Punjab’s Recurrent Flooding Crisis: A Complex Interplay of Rivers, Dams, and Governance Failures

Punjab is currently grappling with one of the most devastating floods in its history, with all 23 districts officially declared flood-affected. The disaster has impacted over 1,900 villages, displaced approximately 3.8 lakh residents, and damaged 11.7 lakh hectares of farmland. The death toll has risen to 43, with Gurdaspur emerging as the worst-hit district. Meanwhile, across the border, Pakistan’s Punjab region has also experienced severe flooding, displacing more than 9 lakh people. While the region''s geographical features make it naturally susceptible to floods, the crisis has been significantly worsened by human-induced factors.

Rivers: Punjab’s Lifeline and Its Threat

·       Punjab is sustained by three major perennial rivers — the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej — along with the seasonal Ghaggar and various smaller hill streams (locally known as choes). These water bodies enrich the soil by depositing fertile alluvium, making the state one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world. Despite occupying just 1.5% of India’s land area, Punjab contributes nearly 20% of the country’s wheat and 12% of its rice output, earning it the title of the “food bowl of India.”

·       However, the very rivers that enable Punjab''s agricultural success also unleash destruction during the monsoon season. Rainfall within Punjab and in upstream catchments in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir causes rivers to swell beyond their carrying capacity. Although dhussi bundhs — earthen embankments — are built to protect surrounding areas, these structures are frequently overwhelmed by sudden surges in river volume.

Recurring Floods: A Persistent Pattern

Punjab has a long history of destructive floods, having experienced major inundations in 1955, 1988, 1993, 2019, and 2023. The pattern continued in 2024, when excessive rainfall once again triggered large-scale flooding. The Beas river, swollen by torrential rains in Himachal Pradesh, overflowed in August, inundating farmlands and villages across Kapurthala, Tarn Taran, Ferozepur, Fazilka, and Hoshiarpur. In the same period, the Ravi river swelled dangerously, and the collapse of two gates at the Madhopur Barrage led to catastrophic flooding in Pathankot, Gurdaspur, and Amritsar.

Compounding Effects of Excess Rainfall

The situation was aggravated by sustained rainfall across the state. While embankments along the Sutlej held firm, severe waterlogging plagued the Malwa region, impacting districts like Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Ropar, Nawanshahr, and Moga. According to the Indian Meteorological Department, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir all recorded rainfall over 45% above seasonal averages — a significant anomaly that exacerbated the flooding crisis.

Dams: Regulating Rivers, Exacerbating Floods

·       Every major flood event in Punjab reignites scrutiny of the region’s three key dams: the Bhakra Dam on the Sutlej (Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh), the Pong Dam on the Beas (Kangra, Himachal Pradesh), and the Thein or Ranjit Sagar Dam on the Ravi (at the J&K–Punjab border). While the Bhakra and Pong dams are managed by the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) — a statutory body created under the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 — the Ranjit Sagar Dam is overseen by Punjab’s State Power Corporation and the Irrigation Department. These dams are meant to regulate river flow and play a central role in mitigating flood risks.

·       When reservoir levels exceed safe limits due to heavy rainfall, dam operators are compelled to release water to prevent overtopping — a scenario that could be disastrous. The BBMB follows a “rule curve” based on hydrology and forecast data to guide storage and release decisions. However, during extreme weather events, these guidelines are often overtaken by the need for emergency discharges. This year, the Pong Dam recorded inflows 20% higher than in 2023 — an extraordinary surge. Similarly, the Bhakra Dam also experienced unusually high inflows, although such volumes are not entirely unprecedented.

Punjab’s Long-standing Concerns with BBMB

Punjab has consistently accused the BBMB of prioritising irrigation and power generation over flood management. State officials argue that reservoir levels are deliberately kept high during July and August to ensure sufficient water for winter crops and electricity production. This practice leaves minimal buffer capacity to absorb sudden heavy rains in late monsoon months like August and September. Sudden, large-scale water releases — often issued without adequate warning — worsen flooding in downstream areas and leave district administrations scrambling to respond.

Governance Tensions and Institutional Shortcomings

At the heart of Punjab’s dissatisfaction is the structure of the BBMB itself. The Board is a central body with a mandate heavily focused on irrigation and power supply, but not on flood control. Punjab feels that its influence over BBMB decisions is limited. The situation deteriorated further in 2022, when the Centre amended BBMB rules to allow officers from any Indian state — not just Punjab and Haryana — to be appointed to top leadership roles. This move was met with strong criticism from Punjab, which accused the BBMB of delaying water release until the last possible moment, then opening gates abruptly, thereby aggravating flood impacts.

The Broader Governance Failure Behind the Crisis

Experts point to a combination of poor dam management, inadequate early warning systems, and fragile infrastructure as major contributors to this year’s catastrophic flooding. The sudden release of water from the Thein Dam, coupled with the collapse of two gates at the Madhopur Barrage, underscores glaring coordination failures within Punjab’s own Irrigation Department. Environmentalists also highlight how reservoirs at Bhakra, Pong, and Ranjit Sagar dams were kept dangerously full and later emptied too quickly — triggering severe downstream inundation. Compounding the situation were weak dhussi bundhs, many of which had been structurally compromised by illegal sand mining activities.

Conclusion

Punjab’s flood crisis is not merely the result of natural forces but a reflection of deeply rooted governance failures, institutional rigidity, and short-sighted water management. As climate variability increases the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, a coordinated and science-based approach to dam operations, infrastructure reinforcement, and inter-agency communication is urgently needed to protect lives, livelihoods, and the agricultural backbone of the state.

Centre Approves Independent Environment Auditors under Environment Audit Rules, 2025

In a significant step towards reforming India’s environmental governance framework, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Audit Rules, 2025, introducing a new category of certified and registered independent environment auditors. These auditors, licensed private agencies analogous to chartered accountants, will be empowered to inspect projects and verify compliance with various environmental regulations. Their role is designed to supplement the work of State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) by conducting environmental audits, impact assessments, and ensuring implementation of pollution prevention and control measures in line with legal and regulatory mandates.

