakistan finds itself in a defensive position. Aware that the current terms of the IWT are highly favourable, Pakistan is likely to resist any attempts at renegotiation. In fact, some Pakistani analysts have proposed widening the scope of discussions by involving China and Afghanistan—countries that control 8% and 6% of the Indus basin, respectively. This multilateral approach, they argue, could dilute India’s leverage and offer Pakistan greater diplomatic cover.

·       India, however, remains firm in its stance that any revision of the Treaty must be a bilateral matter, excluding third parties, including the World Bank, which helped broker the original agreement. With its suspension of the Treaty, India is now moving to assertively pursue its full entitlements under the existing framework—particularly with regard to the use of western rivers for non-consumptive projects in Jammu and Kashmir. Although some cooperation may continue, such as the sharing of limited flow and weather data, the halt in meetings between the Permanent Indus Commissioners indicates a decline in formal, structured dialogue.

·       This shift signals a broader strategic recalibration by India. By leveraging its geographical advantage as the upper riparian, India is sending a clear message: cooperation on water cannot be insulated from the larger context of bilateral relations, especially Pakistan’s continued support for cross-border terrorism. Water, once considered a neutral ground for India-Pakistan engagement, may now become another theatre of strategic contestation—unless both sides find a way to reframe the Treaty within a new, more balanced and mutually accountable framework.

Government Explores Isobutanol Blending with Diesel: A New Direction in India’s Biofuel Strategy

India’s biofuel policy is undergoing a significant transition as the government turns its attention to isobutanol blending with diesel. This strategic shift follows the unsuccessful trials of ethanol-diesel blends and signals renewed efforts to enhance energy security, diversify the fuel mix, and boost farmer incomes. Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, recently announced that the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is currently conducting trials to assess the viability of blending 10% isobutanol with diesel. These developments reflect the government’s continued commitment to innovative, sustainable fuel solutions.

Challenges with Ethanol-Diesel Blending

·       Ethanol blending has long been central to India’s biofuel policy, especially in the transportation sector. Ethanol-petrol blending has seen notable success, achieving a 20% blend target ahead of schedule. However, when it comes to diesel, ethanol has encountered significant obstacles. Its corrosive nature and limited compatibility with diesel engines have hindered its practical application and large-scale adoption in this segment.

·       Despite technical setbacks, the ethanol policy has had a substantial positive impact on rural economies. Corn, a primary raw material in ethanol production, has emerged as a key beneficiary of the programme. Farmers have collectively earned more than ₹42,000 crore, with corn prices rising from ₹1,200 per quintal to between ₹2,600 and ₹2,800 per quintal since the policy’s implementation. This price increase has bolstered agricultural incomes and contributed to economic resilience in rural areas.

Isobutanol as a Promising Alternative

·       In light of ethanol''s limitations in diesel applications, the government is now exploring isobutanol, an industrial alcohol commonly used as a solvent in the paints and coatings industry. Isobutanol presents several advantages over ethanol, particularly in its compatibility with diesel engines. ARAI is currently testing a 10% isobutanol-diesel blend, which may offer a more viable biofuel solution for the transport sector.

·       Moreover, isobutanol shows potential not only as a diesel additive but also as a standalone fuel or in combination with compressed natural gas (CNG) for use in agricultural machinery and tractors. This expanded utility aligns with the government’s broader aim to diversify energy sources, reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports, and promote environmentally sustainable farming practices.

Policy Initiatives to Support Farmers and Sugar Mills

·       Parallel to fuel diversification efforts, the government is also reinforcing policies aimed at supporting sugarcane farmers and ensuring the financial sustainability of sugar mills. Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution, Pralhad Joshi, underscored that over 96% of cane payments for the current sugar season have already been cleared, with overall cane dues reaching historic lows.

·       In a bid to further strengthen the biofuel ecosystem, Joshi urged ethanol producers to scale up production for both domestic consumption and export. He also advocated for the adoption of advanced technologies and expansion into second- and third-generation ethanol production, using alternative feedstocks like bamboo and agricultural residues. Additionally, he called on the industry to increase distillery capacity to meet growing fuel demands and improve the sector’s economic viability.

Industry Concerns and Strategic Recommendations

·       During the India Sugar and Bio-Energy Manufacturers Association (ISMA) conclave, industry leaders outlined several pressing challenges. The ISMA President called for aligning the fair and remunerative price (FRP) of sugarcane with rising input and procurement costs, pointing out that the minimum support price (MSP) has remained unchanged since 2019. The stagnation of MSP, he argued, undermines the financial stability of sugar mills and limits their capacity to invest in biofuel expansion.

·       Another key recommendation was to increase the sugar export quota by 2 million tonnes for the 2025–26 season. By enabling mills to tap into international markets and secure better prices, this move could ease domestic market pressures and contribute to the overall health of the sugar economy.