Purpose and Rationale for the Environment Audit Rules

·       The Environment Audit Rules, 2025, are rooted in the government’s broader objectives of enhancing Ease of Doing Business while strengthening the foundations of sustainable governance. Drawing inspiration from global best practices, the rules aim to rectify long-standing gaps in environmental compliance monitoring. Presently, oversight responsibilities lie with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State PCBs, and MoEFCC’s regional offices. However, these institutions often operate under severe constraints—limited manpower, insufficient infrastructure, and overstretched resources—which compromise the efficacy of environmental regulation and enforcement.

·       The new rules introduce a mechanism that directly addresses these constraints by integrating private expertise into the compliance monitoring system. This model is intended to foster transparency, accountability, and credibility, thereby strengthening public trust in the environmental regulation regime.

Key Provisions and Institutional Mechanisms

Under the new framework, a dedicated body known as the Environment Audit Designated Agency (EADA) will be responsible for certifying and registering environment auditors. Two primary categories of auditors are defined:

• Certified Environment Auditors (CEAs): Individuals who qualify through either a Recognition of Prior Learning process or a National Certification Examination.
• Registered Environment Auditors (REAs): Certified professionals officially licensed to perform audits and enforce compliance assessments under the new rules.

Auditors will be assigned to projects randomly to reduce potential bias or conflicts of interest. Once appointed, they are mandated to:

• Verify compliance with environmental regulations, including those pertaining to Green Credit Rules, waste management laws, and forest and environmental legislation.
• Conduct sampling, testing, and analysis of environmental parameters.
• Verify self-declared compliance reports filed by industries and project developers.
• Calculate compensation for environmental damage where necessary.

These responsibilities mark a considerable expansion of the auditor''s role, as they are now expected to ensure accurate compliance reporting and provide scientific verification that can influence regulatory and legal decisions.

Institutional Oversight and Governance Structure

The overarching implementation and monitoring of the Environment Audit Rules will be supervised by a Steering Committee. This body will be chaired by an Additional Secretary of the MoEFCC and will include representatives from various regulatory agencies, including CPCB, SPCBs, and regional offices. The committee’s mandate includes:

• Reviewing the performance and effectiveness of the audit regime.
• Resolving operational challenges.
• Proposing periodic reforms and updates to the regulatory framework.

In parallel, the EADA will manage an online registry of certified auditors, develop training modules, and ensure that auditors maintain updated knowledge of evolving environmental regulations and audit methodologies.

Expected Outcomes and Impacts

The Environment Audit Rules, 2025, are expected to produce multiple positive outcomes across India''s environmental regulatory landscape. These include:

• Improved Compliance: The involvement of independent auditors is anticipated to enhance the credibility and enforceability of monitoring systems.
• Integration with Key Frameworks: The audit process will support national programs such as the Green Credit Programme, Ecomark certification, and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) under waste management laws.
• Capacity Expansion: The inclusion of trained private professionals will allow government regulators to focus on high-risk industries, complex enforcement actions, and long-term policy development.
• Transparency and Accountability: Randomised assignment of auditors mitigates conflicts of interest and promotes public confidence in the audit process.
• Digitised Governance: With all audit findings stored electronically, policy-makers can use this data to inform decisions, drive targeted interventions, and increase disclosure.
• Proactive Risk Mitigation: The early detection of non-compliance allows for timely corrective action, thereby reducing the risk of long-term environmental damage.

Significance of the Shift in Monitoring Approach

The introduction of independent environment auditors represents a substantial shift in India’s environmental monitoring strategy. By broadening the scope of enforcement beyond traditional pollution control boards, the government is making a deliberate move towards professionalising and decentralising environmental audits. This structural change also acknowledges the growing need for data-driven, technically robust, and scalable monitoring systems, especially in the face of climate change, rising industrialisation, and increasing public scrutiny.

Bridging Regulatory Gaps through Private Participation

·       India’s existing environmental enforcement bodies face a mounting challenge: an ever-expanding number of projects and industrial facilities require supervision, while staffing and budget constraints persist. The incorporation of licensed private auditors directly addresses this gap. These auditors bring in specialised expertise necessary for evaluating compliance with complex and evolving environmental regulations, including carbon emissions accounting and pollution control technologies.

·       Notably, their role is crucial in operationalising schemes like the Green Credit Programme, which requires technical assessment of efforts such as afforestation, water conservation, and waste treatment. This kind of evaluation demands skills and resources that many state-level regulators may not currently possess.

Challenges at the Local Level

·       Despite the promise of the Environment Audit Rules, their implementation must also contend with challenges at the grassroots level. Environmental violations are frequently most severe in districts, blocks, and panchayats, where enforcement capacity is weakest. If the new system focuses predominantly on centralised or large-scale projects, there is a risk that local-level environmental degradation may continue unchecked.

·       To ensure holistic governance, it is imperative that district and panchayat-level officers are equipped with the training, authority, and support needed to act on audit findings and enforce environmental laws effectively. Without this, even the most sophisticated audit frameworks may fail to produce meaningful change on the ground.

Conclusion

·       The Environment Audit Rules, 2025 represent a landmark step in modernising India’s approach to environmental compliance. By creating space for independent, professionally certified auditors, the government has opened a new chapter in regulatory oversight—one that values transparency, accountability, and expertise. These reforms have the potential to significantly enhance the credibility and efficiency of India’s environmental governance.

·       However, the ultimate success of the initiative will depend on how well it integrates with existing institutions, especially at the local level. Strengthening enforcement capacity across all tiers—national, state, and grassroots—will be essential to realising the full benefits of this forward-looking regulatory shift.

Land Acquisition for Great Nicobar Trunk Road Deemed Beneficial: Social Impact Assessment Report

A Social Impact Assessment (SIA) conducted by Atlas Management Consultancy Services (AMCS) Private Limited has concluded that the land acquisition process for the Great Nicobar Trunk Infrastructure Road is beneficial. The project involves the diversion of approximately 130 hectares of land within tribal reserves, sparking discussions around development, displacement, and tribal rights in ecologically and culturally sensitive regions.

Understanding the Social Impact Assessment Framework

The SIA is a structured process involving research, planning, and the management of social change or consequences resulting from policies, plans, developments, and projects, as defined by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2007). In India, the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act of 2013 mandates the conduct of a Social Impact Assessment and the preparation of a Social Impact Management Plan before any land acquisition takes place. This requirement extends across acquisitions for government purposes, public-private partnerships, and private entities acquiring land for public benefit.