Rising Sugar and Ethanol Output: A Foundation for Biofuel Integration

·       India’s sugarcane sector has demonstrated robust growth over the past decade, with production rising by 40% and sugar output increasing by 58%. Preliminary estimates from ISMA suggest that gross sugar production could rise by 20% year-on-year, reaching 34.9 million tonnes in the current season. This growth creates a strong foundation for aligning the sugar industry more closely with India’s energy goals.

·       Integrating sugar production with biofuel initiatives such as isobutanol blending not only ensures better resource utilisation but also maximises benefits for farmers. As India pursues greater energy self-reliance and environmental sustainability, such integrated approaches could prove pivotal in shaping a resilient, inclusive biofuel economy.

India–Mauritius Ties: Evolving from Strategic Partnership to Familial Bond

In a significant step to deepen bilateral relations, India has announced a special economic assistance package worth $680 million for Mauritius. This comprehensive support spans infrastructure development, healthcare enhancement, defence preparedness, and maritime security. The announcement came during a high-level meeting between the Indian Prime Minister and his Mauritian counterpart, Navinchandra Ramgoolam, in Varanasi. It reinforces the deepening relationship between the two nations—one that is steadily evolving from a strategic partnership to what both sides now term a familial bond.

Major Developments in Bilateral Cooperation

The India-Mauritius relationship has grown steadily, but recent initiatives have significantly accelerated the pace of engagement. The $680 million package underscores India’s multidimensional approach, combining economic, cultural, strategic, and technological elements. Key areas of collaboration now include defence and maritime security, soft power diplomacy, civil service capacity building, healthcare, financial connectivity, and academic exchange.

Soft Power Diplomacy and Developmental Partnership

·       India’s soft power is increasingly visible in its engagement with Mauritius. Academic collaborations have been formalised through agreements between IIT Madras, the Indian Institute of Plantation Management, and the University of Mauritius, signalling a new chapter in knowledge exchange and human capital development. Further, the introduction of Mission Karmayogi training modules in Mauritius aims to strengthen local governance by enhancing civil service capacity.

·       In the healthcare sector, India’s support includes the development of the 500-bed Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National Hospital, an AYUSH Centre of Excellence, a veterinary school, and an animal hospital. Additionally, the inauguration of the first Jan Aushadhi Kendra outside India in Mauritius marks a milestone in the country’s effort to expand access to affordable medicines globally.

·       Financial connectivity has also witnessed a boost, building on the successful launch of UPI and RuPay services in Mauritius last year. Both nations are now working towards enabling trade in local currencies, which would reduce reliance on third-party currencies and promote greater economic independence.

Defence Cooperation and Maritime Security

·       A significant dimension of India’s support is its contribution to Mauritius’ maritime domain awareness and security. Under a new hydrography agreement, both countries will jointly conduct surveys, prepare navigational charts, and gather hydrographic data for Mauritius’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) over the next five years.

·       India’s role as a maritime partner extends to supporting Mauritius in surveillance operations, sustainable resource management, and capacity building in the Indian Ocean. Special attention has also been given to the Chagos Archipelago, where India has agreed to assist in the development and surveillance of the Chagos Marine Protected Area and the extended EEZ, following Mauritius’ recent sovereignty agreement with the UK.

·       India’s unequivocal support for Mauritius’ claim over the Chagos Islands reinforces its longstanding anti-colonial stance. While the UK continues to control Diego Garcia for military operations in collaboration with the US, India’s involvement ensures a strategic foothold in this critical region of the Indian Ocean.

Symbolic and Cultural Ties: From Partnership to Family

·       Beyond political and economic dimensions, the India-Mauritius relationship is deeply rooted in historical and cultural connections. Prime Minister Modi’s remark that India and Mauritius are “not just partners but a family” captures the spirit of this bond. The Mauritian PM’s participation in the Ganga Aarti at Varanasi and his planned visits to Shri Kashi Vishwanath Dham and Ayodhya underscore the spiritual and cultural resonance that links the two nations.

·       Indian traditions have been a part of Mauritian daily life for centuries, and this symbolic engagement reflects not just shared heritage but also India’s use of cultural diplomacy as a tool to deepen regional influence.

Strategic Context and India’s Expanding Influence

·       Mauritius views India as a trusted partner and a key stakeholder in regional security. As a result, India is increasingly recognised as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean, a champion of South-South cooperation, and a promoter of a free, open, stable, and prosperous Indo-Pacific.

·       India’s support to Mauritius comes at a time of intensifying geopolitical competition in the western Indian Ocean. Countries such as China, Russia, Iran, Turkey, and various Gulf nations are expanding their presence in the region. At the same time, European powers are attempting to reassert influence. Despite these developments, Mauritius has skillfully balanced its external engagements while maintaining strategic autonomy—a position that aligns well with India’s own vision of multipolar cooperation and regional stability.

Economic and Diaspora Linkages

·       Mauritius continues to play a vital role in India’s economic landscape. It is the second-largest source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India after Singapore. The signing of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) in 2021, India’s first trade pact with an African nation, marked a milestone in bilateral economic engagement.

·       Over the past decade, India has extended nearly $1.1 billion in development assistance to Mauritius, including $729 million in lines of credit and $427 million in grants. This financial assistance has supported infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy projects.

·       The cultural and people-to-people ties are further strengthened by the presence of a large Indian diaspora in Mauritius, with nearly 70% of the island’s 1.3 million population tracing their ancestry to India. This demographic connection continues to serve as a powerful force for cooperation and mutual understanding.

India–Mauritius Relations in a Shifting Regional Landscape

·       India’s role as a first responder to crises in Mauritius has further cemented its status as a dependable partner. Whether during the COVID-19 pandemic or the Wakashio oil spill in 2020, India responded swiftly with aid and technical support. These actions have helped build trust and affirm India’s commitment to the welfare of smaller Indian Ocean states.

·       With China’s growing footprint in the region, India’s deepening engagement with Mauritius allows it to safeguard its strategic interests while promoting a rules-based maritime order. Strengthening Mauritius’ EEZ surveillance and infrastructure not only protects its national resources but also enhances India’s influence across the Indian Ocean.

Conclusion: A Strategic-Familial Convergence

·       India’s latest economic and strategic outreach to Mauritius represents a seamless blend of hard and soft power diplomacy. By assisting Mauritius in developing its maritime infrastructure, boosting its healthcare systems, and supporting its sovereignty over Chagos, India is fostering a relationship that transcends transactional diplomacy.

·       This evolving relationship reinforces India’s Neighbourhood First and Vision Mahasagar policies and strengthens its role as a maritime power in the Indo-Pacific. As the geopolitical contours of the western Indian Ocean continue to shift, India’s ties with Mauritius stand as a model of deep-rooted, multidimensional cooperation—one that combines strategic interest with cultural kinship.

The 130th Amendment Bill: Accountability or Constitutional Overreach?

Background and What the Bill Proposes

In 2025, the Indian government introduced the 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, which would automatically remove Ministers—whether at the Union or State level, including the Prime Minister or Chief Ministers—if they are held in custody for 30 consecutive days in relation to offences punishable by five years or more.

Issues of Constitutional and Legal Concern

• Violation of the Basic Structure Doctrine: The Bill is argued to go against the core ethos of India’s constitutional framework, especially the principles upheld in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973). That judgment made clear that Parliament cannot amend elements of the Constitution considered basic or essential—such as the rule of law and the separation of powers. Critics allege this amendment attempts to transfer decisive power from Parliament and the Judiciary to Executive discretion, weakening checks and balances.
• Departure from Established Judicial Precedents and Laws: Under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, disqualification of elected representatives occurs only after conviction—not merely after arrest or detention. The Bill departs from that precedent. In A.R. Antulay (1988), the Supreme Court struck down procedural shortcuts that prejudiced Article 21 rights (the right to life and personal liberty). The proposed amendment risks similar violations by equating detention with guilt.
• Undermining the Principle of Collegial Cabinet Responsibility: The doctrine of collective responsibility obliges the Council of Ministers to act together and share both responsibility and decision‑making. If Ministers (or Chiefs) can be removed automatically after 30 days in detention, it shifts power heavily toward those overseeing or controlling detention or arrests—often the Executive. Cases like S.R. Bommai (1994), which reinforced federalism and the limits of central authority, emphasize that the Cabinet should not be hostage to individual executive decisions.
• Risk of Misuse by Investigative Agencies: Agencies such as the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) have been accused of using arrests or detentions to target opposition or critical voices. Bail often remains difficult under laws like PMLA (Prevention of Money Laundering Act), where detention can stretch past 30 days even absent proof of guilt. The Bill could make removal of office a default outcome of such detentions, increasing scope for political vendetta.
• Dilution of Liberty and Due Process: India’s constitutional jurisprudence—cases like Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)—requires that any law curtailing liberty must be “fair, just and reasonable.” Establishing removal after 30 days of detention, without conviction, may be seen as arbitrary, converting mere investigation or suspicion into sufficient grounds for losing public office.

Comparative Constitutional Perspectives

Looking at other democracies, there is a useful contrast:

• In the United Kingdom, ministers may resign under moral pressure, but there is no legal requirement for removal before conviction. Political norms, not statute, govern such departures.
• In the United States, the Constitution does not provide for ministerial removal on the basis of arrest; political pressures prompt resignations, as seen in scandals like Watergate (1974), not as a matter of law.
• In South Africa, removal of ministers generally follows either conviction or impeachment, preserving due process and the presumption of innocence.

These systems show a stronger protection of due process and place burden of proof before stripping someone of official duties.

Possible Impacts and Consequences

If enacted, the 130th Amendment Bill could lead to a range of unintended or harmful effects. It may provoke instability in governance by forcing frequent changes in the cabinet when ministers are detained—even if charges are spurious or later dropped. The risk of political weaponisation is high: opposition or state governments could be weakened preemptively through legal or investigatory tactics. Such removal without trial would erode the public mandate—that is, the right of people to choose their leaders could be overridden by executive or agency action. Additionally, courts may become overburdened with challenges contesting automatic removals, diverting resources. Finally, the moral purpose of accountability may be undermined if citizens see legal processes used as partisan tools rather than instruments of justice.