The Broader Context of Tribal Displacement and Development

·       Development projects in India frequently intersect with regions inhabited by indigenous communities, particularly those rich in forests and mineral resources. Historically, this has led to the displacement of tribal populations, as seen in projects like the Sardar Sarovar Dam and the Ken-Betwa River Link. The consequences of such displacement are far-reaching, including loss of traditional livelihoods, cultural erosion, psychological trauma, and the breakdown of social structures.

·       To address these impacts, policies such as the RFCTLARR Act, 2013, outline provisions for compensation and rehabilitation. However, the rehabilitation process often faces numerous challenges, including inadequate compensation, limited community involvement, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and instances of corruption. These issues can undermine the effectiveness of resettlement efforts and deepen the marginalisation of tribal communities.

Moving Beyond Displacement: Toward a Holistic Approach

·       While displacement and rehabilitation remain central to the discourse on land acquisition, a more comprehensive perspective involves empowerment, self-governance, education, and livelihood enhancement for tribal populations. Key legislative tools such as the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), 1996, and the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, reinforce the authority of Gram Sabhas in decision-making processes concerning land and natural resources. These laws aim to preserve tribal autonomy and ensure informed consent in development projects.

·       Efforts to improve the socio-economic conditions of tribal communities also include initiatives like the Eklavya Model Residential Schools, which aim to provide quality education in tribal areas, thereby improving long-term developmental outcomes. Furthermore, livelihood diversification programmes, such as the Van Dhan Vikas Kendras, support the value-addition of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and help generate sustainable incomes for tribal households.

·       In addition, schemes like PM JANMAN (Prime Minister’s Janjatiya Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan) are geared towards the holistic development of tribal communities, addressing not just economic needs but also health, education, and access to basic infrastructure.

Conclusion

The SIA report on the Great Nicobar Trunk Infrastructure Road suggests that, while the diversion of tribal land is significant, the project carries potential benefits. However, this assessment must be weighed against the historical and ongoing concerns of displacement, inadequate rehabilitation, and the erosion of tribal rights. A sustainable and equitable approach requires not only legal compliance but also meaningful community participation, empowerment, and the integration of development with cultural and ecological sensitivity. This ensures that infrastructure growth does not come at the cost of tribal well-being, but rather contributes to their inclusive progress.

India vs. French Vote of Confidence: A Comparative Analysis

Context:

France is currently navigating a significant political crisis as Prime Minister François Bayrou is expected to lose a vote of confidence. The crisis has been triggered by the unpopularity of recent austerity measures introduced by the government. This situation draws attention to how votes of confidence function in different political systems — particularly in France’s semi-presidential model and India’s parliamentary framework.

The French Semi-Presidential System: The Fifth Republic

·       France operates under a semi-presidential system established by the 1958 Constitution, which marked the beginning of the Fifth Republic. This constitution was crafted to end the instability of the earlier parliamentary-dominated Fourth Republic. The French model blends elements of both presidential and parliamentary systems, creating a dual executive comprising a directly elected President and a Prime Minister who is accountable to the legislature.

·       Under this system, the President of France serves as Head of State, directly elected by the people for a five-year term, and exercises substantial authority, particularly in foreign affairs, national defence, and emergency situations. The President also has the power to appoint the Prime Minister, dissolve the National Assembly, and call for referendums.

·       The Prime Minister, as Head of Government, is responsible for the country’s domestic policy and daily administration. Though appointed by the President, the Prime Minister must maintain the confidence of the National Assembly to remain in office. The government — led by the Prime Minister and Cabinet — can be removed through a Motion of Censure, France’s equivalent of a no-confidence vote, under Article 49(2) of the Constitution.

·       France’s Parliament is bicameral, comprising the National Assembly (directly elected) and the Senate (indirectly elected). The National Assembly holds the power to dismiss the government and has the final say on most legislation. However, executive stability is maintained through “rationalised parliamentarianism,” which streamlines legislative procedures to avoid stalemates.

·       A key feature of the French system is cohabitation, which occurs when the President and the National Assembly majority belong to opposing political parties. In such scenarios, the President retains significant control over foreign policy, while the Prime Minister handles domestic affairs. Though rare since the 2000 reform that aligned presidential and legislative election cycles, cohabitation remains a constitutional reality of the Fifth Republic.

·       Major reforms to the French Constitution include the 2000 amendment, which reduced the presidential term from seven to five years to align with parliamentary terms and minimise cohabitation, and the 2008 amendment, which expanded parliamentary powers and curbed the use of Article 49(3) — a provision that allows the government to pass legislation without a vote unless a no-confidence motion is passed.

India’s Parliamentary System

·       India operates under a pure parliamentary system, where executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, and collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament. The entire government must retain the confidence of the Lok Sabha to remain in power.

·       A vote of confidence — or more commonly, a no-confidence motion — may be moved by opposition members under Rule 198 of the Lok Sabha Rules. Article 75(3) of the Constitution mandates collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Lok Sabha, ensuring that loss of majority support results in the government’s resignation. A no-confidence motion is passed by a simple majority of those present and voting in the House.

·       If the government loses the vote, the entire Council of Ministers must resign. The President then has two choices: invite another leader who can demonstrate majority support to form a new government, or dissolve the Lok Sabha and call for fresh elections.

Comparing Votes of Confidence in India and France

·       Though both countries practice parliamentary accountability, the mechanisms and implications of a vote of confidence differ significantly due to their respective systems.

·       In France, only the Prime Minister and Cabinet are subject to a vote of confidence. The President remains in office regardless of the outcome, underscoring the independent mandate the President enjoys from direct election. The Motion of Censure, outlined in Article 49(2) of the Constitution, must be passed by an absolute majority of all members of the National Assembly — a higher threshold than India’s simple majority requirement.

·       Additionally, the French system includes Articles 49-1 and 49-3, which give the Prime Minister procedural tools to navigate legislation. Article 49-3, in particular, allows the government to tie the passage of a bill to a vote of confidence. If the Assembly does not pass a Motion of Censure, the bill is automatically adopted. If the government loses, the Prime Minister and Cabinet must resign, though the President continues in office, potentially appointing a new Prime Minister — even from the opposition during periods of cohabitation.