Suggested Safeguards and Pathways Forward

To reconcile the aim of greater accountability with constitutional protections, the following alternatives or modifications should be considered:

• Trigger removal only after a judicial milestone, for example once formal charges are framed by a court, so that frivolous arrests do not lead to loss of office.
• Establish judicial oversight that requires High Courts to review removal orders expeditiously (say within seven days), to balance fairness with the need for accountability.
• Preserve the principle of cabinet collegiality by making removal decisions subject to collective responsibility—ensuring the Cabinet collectively shares consequences rather than concentrating power in a central executive.
• Create independent bodies—such as a strengthened Lokpal or Ethics Commission—to review situations where detention may lead to removal, thereby reducing the chance of political vendetta.
• Promote voluntary political norms of moral accountability, reviving traditions of resigning on principle rather than relying solely on legal compulsion.

Conclusion

On paper, the 130th Amendment Bill addresses a legitimate concern: the damage to governance and public trust when individuals accused of serious offences retain ministerial positions while under detention. However, by equating detention with guilt, the Bill risks executive overreach, misuse of investigatory powers, and erosion of core constitutional values. Any reform toward accountability must be anchored in judicial safeguards, principles of due process, and preserving the separation of powers—so that democracy is strengthened, not weakened.

Himalayan Fragility and Unsustainable Development

Context

Recent floods and landslides in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Kashmir have starkly revealed the consequences of unchecked construction and relentless deforestation in the Himalayas. Experts and even the Supreme Court have sounded alarms: unregulated “development” is driving these fragile mountains toward collapse.

What and Where Are the Himalayas

The Himalayas are the world’s youngest and loftiest fold mountains, stretching approximately 2,400 kilometres across India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan. Their breadth ranges between 150 to 400 kilometres, and many peaks soar above 6,000 metres. Serving as the northern boundary of the Indian subcontinent, they present a natural barrier – climatic, cultural, and ecological. Among their highest summits are Mount Everest, which reaches 8,849 metres, and Kanchenjunga at 8,586 metres.

Geological Origins

• The formation of the Himalayas dates back hundreds of millions of years. Around two hundred million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea disintegrated into major landmasses: Laurasia in the north (incorporating Eurasia) and Gondwana in the south (including what is now India, Africa, and Australia). Between these lay the Tethys Sea, where river sediments accumulated over millennia.
• About 140 million years ago, the Indian Plate separated from Gondwana and began moving northwards at a fast pace—around 15 centimetres per year. Roughly 50 million years ago, this plate collided with the Eurasian Plate. The sediments from the Tethys Sea were compressed and uplifted during this convergence, giving rise to fold mountain structures. Even today, the Himalayas continue to rise—by approximately 5 millimetres annually—owing to ongoing tectonic forces.

The Fragile Nature of the Himalayas

Because the Himalayas are geologically young, they are inherently unstable. They are especially prone to landslides and seismic disturbances. Their climate sensitivity compounds matters: warming is occurring at rates higher than global norms, accelerating glacial melt and making rainfall increasingly erratic. Fast-flowing rivers, steep inclines, and the sheer energy of the landscape magnify disaster risks such as flooding and soil erosion. With more than 25,000 glacial lakes dotting the region, the possibility of sudden glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) looms large. The Himalayas are also a biodiversity hotspot—home to unique species and ecosystems; their damage threatens both ecology and the livelihoods of those who rely on them.

What Is Driving Their Degradation

Multiple forces combine to damage this fragile region. Infrastructure projects—highways, tunnels, hydroelectric ventures—often employ heavy blasting and deep excavations that destabilize mountain slopes. Deforestation, especially the removal of native tree species like deodar that stabilize soil, occurs frequently as tourism infrastructures and urbanisation expand. Hydropower projects, when overbuilt, alter river courses and amplify disaster potential. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are frequently diluted, circumvented, or rushed through to facilitate approvals. Meanwhile, the tourism boom places pressure on land: increased demand for roads, hotels, and supporting facilities accelerates ecological strain and soil erosion.

Consequences of Unsustainable Development

The human cost is immense. Disasters like the 2013 Kedarnath tragedy and the 2021 Chamoli collapse led to extensive loss of life and mass displacement. Ecologically, unchecked development is eroding topsoil, degrading forests, and causing biodiversity losses that diminish long‑term resilience. In many cases, intense rainfall becomes catastrophic flooding and landslides when the landscape has been weakened by development without safeguards. Economic losses follow: infrastructure gets damaged or destroyed, farmers suffer losses, and tourism suffers downturns—all reducing state revenues. Socially, these tragedies breed distrust, especially among communities who feel decisions endangering lives were made without their voices being heard.

The Way Forward: Towards Sustainable Himalayan Development

Policies tailored to mountain environments are essential. Development models must account for the fragile carrying capacity of these zones. Environmental Impact Assessments need to be strengthened, both in their independence and in their willingness to assess disaster risk rigorously before granting project approvals. Nature‑based solutions should be emphasised: afforestation, slope stabilisation, and watershed management can provide resilience. Development must involve local communities: improving climate literacy, promoting eco‑tourism, and empowering local governance ensures that people affected participate in decision‑making. In energy policy, there should be a shift away from hydropower as the default, towards greater reliance on solar, wind, and decentralised energy systems.

Conclusion

The Himalayas stand at a tipping point where thoughtless development collides with climate change. Only sustainable models that respect ecological boundaries, empower affected communities, and strive for balanced growth can preserve these “living mountains.” Without such care, the Himalayas risk losing not just scenery, but vital foundations of climate, culture, and human survival for future generations.

Sedimentation Crisis Undermines India’s Reservoirs: Study

Key Findings of the Study

A study conducted by IISER Bhopal examined government data for over 300 large Indian reservoirs each with storage capacity exceeding 100 million cubic metres. The researchers found that many dams have already lost nearly fifty per cent of their storage capacity due to sedimentation. This loss compromises their ability to generate power and weakens their capacity to protect against floods and droughts. Projections suggest that by 2050, many more reservoirs—especially those in Himalayan regions, the Narmada‑Tapi basin, the Western Ghats, and the Indo‑Gangetic Plains—will reach similarly diminished capacity if current trends continue. The primary drivers of sedimentation identified include soil erosion driven by agriculture, deforestation, and recurrent flooding.

About India’s Dams and Related Safety Risks

India ranks third worldwide in the number of large dams, after China and the United States, with approximately 5,700 such dams. Several pressing concerns are associated with them. A large proportion—around eighty per cent—of these dams are more than twenty‑five years old. Many dams are also located in seismically active zones, making them vulnerable to earthquakes. Financial constraints exacerbate the problem: maintenance and upkeep are intermittent, sometimes inadequate, which increases risk both to the dam structures themselves and to downstream communities.

What Needs to Be Done for Dam Safety

To secure the safety and functionality of dams, several measures are necessary. Ageing dams may need to be decommissioned. Modern dam‑safety technologies should be adopted universally. Some countries, such as Japan, have already explored alternatives like subsurface dams in place of traditional large surface dams; these offer fewer risks in certain settings. For reservoirs deemed high or very high vulnerability, immediate attention and targeted management interventions are critical.

Existing Initiatives and Policy Instruments

Efforts are underway to strengthen dam safety in India. The Dam Safety Act, 2021 mandates surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of specified dams. The Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP)—funded by the World Bank—works toward restoring the safety and functionality of aging dams. A National Centre for Earthquake Safety of Dams is being developed to enhance structural and seismic safety. Other supporting measures include the Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring Application (DHARMA) and the National Register of Large Dams (NRLD), which help monitor health and performance of dams systematically.

Conclusion

India’s reservoirs and dam infrastructure are under threat from sedimentation, aging, neglect, and seismic risk. Left unaddressed, these threats imperil water security, power generation, and protection against floods and droughts. A combination of policy reform, technological intervention, rigorous oversight, and proactive maintenance is required now to safeguard this critical infrastructure for future generations.

Green Finance: The Foundation of a Resilient and Sustainable Economy

Context:

Union Minister for Environment, Forests, and Climate Change recently emphasised that green finance is not just a financial instrument but the backbone of building resilient and future-ready economies. Green finance refers to the mobilisation of financial resources for projects that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and other environmentally sound initiatives. At its core, it involves transforming the direction of capital flows so that every financial investment simultaneously generates economic returns and reinforces long-term sustainability. The underlying principle is to align profitability with planetary well-being.

The Importance of Green Finance

·       India’s green finance agenda is central to achieving its ambitious climate and development goals. The scale of the transformation required is immense—by 2070, the country will need more than USD 10 trillion in investments to meet its net-zero commitments. Green finance is instrumental not only for reaching emission reduction targets but also for ensuring national security, global competitiveness, and inclusive economic growth.

·       Clean energy systems, climate-resilient agriculture, and robust infrastructure reduce vulnerabilities and bolster economic strength. By proactively engaging in green value chains, India can establish itself as a global hub for green industries, attracting capital, fostering innovation, and securing technological leadership in emerging sectors.

·       Green finance is also a major employment generator. India is poised to witness a surge in green jobs, with projections indicating the creation of around 7.3 million such jobs by the financial year 2027–28. This figure is expected to rise significantly, reaching 35 million by the year 2047. These jobs span across renewable energy, sustainable transport, waste management, green construction, and more.

·       In addition to employment and energy transition, green finance ensures a just transition—helping communities move away from fossil fuels without socio-economic disruption. It also plays a pivotal role in enhancing disaster preparedness, climate resilience, and environmental preservation.

Challenges Hindering Green Financing

·       Despite its transformative potential, green finance in India faces several hurdles. One of the key challenges is regulatory complexity and policy fragmentation. Energy, being a subject under the Concurrent List, sees uneven implementation across states and sectors. This inconsistency creates investor uncertainty and complicates financing flows.