·       In contrast, India’s parliamentary system places confidence in the entire government, including the Prime Minister and all ministers. The process is initiated solely through a no-confidence motion, and there are no provisions for the executive to bypass the legislature in the passage of bills. Only Parliament has the power to test the majority. The President plays a neutral role, intervening only after the government loses the vote.

Key Differences Summarised

• System Type: India functions under a pure parliamentary model; France follows a semi-presidential framework.
• Accountability: In India, the entire government is accountable to Parliament. In France, only the Prime Minister and Cabinet are accountable; the President is not affected by a no-confidence vote.
• Initiation Process: India allows opposition MPs to move a no-confidence motion; in France, MPs of the National Assembly can move a Motion of Censure.
• Majority Required: India requires a simple majority of members present and voting; France demands an absolute majority of total Assembly members, making it harder to pass.
• Consequences of Defeat: In India, the government must resign and may trigger general elections. In France, only the Cabinet resigns, and the President appoints a new Prime Minister.
• Executive Flexibility: India lacks provisions like Article 49-3. In France, the government can tie legislation to a vote of confidence, giving the Prime Minister strategic leverage.

Conclusion

·       The vote of confidence in India and France reflects their fundamentally different constitutional designs. India’s system enshrines parliamentary supremacy, with the government entirely dependent on legislative support. This ensures direct and full accountability of the executive to the legislature.

·       In contrast, France’s semi-presidential model creates a dual executive where the President holds independent authority, insulated from parliamentary no-confidence votes. This model balances strong executive leadership with parliamentary accountability, but also introduces complexities like cohabitation and split responsibility in governance.

·       Ultimately, while both systems uphold democratic checks on executive power, they do so through distinct institutional arrangements that shape their respective political dynamics.

India–Europe Energy Dynamics: India’s Surging Diesel Exports Amid EU''s Impending Ban on Russian Crude Products

As the European Union (EU) prepares to enforce a ban on fuels refined from Russian crude starting January 21, 2026, it is actively stockpiling petroleum products, particularly diesel, to cushion against potential supply disruptions. In this evolving landscape, India has emerged as a crucial swing supplier of refined petroleum products to Europe, reshaping the contours of the India-Europe energy relationship and highlighting India’s growing significance in global energy trade.

India’s Petroleum Exports to Europe: Economic Role and Strategic Growth

·       India’s petroleum sector plays a pivotal role in the country’s economy by driving foreign exchange earnings and enhancing its global trade footprint. Exports to the European market—characterised by high energy demand and rigorous quality standards—not only boost India’s economic positioning but also underscore its credibility as a reliable energy partner.

·       Between April 2023 and January 2024, India’s petroleum exports to Europe were valued at $18.4 billion. In July 2024 alone, exports increased by 26%, reaching 266,000 barrels per day (bpd), with diesel accounting for 238,000 bpd and aviation turbine fuel contributing 81,000 bpd. The scale of this expansion is underscored by long-term trends: from 2018–19 to 2023–24, petroleum exports to Europe surged over 253,000% in volume and nearly 250% in value. This exponential growth reflects Europe''s increasing reliance on Indian refined fuels amid shifting geopolitical and energy dynamics.

·       When placed in the context of global petroleum exporters, India is not among the largest crude exporters—Saudi Arabia leads with 16.2%, followed by Russia (9.14%) and Canada (8.48%)—but it has carved out a growing niche through the export of refined products. These include diesel, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and naphtha, as well as aviation turbine fuel, industrial fuels, and petrochemicals such as polypropylene and polyethylene used in manufacturing.

·       India''s advanced refining capacity positions it advantageously, particularly as Europe seeks steady and diversified energy sources. Exporters from India benefit from this trend by leveraging efficient logistics networks to scale operations and tap deeper into European demand.

Current Trends in India–Europe Energy Trade

·       India’s diesel exports to Europe reached approximately 260,000 bpd in August 2025—an increase of nearly 63% over July and 103% over the same month in 2024, according to analytics firm Kpler. Total petroleum product exports from India to Europe in August rose 41% month-on-month to nearly 399,000 bpd.

·       Notably, all diesel exports from India to Europe in August 2025 originated from Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), the country’s largest private-sector refiner and a major player in global petroleum exports. This concentration of supply from RIL highlights the company''s strategic role in meeting Europe''s diesel demand during a critical transitional period.

Factors Driving Export Growth

Several interrelated factors have contributed to the sharp increase in Indian exports to Europe:

• The EU’s proactive stockpiling of fuel ahead of the January 2026 sanctions.
• The rescheduling of maintenance shutdowns at key European refineries, such as Shell’s Pernis facility in the Netherlands, to avoid operational disruptions during the enforcement period of the ban.
• Anticipated refinery maintenance across West Asia in late 2025, which is expected to temporarily reduce regional fuel supplies to Europe.
• India''s ability to act as a swing supplier of middle distillates—namely diesel, jet fuel, and kerosene—making it an increasingly indispensable source for European buyers.

Geopolitical Tensions and Western Criticism

India’s rising energy exports to Europe have sparked criticism from some Western countries, particularly the United States and its allies. They allege that India is profiting by purchasing discounted Russian crude, refining it, and exporting the resulting products to Europe. However, India has firmly rejected these accusations, arguing that:

• The import of Russian crude is not illegal and remains within the boundaries of international trade law.
• The export of refined fuels is permitted under existing global trade norms.
• Any countries objecting to these exports have the choice to cease imports from India.

India maintains that its energy trade practices are legitimate and that its refineries process a diversified crude mix, which complicates simplistic attributions of origin.

EU''s Ban on Russian-Origin Fuels: Scope and Implications

·       The EU had already imposed a direct ban on the import of Russian petroleum products in February 2023. Beginning in January 2026, this restriction will extend to include fuels refined from Russian crude, regardless of whether the refining takes place within EU territory or in third countries. This widened scope aims to close potential loopholes but raises several practical enforcement challenges.

·       Some nations—such as Canada, Norway, Switzerland, the UK, and the US—are exempt from these measures. In India, most refineries process crude from a mixed origin, typically with 60–70% non-Russian inputs. This mix makes it extremely difficult to trace the specific source of refined fuels. Notably, RIL operates two distinct refining systems, allowing greater flexibility to separate and manage compliance with emerging trade restrictions.

Potential Impact on Indian Exports and Global Trade Adjustments

Should European regulators decide to halt imports of fuels refined from Russian crude—regardless of processing location—India may experience short-term disruptions. However, the impact is expected to be transitory. India’s refiners could pivot to other international markets, many of which are traditionally served by West Asian exporters. Simultaneously, Europe may seek to increase imports from alternate suppliers, including those in West Asia, to compensate for reduced Indian volumes. In effect, global fuel flows would undergo a realignment, but not necessarily a reduction in volume.

Conclusion

India’s emergence as a key swing supplier of petroleum products—particularly diesel—has elevated its importance in Europe’s energy security calculus amid the continent’s transition away from Russian crude. This development has redefined India-Europe energy dynamics, positioning India as a critical player during a pivotal geopolitical and economic shift.

Looking ahead, India must leverage this opportunity to consolidate its standing in global energy markets. Strategic actions such as diversifying export destinations, investing in compliant refining infrastructure, and maintaining strong diplomatic engagement will be essential to navigating future policy uncertainties, especially those arising from the EU’s impending enforcement of its refined fuel ban in 2026.

Indian Science Congress Replaced by Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC)

India has officially replaced the century-old Indian Science Congress (ISC) with the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC), whose inaugural edition is scheduled to be held in November 2025 at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi. This development marks a significant transformation in India’s scientific landscape, reflecting a shift toward a more structured, innovation-centric framework that aligns closely with national developmental objectives, particularly the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.

Historical Context and Significance of the Indian Science Congress

·       For over 100 years, the Indian Science Congress served as the country’s foremost platform for dialogue among scientists, researchers, and policymakers. Since its inception in 1914, the ISC evolved into a highly prestigious annual event, often inaugurated by the Prime Minister, and succeeded in bringing together leading national and international scientific minds. It played a foundational role in shaping India’s scientific community both before and after Independence, hosted several Nobel Laureates, and contributed to the formulation of numerous science policies. It also fostered public engagement by making science accessible to students and the general population through exhibitions and lectures.

·       However, in recent years, the Congress experienced a notable decline in relevance and quality. Increasingly criticised for its lack of academic rigour, the ISC was marred by controversies arising from unscientific claims made by certain speakers, undermining its credibility. Its significance as a policy-influencing platform also diminished. Compounding these issues were institutional tensions between the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), leading to funding reductions and organisational instability. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted its continuity, with only one physical edition held in 2023, deepening its disconnect from the evolving needs of India’s scientific and innovation landscape.

·       These persistent challenges created the impetus for establishing a new, more relevant platform—resulting in the launch of ESTIC.

Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC): A New Chapter

·       The first edition of ESTIC will take place on November 3–4, 2025, and is expected to be inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, highlighting the strategic importance the government places on this initiative. Organised by the DST in partnership with all ministries related to science and technology, ESTIC aspires to become the country’s premier forum for innovation-led research and collaboration.

·       This new conclave introduces several key structural and thematic advancements. It will feature 11 focused technical sessions on cutting-edge topics including space exploration, biotechnology, deep-tech, and renewable energy. A dedicated innovation showcase will include 75 exhibition stalls representing India’s growing deep-tech startup ecosystem. Confirmed international participants include Nobel Laureate Andre Geim (Physics, 2010), French space expert Jean-Yves Le Gall, and Japanese biologist Professor Masaru Tomita, underscoring ESTIC’s intent to foster high-level global engagement.

·       Unlike its predecessor, ESTIC will witness direct involvement from all major science-related ministries—ranging from atomic energy to IT and space—reflecting a whole-of-government approach. The event is designed not merely as a platform for scientific celebration, but as a serious, policy-aligned conclave aimed at realising India’s technological ambitions.

Objectives and Strategic Direction

·       The core objectives of ESTIC are to promote advanced research and showcase breakthrough innovations, to recalibrate India’s scientific engagement in line with national priorities like Viksit Bharat 2047, and to offer a globally competitive platform for serious scientific discourse. It is envisioned as distinct from the India International Science Festival (IISF), which is more focused on science popularisation and public outreach.

·       By offering a venue where research excellence, policy thinking, and technological innovation converge, ESTIC seeks to provide strategic direction to India’s future in science and technology.

Implications of the Transition

• The replacement of ISC with ESTIC signifies a broader evolution in India’s science policy framework. It reflects a conscious move from a general-purpose scientific gathering to a goal-driven, innovation-focused platform. The shift underlines the increasing importance of applied research, startup ecosystems, and global scientific leadership in shaping India''s future. Moreover, the reorganisation of oversight—placing ESTIC directly under the DST—resolves long-standing institutional conflicts, thereby streamlining governance and ensuring greater policy coherence.
• This transformation not only modernises the country’s approach to scientific engagement but also reinforces India’s ambition to become a global leader in science, technology, and innovation.

Angikaar 2025 Campaign

·       The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has launched Angikaar 2025, a nationwide outreach initiative under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY-U) 2.0. This campaign is designed to fast-track housing delivery while enhancing awareness among beneficiaries and ensuring that the benefits of the housing scheme reach the intended population.

·       Angikaar 2025 is positioned as a last-mile outreach programme intended to close existing implementation gaps in the PMAY-U 2.0 framework. Its core objective is to generate widespread awareness about the scheme, while also facilitating the verification of applications and accelerating the completion of sanctioned houses. The campaign will be conducted over a two-month period across more than 5,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across the country.

·       As part of its outreach strategy, Angikaar 2025 will involve activities such as door-to-door campaigns, loan melas, cultural events, and the PM Awas Mela – Shehri. Special attention will be given to reaching vulnerable groups, and there will be a strong emphasis on convergence with other social welfare schemes. A key target of the campaign is the completion of pending housing projects and the delivery of an additional one crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-U 2.0, thereby boosting both housing access and public confidence in urban development initiatives.

Rajasthan Coaching Centres (Control and Regulation) Bill, 2025

·       The Rajasthan Coaching Centres (Control and Regulation) Bill, 2025, recently passed by the Rajasthan Assembly, seeks to bring much-needed regulation to the state’s rapidly expanding coaching industry. The move comes amid rising concerns over student suicides, intense academic pressure, and increasing commercialisation in the coaching ecosystem.