·       Moreover, many financial institutions in India lack adequate expertise in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) assessment, leading to an underdeveloped green credit ecosystem. ESG considerations remain peripheral in lending and investment decisions, limiting the integration of sustainability metrics.

·       The high cost of green financing is another significant barrier. For instance, the financing rate for a 100 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) project in India ranges between 10.0% and 11.5%. This is substantially higher than the cost of financing similar projects in developed nations—approximately 2.8% in Germany and 5.3% in the United States. Such disparities make it harder for India to attract international investment at scale.

·       India also faces a persistent green finance deficit. While green bond issuances have grown, they remain modest compared to the size of the renewable energy targets. As of 2023, India’s cumulative green bond issuance stood at USD 21 billion. This is insufficient to meet its goal of achieving around 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.

Domestic and Global Efforts to Promote Green Financing

·       Recognising the urgent need to scale up climate finance, both international and domestic mechanisms have been initiated.

·       Globally, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established with a commitment from developed countries to mobilise USD 100 billion annually by 2020 to support climate action in developing countries. Similarly, the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) was designed to provide funding for adaptation, technology transfer, capacity building, and sustainable development in key sectors such as energy and transport.

·       India has also undertaken several initiatives to strengthen its green finance architecture. Among these are the issuance of Green, Social, Sustainability, and Sustainability-linked (GSSS) bonds, which include specialised instruments like green bonds (for clean energy), yellow bonds (for solar projects), and blue bonds (for marine ecosystem projects). These instruments are designed to attract a wider pool of investors committed to sustainability.

·       The government has also set up the Climate Change Finance Unit (CCFU) under the Ministry of Finance. Acting as the nodal agency for climate finance, the CCFU coordinates domestic and international climate finance flows, ensures policy alignment, and facilitates investment in low-carbon projects.

Conclusion

Green finance is not merely an auxiliary component of the economy—it is central to building a resilient, competitive, and sustainable India. With climate challenges intensifying and developmental goals expanding, reorienting capital to serve both economic and environmental objectives is no longer optional—it is imperative. While progress has been made, bridging the green finance gap will require policy coherence, institutional capacity, cost competitiveness, and global collaboration. Only through such a holistic approach can green finance become the foundation upon which future-ready and climate-resilient economies are built.

First Overseas Atal Innovation Centre

Context:

India’s Union Education Minister inaugurated the country’s first overseas Atal Innovation Centre (AIC) during his visit to the UAE. This landmark centre is housed at the IIT Delhi–Abu Dhabi campus.

About the Centre:

·       The Atal Innovation Centre in Abu Dhabi marks the first instance of such a hub being established outside India, under the aegis of the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM). Launched in September 2025, this facility aims to foster a global culture of innovation and entrepreneurship among students and professionals.

·       Its primary objectives include nurturing a vibrant ecosystem for research, innovation, and start-up incubation while deepening India–UAE cooperation in sectors such as education, sustainability, and advanced technologies. The centre is equipped to provide mentorship for innovators, incubation support for startups, and cutting-edge laboratories to enable advanced research. It will also facilitate academic exchange programmes, skill-building workshops, and teacher training initiatives, serving as a bridge for international knowledge-sharing and innovation collaboration.

Atal Innovation Mission (AIM):

·       AIM is a flagship initiative by the Indian government, implemented by NITI Aayog, to cultivate a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship. It aims to establish a robust innovation ecosystem across schools, universities, and industries.

·       Key initiatives under AIM include Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) that promote hands-on learning in robotics, IoT, and 3D printing in schools; and Atal Incubation Centres (AICs) which support startups with mentorship, infrastructure, and funding. Currently, over 10,000 ATLs and 72 AICs are functional across India, supporting thousands of start-ups and job creation, particularly in sectors like HealthTech, FinTech, AgriTech, and more. AIM also emphasizes inclusion, with support extended to over 1,000 women-led startups.

Power of Siberia 2 Pipeline

Context:

Gazprom, Russia’s state-owned energy company, has signed a deal with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) to construct the Power of Siberia 2 pipeline.

About the Project:

·       The Power of Siberia 2 is a major proposed natural gas pipeline that will stretch approximately 6,700 km, transporting gas from Western Siberia in Russia to China via Mongolia. This new pipeline is an extension of the earlier Power of Siberia 1, operational since 2019.

·       The project is strategically significant as it aims to compensate for Russia’s lost gas revenues following European Union sanctions and the subsequent gas cutoff due to the Ukraine conflict. It seeks to solidify the Russia–China energy alliance and diversify Russia’s energy markets away from the West.

·       The pipeline originates from Russia’s Yamal Peninsula, travels past Lake Baikal, through Mongolia, and ends in China. It is designed to carry around 50 billion cubic metres of natural gas annually. While this capacity is substantial, it remains smaller than the 180 billion cubic metres of gas Russia previously supplied to Europe. For comparison, Power of Siberia 1 carries about 38 billion cubic metres per year.

Huangyan Island (Scarborough Shoal)

Context:

China has declared the establishment of a national nature reserve on Huangyan Island, internationally known as Scarborough Shoal, escalating tensions in the South China Sea.

About the Island:

·       Scarborough Shoal, also called Huangyan Island by China and Panatag Shoal by the Philippines, is a disputed coral atoll in the South China Sea. Located around 220 km west of the Philippine island of Luzon near the Manila Trench, this feature has been a flashpoint for territorial disputes.

·       Historically, the shoal appeared on the 1734 Velarde Map under Spanish rule and was later part of U.S.-Philippines arrangements through the Treaty of Washington (1900). It was named after the British ship “Scarborough,” which ran aground there in 1748. A major incident occurred in 2012, leading to a standoff between China and the Philippines.

·       In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) ruled under UNCLOS that China''s expansive "nine-dash line" had no legal basis. However, it refrained from adjudicating sovereignty over the shoal, which remains contested between China, Taiwan, and the Philippines due to its strategic location for fishing, military, and energy interests.

About the South China Sea:

This marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean is bordered by Taiwan, the Philippines, Borneo, the Gulf of Thailand, and mainland China and Vietnam. The region is home to numerous contested features like the Spratly and Paracel Islands. It is also one of the world’s busiest trade routes, with nearly a third of global shipping passing through. Rich in oil, natural gas, and fisheries, the region includes strategic chokepoints like the Luzon Strait and Malacca Strait.

All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) & Situation Assessment Survey (SAS)

Context:

The next rounds of AIDIS and SAS are scheduled to be conducted between July 2026 and June 2027.

All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS):

·       Conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), AIDIS is one of India’s most critical household finance surveys. Originating with the All India Rural Credit Survey (1951–52), it evolved to cover both debt and investment by 1961–62. The latest round was carried out in 2019 (77th Round), commissioned by the Reserve Bank of India.

·       The survey assesses levels of indebtedness, asset ownership, and investment behaviour across rural and urban households. Its findings shape policies by the RBI, NITI Aayog, and other institutions, contributing to national accounts, understanding wealth distribution, and credit market reforms.

Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households:

First conducted in 2003 and significantly expanded in 2013 and 2019, the SAS offers a comprehensive picture of agricultural household livelihoods. It collects data on income, expenditures, indebtedness, crop and livestock production, land ownership, technology usage, and access to government schemes, including crop insurance. The survey is instrumental for policy-makers in the Ministry of Agriculture, NITI Aayog, and financial institutions working in rural and agricultural sectors.

National Forest Martyrs Day 2025

Context:

India recently observed National Forest Martyrs Day on September 11 to honour forest department personnel who lost their lives protecting forests and wildlife.

About the Day:

·       This commemorative day traces its origins to the Khejarli Massacre of 1730, in the Marwar Kingdom. When Maharaja Abhai Singh ordered the cutting of Khejri trees for palace construction, Amrita Devi Bishnoi and other villagers resisted by hugging the trees. As a result, 363 people were martyred in defence of nature. Their sacrifice inspired later environmental movements, including the Chipko Movement.

·       The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change officially declared September 11 as National Forest Martyrs Day in 2013. The day is marked by memorial ceremonies, tree planting drives, awareness campaigns, and educational activities, emphasising that forests are not merely resources but crucial ecological lifelines.

Fast Track Immigration – Trusted Traveller Programme (FTI-TTP)

Context:

The Union Home Minister recently expanded the FTI-TTP to five additional airports, enhancing international travel convenience.

About the Programme:

·       FTI-TTP aims to streamline immigration clearances for eligible Indian nationals and Overseas Citizens of India (OCI). First launched in 2024 at Delhi’s IGI Airport, it offers quicker, more secure immigration services.

·       Travellers register via https://ftittp.mha.gov.in and provide biometric data at FRROs or during airport transit. The clearance process involves scanning boarding passes, passports, and biometric authentication at automated e-gates. Once verified, gates open automatically, completing the process in seconds.

·       The registration is valid until passport expiry or five years, with renewals allowed. As of now, the system has been implemented in 13 airports, under the Bureau of Immigration, Ministry of Home Affairs.

Cyrtodactylus Vanarakshaka

Context:

A newly discovered species of bent-toed gecko was recently recorded from the montane forests of central Assam.

About the Species:

·       Named Cyrtodactylus vanarakshaka, this gecko belongs to the Cyrtodactylus khasiensis group. It was discovered in the Jatinga region of Dima Hasao district, a transitional ecological zone in the Barail Hills. The name honours the Assam Forest Department, with "vanarakshaka" derived from the Sanskrit words for forest ("vana") and protector ("rakshaka").

·       Known for its endemic nature and restricted distribution, this discovery marks the fifth species of the Cyrtodactylus genus found in Assam.

About Geckos:

Geckos are small, mostly nocturnal reptiles found on all continents except Antarctica. They have adapted to diverse habitats including rainforests, deserts, and cold mountainous regions. These colourful reptiles belong to six families and play a vital ecological role.