·       This state-level legislation introduces a framework for mandatory registration, monitoring, and regulation of coaching centres. It aims to ensure accountability among institutes while prioritising student welfare. Under the bill, a special regulatory body comprising officials, parents, doctors, and police will be established to oversee the functioning of coaching centres. Any coaching centre accommodating more than 100 students will be required to register and comply with prescribed standards.

·       The legislation mandates that coaching facilities must provide adequate space per student, hire only qualified teachers, and refrain from making false claims about guaranteed ranks or scores. To address mental health concerns, the bill limits coaching hours to a maximum of five per day and mandates weekly holidays for students and staff. Counselling services will also be made available to support student well-being.

·       Strict penalties ranging from ₹50,000 to ₹2 lakh will be imposed for violations, and repeat offenders risk the cancellation of their operating licence. While the bill is a step toward safeguarding student interests, it also recognises the coaching sector’s contribution to employment and the local economy, aiming to balance regulation with developmental support.

Blood Moon – September 7, 2025

·       On September 7, 2025, a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse—will be visible across various parts of India. During this celestial event, the moon will appear dark red or coppery, owing to the Earth’s shadow completely covering it.

·       A blood moon occurs when the Earth moves directly between the sun and the moon, casting a shadow that blocks direct sunlight. However, light from the sun still reaches the moon after passing through the Earth’s atmosphere, which scatters shorter wavelengths like blue and allows the longer red wavelengths to reach the moon. This phenomenon, known as Rayleigh scattering, gives the moon its distinctive reddish hue during the eclipse.

·       The intensity of the colour depends on factors such as atmospheric dust, pollution, and volcanic activity. This eclipse will be visible across large geographical regions where the moon is above the horizon at the time of the event. The entire occurrence can last for several hours, depending on the alignment and positioning of celestial bodies.

·       In addition to its astronomical significance, the blood moon offers insights into the Earth''s atmospheric conditions and serves as an important tool for scientific outreach. Across cultures, it also holds spiritual and symbolic meanings, adding to its public appeal.

Acanthamoeba: An Emerging Public Health Concern in Kerala

The Health Department of Kerala has recently expressed alarm over new findings that reveal Acanthamoeba is far more prevalent in the State’s water bodies than previously estimated. This protozoan parasite, typically found in natural environments, is gaining attention due to its ability to cause severe human infections.

Nature and Habitat:

Acanthamoeba is a free-living protozoan parasite commonly found in soil and freshwater sources. It has now been identified in an increasing number of household wells, ponds, water storage tanks, and similar environments across Kerala. The organism thrives particularly in waters with high coliform content, especially those contaminated with E. coli.

Pathogenicity and Forms:

The parasite exists in two biological forms: the active trophozoite stage and the cyst stage, which is dormant and highly resistant. It is considered an opportunistic pathogen that can infect both healthy individuals and those with compromised immunity. It typically gains entry through minor abrasions in the eye, often via contaminated contact lenses, or through open wounds.

Diseases and Symptoms:

Acanthamoeba is known to cause two major infections:

• Acanthamoeba Keratitis (ocular infection): Characterized by intense eye pain, redness, blurred vision, photophobia, and corneal ulcers.
• Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) (neurological infection): Manifests through headaches, fever, seizures, and neurological deficits, and is often fatal if not treated promptly.

Treatment and Prevention:

Keratitis requires early diagnosis and is treated using antimicrobial eye drops, particularly biguanides and diamidines. In severe cases, corneal transplantation may be necessary. Encephalitis, on the other hand, remains difficult to treat and typically involves a combination of antifungals, antibiotics, and supportive care—though survival rates remain low. Preventive measures include proper chlorination of wells, maintaining safe water hygiene practices, and ensuring strict contact lens hygiene.

p47 Protein Identified as a Mechanical Chaperone

A breakthrough study conducted at the S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences has revealed an unexpected function of the p47 protein, traditionally considered a secondary cofactor, as a mechanical chaperone.

Scientific Insight:

·       p47, previously known only for supporting the p97 cellular machinery in protein trafficking and degradation, has now been observed to independently stabilize and guide polypeptides through narrow cellular pores under mechanical stress. This capability significantly reduces the risk of protein misfolding and enhances efficient protein translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytoplasm.

·       This represents the first single-molecule evidence of a cofactor possessing autonomous, force-responsive chaperone-like activity. The discovery may pave the way for innovative therapies targeting protein misfolding disorders by focusing on mechanical cofactors like p47.

Methandienone Long-Term Metabolite: Strengthening Anti-Doping Infrastructure

India has achieved a scientific milestone by developing a high-purity Reference Material (RM) for Methandienone Long-Term Metabolite (LTM), a critical component in anti-doping efforts.

Development and Collaboration

The RM was developed by the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) in collaboration with the National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL). Reference Materials are essential for detecting banned substances, with this particular RM enhancing the ability to trace Methandienone, an anabolic steroid, in athletes.

Impact and Utility

This development will significantly bolster the country’s doping detection capabilities, acting as a deterrent to athletes contemplating the use of prohibited substances. It strengthens India''s commitment to fair play by supporting transparency and protecting clean athletes.

About NDTL

The National Dope Testing Laboratory is India''s premier body for human sports dope testing. It is accredited by both the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Challenges in AI Development

·       A recent lawsuit filed by authors against Apple for allegedly using their books to train its AI model has reignited debates surrounding intellectual property rights (IPR) in the context of AI development. The case highlights significant legal and ethical challenges regarding the use of copyrighted content for training AI systems.

·       One major concern is the unauthorised use of copyrighted materials in machine learning datasets, which constitutes potential copyright infringement. At the same time, overly restrictive laws may hamper innovation by limiting access to data required for training AI systems. Another contentious issue is authorship—whether AI-generated content can be legally attributed to a non-human creator. For instance, South Africa granted a patent listing the AI system DABUS as the inventor, prompting global debate.

·       Questions also persist around the patentability of AI-generated innovations, especially regarding originality. Technologies like deepfakes complicate matters further by blurring the lines between genuine and artificially generated content. Ethically, the rapid rise of AI challenges the primacy of human creativity, potentially diluting the value of intellectual human effort.