Decentralised Finance (DeFi)

Context:

There is growing concern over the misuse of DeFi platforms by terrorist groups for fundraising, infrastructure development, and network expansion.

About DeFi:

·       Decentralised Finance is a blockchain-based financial system that allows direct transactions between individuals, bypassing traditional intermediaries like banks. Services such as saving, lending, investing, and insurance are facilitated through smart contracts and decentralised apps (D-Apps).

·       Users can access DeFi through digital wallets without the need for formal registration or identity verification. This anonymity and flexibility enable faster, cheaper transactions but also pose risks related to illicit financing, fraud, and regulatory gaps.

·       Despite eliminating intermediaries, DeFi offers unprecedented control over personal finance. However, its unregulated nature and lack of accountability mechanisms remain key concerns for global financial governance.

Perpetual Bonds

Context:

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd (IREDA) recently raised ₹453 crore at an interest rate of 7.70% through the issuance of perpetual bonds to finance green energy initiatives.

About Perpetual Bonds:

·       These are debt instruments with no maturity date, offering indefinite interest payments to bondholders. Also referred to as "perps" or "consol bonds," they provide permanent capital for issuers without obligating them to repay the principal.

·       Issuers may include a call option to redeem bonds after a fixed period (typically 5–10 years), especially if market conditions are favourable. Perpetual bonds typically offer higher yields to compensate for their indefinite nature and higher risk. In the event of issuer bankruptcy, perpetual bondholders are ranked below other creditors but above shareholders.

·       In India, banks and large institutions issue these bonds to strengthen their capital base while retaining equity-like accounting treatment.

Biodiversity Heritage Site

Context:

A 8.6-acre green space at Cantonment Railway Colony in Bengaluru was recently designated as a Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS)—the city’s second after Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra.

About BHS:

·       Declared under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, BHS are ecologically significant areas known for their rich biodiversity. They may feature rare species, endemic plants, evolutionary relics, or cultural and historical value.

·       State governments, in consultation with local bodies, notify these sites and may formulate compensation schemes for affected stakeholders. The notification does not restrict existing local usage unless voluntarily agreed upon. BHS can span terrestrial, aquatic, or marine ecosystems, enhancing local livelihoods and environmental stewardship.

World’s First AI Minister Appointed in Albania

Context:

Albania has appointed the world’s first artificial intelligence (AI) minister — an AI-generated bot named Diella — to oversee and manage public tenders for government projects. This move aims to enhance transparency, reduce corruption, and introduce AI governance into public administration.

Role of AI in Public Services and Governance:

AI can significantly boost the efficiency and objectivity of public service delivery. For instance, in healthcare, urban planning, and disaster relief, AI-enabled tools like the RAHAT app are already optimising relief operations and resource allocation. AI systems also reduce human bias in welfare distribution, automate public grievance redressal through platforms like UMANG, and enable real-time multilingual citizen engagement via tools such as Bhashini.

Challenges and Risks:

·       Despite its advantages, AI governance presents significant challenges. Delegating decision-making to non-human agents can erode democratic accountability and transparency. For example, if an AI system incorrectly flags a beneficiary in a welfare program, it could disrupt access to vital services. Similarly, predictive policing systems in countries like the U.S. have been criticised for disproportionately targeting minority communities due to biased training data.

·       Another concern is the opaque nature of AI systems—often termed "black boxes"—which limits public understanding of their decision-making processes. The absence of regulatory frameworks to assign liability for AI errors, along with data privacy concerns, further complicates its implementation. Therefore, while AI offers opportunities for better governance, it must operate under clear ethical, legal, and democratic oversight to ensure public trust and fairness.

Strategic Mineral Mining Projects Exempted from Public Hearing under EIA

Context:

In a significant move, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has exempted certain mining projects related to national defence from mandatory public hearings under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 2006.

Details of the Exemption:

At the request of the Ministry of Defence and the Department of Atomic Energy, the exemption applies to mining operations involving atomic minerals like uranium and thorium, and critical or strategic minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. These exemptions align with the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023.

Reasons for the Exemption:

The exemption is driven by national security and strategic imperatives. These minerals are essential for India''s defence manufacturing, clean energy technologies, and reducing dependence on imports—especially from countries like China. Additionally, the exemption is intended to attract investments by streamlining approvals and making project execution more predictable.

Concerns Raised:

The move, however, raises questions about weakening environmental governance. Public consultation is a statutory part of the EIA process and its removal reduces transparency and limits community participation. This may lead to unrest, legal disputes, and environmental degradation. Critics also argue that repeated exemptions set a precedent for diluting EIA norms, potentially undermining environmental protection mechanisms.

About the EIA:

The Environmental Impact Assessment process, governed by the 2006 notification under the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, is designed to predict and assess potential ecological impacts of developmental projects. It includes crucial steps like screening, scoping, public consultation, and expert appraisal to ensure sustainable development and protect local communities and ecosystems.