·       India''s Copyright Act of 1957 currently recognises the human creator behind computer-generated works, but does not allow for authorship by non-human entities like software or AI. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on IPR has recommended introducing a new category for protecting AI-generated inventions and revisiting existing copyright and patent laws.

·       Globally, countries like the UK and New Zealand already offer copyright protections for computer-generated works with no human author. There is a growing need to strike a balance between protecting original human expression and enabling innovation in AI, while also avoiding monopolistic control over AI-generated content.

India’s First Port-Based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar Port

·       India has taken a major step in its clean energy transition with the launch of the first port-based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. Inaugurated by the Union Minister, this initiative positions VOC Port as the country’s first maritime facility to produce green hydrogen, marking a milestone in sustainable infrastructure development.

·       The project comprises a pilot facility with a production capacity of 10 Nm³ per hour, developed at a cost of ₹3.87 crore. It is part of the Coastal Green Shipping Corridor Project under the broader Viksit Bharat 2047 mission and the Sagarmala Programme, which aims to modernise port infrastructure and promote environmentally responsible shipping.

·       The primary goals of this initiative include reducing dependence on fossil fuels, promoting green shipping, and establishing VOC Port as a hub for green bunkering and refuelling in South India. The hydrogen produced will be used to power streetlights and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations within the port colony. This pilot project is also closely linked with a proposed Green Methanol Bunkering and Refuelling Facility, which is estimated to cost ₹35.34 crore and have a storage capacity of 750 m³.

·       VOC Port, formerly known as Tuticorin Port, is one of India’s 13 major ports. Located on the Coromandel Coast, it plays a critical role in the maritime trade and logistics of South India. Renamed in 2011 in honour of freedom fighter V.O. Chidambaranar, the port has seen significant infrastructure expansion under the Sagarmala programme, with over ₹16,000 crore invested in modernisation and sustainability.

Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR) 2025

·       The Ministry of Defence has unveiled the Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR) 2025, a 15-year vision document aimed at guiding the Indian Armed Forces’ long-term modernisation and technology development strategies. The roadmap highlights the growing relevance of indigenisation, and serves as a directive for collaboration between the government, industry, and academia.

·       TPCR 2025 builds upon its earlier editions (2013 and 2018) and emphasises public-private partnerships as essential to achieving defence self-reliance. The roadmap outlines the profound impact that emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Big Data, unmanned systems, and cyber warfare will have on future military operations.

·       The roadmap identifies several critical capability areas. These include:

·       Autonomous AI-driven ground vehicles, deep fake detection software, and drone-based mine delivery systems.

·       Advanced remotely piloted aircraft systems with stealth capabilities.

·       Electronic warfare tools such as electronic denial bubbles, radiation detectors, and armoured amphibious dozers.

·       Nuclear deterrence technologies and future-ready platforms across air, land, and sea.

·       Naval modernisation, featuring next-generation corvettes, aircraft carriers, and nuclear propulsion systems.

·       Key indigenisation initiatives include the MAKE programme, which comprises Make-I (government funded), Make-II (industry funded), and Make-III categories for technologies not developed domestically. Additionally, platforms like iDEX (Innovation for Defence Excellence) and the Srijan Portal are helping incubate innovation by enabling start-ups and MSMEs to contribute meaningfully to defence manufacturing.

Mauritius: Strengthening Bilateral Ties with India

• Mauritian Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam is scheduled to make his first overseas bilateral visit in his current term to India this September, marking a significant moment in Indo-Mauritian relations.
• Geographical and Cultural Profile:
  Mauritius is an island nation located in the Indian Ocean, approximately 800 km east of Madagascar. It forms part of the Mascarene Islands and comprises several outlying territories, including Rodrigues Island, Cargados Carajos Shoals, and the Agalega Islands. The capital city is Port Louis.

Natural and Demographic Features

·       Mauritius has a volcanic origin and is encircled by coral reefs. Its highest elevation is the Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire at 828 meters. Prominent rivers and lakes include the Grand River South East, Black River, and Lake Vacoas, the latter being a key water resource. The country experiences a maritime subtropical climate, with a hot season from December to April and a cooler one from June to September.

·       The population stands at approximately 1.23 million (2025 estimate), with the majority being Indo-Mauritians—descendants of indentured labourers. Minority communities include Creoles, Franco-Mauritians, and individuals of Chinese origin.

Economic Landscape

Sugarcane remains the dominant agricultural crop, supplemented by tea and vegetable cultivation. The economy benefits from a blend of agriculture, tourism, and financial services, underpinned by the country’s multicultural society and strong historical ties to India.

India Joins HealthAI Global Regulatory Network

India has officially joined the HealthAI Global Regulatory Network (GRN), a strategic move to reinforce regulatory oversight over artificial intelligence applications in healthcare.

About the Network

·       Headquartered in Geneva, the HealthAI GRN is an independent, non-profit international organization that facilitates equitable access to AI-driven health solutions. It brings together health regulators from around the world to promote the safe, transparent, and effective integration of AI into healthcare systems.

·       The GRN fosters collaboration through shared learning, the development of joint regulatory standards, and early alerts on emerging risks. Members benefit from access to a global registry of approved AI-based health tools, enhancing transparency and cooperative governance.

India’s Involvement

India’s participation is led by the Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute for Research in Digital Health and Data Science (ICMR-NIRDHDS), in collaboration with IndiaAI.

What is IndiaAI?

IndiaAI is the Government of India’s flagship program under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) and is implemented via the Digital India Corporation. The initiative seeks to create a robust and inclusive AI ecosystem and aims to establish India as a global leader in AI innovation and development.

Strait of Malacca: Strategic Maritime Cooperation with Singapore

India has secured diplomatic support from Singapore for enhanced cooperation in the patrolling of the Strait of Malacca, a strategically vital maritime route.

Geographical and Historical Overview:

The Strait connects the Andaman Sea (part of the Indian Ocean) to the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). It lies between the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the west and Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand to the east. The waterway takes its name from the Malacca Sultanate, which ruled the region from 1400 to 1511.

Geostrategic Importance:

As one of the busiest shipping corridors globally, the Strait of Malacca handles a significant volume of global maritime traffic. It is especially critical for India, with about 60% of its seaborne trade and nearly all LNG imports transiting through it. It also serves as a choke point for Chinese shipping, elevating its strategic sensitivity.

Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP):

Launched in 2004, the MSP is a trilateral initiative by Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, later joined by Thailand, to combat piracy, terrorism, and trafficking. It involves:

• Malacca Straits Sea Patrols: Regular joint naval exercises.
• Eyes-in-the-Sky: Coordinated aerial surveillance.
• Intelligence Exchange Group: Real-time information sharing between member states.

Vulture Network Portal: A Conservation Milestone

An Assam-based initiative has led to the creation of India’s first comprehensive digital platform dedicated to vulture conservation—the Vulture Network Portal.

Purpose and Function:

Developed by We Foundation India, with support from the Assam Bird Monitoring Network and other stakeholders, the portal aims to centralize scientific knowledge, increase public awareness, and distribute educational materials related to vultures. It serves as a cloud-based hub for those engaged in vulture conservation across India.

Key Areas of Focus:

The portal highlights the major threats to vulture populations, including carcass poisoning, the use of harmful veterinary drugs such as diclofenac, and negative public perceptions. It also promotes awareness in local languages, beginning with Assamese.

Vulture Species in India:

India is home to several vulture species, including the slender-billed vulture (with only around 800 mature individuals left), white-rumped vulture, red-headed vulture, Himalayan griffon, Indian vulture, cinereous vulture, Eurasian griffon, Egyptian vulture, and bearded vulture.

Mission Mausam: Advancing India''s Weather Forecasting Capabilities

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) will install four new radars in Jammu and Kashmir under "Mission Mausam" to deliver more accurate, district-level weather forecasts.

Overview and Implementation:

Launched in 2024 by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Mission Mausam is jointly implemented by IMD, the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM). The initiative aims to transform India''s capacity for weather forecasting and climate prediction.

Objectives:

• Enhance forecasting across short-term, medium-term, and seasonal scales
• Develop high-resolution models for monsoon prediction
• Expand observational networks with advanced technology
• Offer actionable advisories for agriculture, energy, health, water, and disaster management
• Promote research collaborations at national and international levels

Significance:

Mission Mausam represents a major leap in India’s climate resilience strategy. By providing accurate and timely forecasts, it supports sustainable development, safeguards infrastructure, and protects livelihoods against the growing challenges posed by climate variability.

MY Bharat and the Role of Aapda Mitras in Disaster Response

·       The Union Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs has announced the mobilisation of MY Bharat Aapda Mitras to assist in rescue operations in the flood-affected regions of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. These youth volunteers are set to play a critical role in delivering emergency services and ensuring aid reaches the most vulnerable communities during floods and landslides.

·       MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat) is an autonomous body established under the Department of Youth Affairs, within the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Its primary mission is to provide equitable digital access to opportunities for Indian youth, helping them realise their aspirations while contributing to the vision of Viksit Bharat. Designed specifically for the 15–29 age group, the platform offers a wide range of resources—mentorship programmes, experiential learning modules, networking tools, and crucial industry linkages—to support youth development.

·       A key initiative under MY Bharat is the Aapda Mitra Programme, a structured training effort in partnership with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). This programme equips young volunteers with certified skills in disaster response, including search and rescue, first aid, crowd management, and emergency coordination. These trained youth become vital first responders at the grassroots level, ensuring the delivery of food, medical aid, and essential supplies to remote villages isolated by floods or landslides.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and Renewable Energy in the HKH Region

·       A recent report by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has highlighted the underutilisation of renewable energy in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, revealing that only 6.1% of its clean energy potential is currently being tapped.

·       ICIMOD is an intergovernmental knowledge and learning centre that operates on behalf of the people living in the HKH region. Officially established on 5 December 1983, its mission is to build and share actionable knowledge that shapes regional policy and attracts investment toward green, inclusive, and climate-resilient development. The centre serves eight member countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan, and is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.

·       ICIMOD performs critical functions, including knowledge generation, scientific research, and policy integration, offering a regional platform for experts, planners, and policymakers to exchange solutions for sustainable mountain development.

·       The HKH region, often referred to as the Third Pole, stretches across approximately 3,500 kilometres and contains the largest area of permanent ice cover outside of the Arctic and Antarctic. It is home to four global biodiversity hotspots and serves as the origin for ten major Asian river systems, including the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, and Mekong. Given its strategic environmental significance, tapping into its renewable energy potential is vital for climate action and sustainable regional growth.

WMO’s Air Quality and Climate Bulletin: Link Between Pollution and Climate Change

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has released its latest Air Quality and Climate Bulletin, which underscores the complex and interdependent relationship between air quality and climate change. The bulletin calls for integrated strategies to protect human health, preserve ecosystems, and sustain economic development.

·       One of the most pressing concerns highlighted is PM2.5 pollution, identified as a major global health hazard responsible for millions of premature deaths annually. While air quality has improved in regions such as North America, Europe, and East Asia due to stricter regulations, levels remain dangerously high in South Asia and high-latitude regions, where pollution is driven by industrial activities and frequent wildfires.

·       The bulletin also analyses international shipping regulations, specifically MARPOL Annex VI, which have reduced sulphur content in marine fuels. Although these measures have improved air quality and health outcomes, they have had the unintended effect of slightly increasing global warming, by reducing the cooling influence of sulphate aerosols.

·       The report further explains how air pollution and climate change interact. Pollutants such as ground-level ozone have warming effects, while changes in climate—through altered chemical reactions, biogenic emissions, and human behaviour—influence pollution levels. Aerosols also play a dual role: darker ones like black carbon contribute to warming by absorbing sunlight, while lighter ones like sulphates reflect sunlight and cool the Earth temporarily.

·       A specific regional issue highlighted is the worsening of winter fog in North India, particularly across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The formation of dense fog is exacerbated by the condensation of moisture on PM2.5 particles, which act as fog condensation nuclei (FCN). Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, prolonging foggy conditions. Additional contributors include urbanisation, brick kilns, and ammonium emissions. The resulting fog leads to transport disruptions and severe respiratory health issues, including asthma, due to the presence of toxic substances in fog water.

·       The WMO, established in 1950 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, is a specialised UN agency comprising 187 member states, including India. It coordinates global atmospheric observations through its Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme, playing a pivotal role in monitoring climate and air quality trends.