India’s Fertiliser Shortage 2025: Causes, Supply Issues and Policy Lessons

·       India experienced an exceptionally favourable southwest monsoon in 2025, with rainfall during June to August averaging 6.1% above historical norms and displaying a well-distributed pattern across the country. Rainfall surpassed average levels consistently, recording an 8.9% surplus in June, 4.8% in July, and 5.5% in August. Even May recorded a significant 106.4% above-normal rainfall. Out of the 36 meteorological subdivisions, 33 received normal rainfall, with only Bihar, Assam, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh experiencing deficiencies.

·       This timely and evenly distributed monsoon stimulated a robust kharif sowing season. Rice cultivation rose by 7.6% to 420.4 lakh hectares, while maize planting surged 11.7% to 93.3 lakh hectares. The expansion in crop acreage subsequently led to heightened demand for fertilisers, with farmers turning to key inputs to support their larger sowing efforts.

Fertiliser Sales Surge in Response to Increased Sowing

The impact of this agricultural growth was evident in fertiliser sales between April and July 2025, which saw double-digit increases across most categories — including urea, single super phosphate (SSP), muriate of potash (MOP), and various complex blends — compared to the same period in 2024.

Dip in DAP Sales and Rise of Alternatives

However, diammonium phosphate (DAP) stood out as the only major fertiliser with a sales decline, dropping by 12.8%. This continued a trend observed in recent years, largely driven by ongoing supply constraints. In response, farmers increasingly turned to alternative phosphorus-rich options, such as SSP and the complex fertiliser 20:20:0:13, to meet their nutrient needs.

20:20:0:13 Emerges as a Major Player

Among these alternatives, 20:20:0:13 — a fertiliser composition representing 20% nitrogen, 20% phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), 0% potassium, and 13% sulphur — has rapidly gained popularity. Known as Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate (APS), it offers a balanced nutrient profile that falls between DAP’s 46% phosphorus and SSP’s 16%. In the 2024–25 season, APS sales reached a record 69.7 lakh tonnes, making it India’s third-highest selling fertiliser after urea (387.7 lt) and DAP (92.8 lt).

Demand-Supply Imbalance Widens

Despite strong demand, fertiliser supply has failed to keep pace. Domestic production of urea fell from 102.1 lakh tonnes in April–July 2024 to 93.6 lakh tonnes in the same period in 2025. DAP production remained stagnant at 13.7 lakh tonnes. While there were modest increases in the production of NPKS complexes (from 35 lt to 37.4 lt) and SSP (from 17.1 lt to 19.1 lt), these gains were insufficient to offset the broader shortfall. Additionally, imports of both urea and DAP declined, exacerbating the supply-demand gap.

Sharp Decline in Fertiliser Stocks

This mismatch led to sharp depletions in fertiliser stocks. As of August 1, 2025, government data revealed a steep decline in urea inventories — down to 37.2 lakh tonnes from 86.4 lakh tonnes a year prior. Similar reductions were seen in DAP (13.9 lt vs 15.8 lt), complex fertilisers (35 lt vs 47 lt), and MOP (6.3 lt vs 8 lt). Only SSP witnessed a marginal stock increase to 20.7 lakh tonnes.

Shortages During Peak Consumption Season

The shortage became most acute during the peak fertiliser consumption period of July and August, which is critical for kharif crops. Phosphatic fertilisers such as DAP are essential during the sowing stage for root development, while urea is typically applied in multiple doses throughout the growing cycle. Reports emerged of farmers waiting in long queues for urea, highlighting the severity of the crisis. Industry experts pointed out that panic-induced pre-stocking further intensified the perceived shortage during this key period.

Policy Miscalculations and Lessons Learned

The situation reveals important policy lessons for fertiliser management. The government appears to have underestimated demand, particularly for nitrogen-intensive crops such as rice and maize, which saw increased acreage this season. Meanwhile, crops with lower nitrogen needs — such as soyabean and pulses — saw a decline in sowing.

Preparing for the Rabi Season: Way Forward

·       Looking ahead, with kharif fertiliser consumption peaking, attention now shifts to preparing for the upcoming rabi season. The strong water availability in reservoirs and aquifers provides a solid foundation, but ensuring adequate fertiliser supply will be essential. The declining imports of urea and DAP since 2023–24 — mainly due to export restrictions from China — may ease as diplomatic relations between India and China improve.

·       Experts have recommended strategies for more sustainable fertiliser use. These include moderating urea application by partially substituting it with ammonium sulphate, restricting DAP use to crops like rice and wheat, and promoting the use of complex fertilisers for other crops. Such measures could help balance future demand, prevent shortages, and ensure a more resilient agricultural input system.Top of FormBottom of Form

India’s Federal Design and the Debate on Jammu & Kashmir’s Statehood

The Supreme Court’s recent directive concerning the restoration of statehood to Jammu and Kashmir has reignited critical discussions about the nature of India’s federal structure. At the heart of this debate lies the question of how to balance the Union government’s authority with the autonomy granted to States under the Constitution, particularly in contexts marked by political and security sensitivities.

Introduction: A Renewed Federal Discourse

The issue of restoring statehood to Jammu and Kashmir has brought renewed focus to India’s federal design. In December 2023, the Supreme Court upheld the abrogation of Article 370, which previously granted special status to the erstwhile State. However, the Court simultaneously directed the Union Government to reinstate statehood and conduct Assembly elections in the region. Although elections were held in October 2024, the government has yet to outline any concrete plan or timeline for restoring full statehood. This delay has intensified concerns about the erosion of the federal spirit embedded in the Indian Constitution and the growing concentration of power in the Union government.

Constitutional Provisions for the Formation and Reorganisation of States

·       The Indian Constitution provides a structured legal framework for the creation and modification of States through three distinct processes: admission, establishment, and formation. The process of admission pertains to the integration of political entities such as Jammu and Kashmir, which acceded to India in 1947 through the Instrument of Accession. Establishment refers to the inclusion of new territories like Goa and Sikkim, following their acquisition under international law.

·       The most commonly invoked method is formation, governed by Article 3 of the Constitution, which empowers Parliament to reorganise existing States by altering boundaries, renaming them, or merging and dividing them. However, while Parliament is constitutionally empowered to undertake such reorganisation, this power does not extend to permanently converting a State into a Union Territory. That limitation is essential to the federal architecture of the Indian polity and affirms the commitment to shared governance between the Union and States.

India’s Federal Character: Union with Federal Features

·       India’s constitutional design describes the nation as a “Union of States” rather than a conventional federation. The deliberate use of the term “Union” was intended to emphasise the country’s indivisibility, reinforcing a strong central government while incorporating federal features to accommodate India’s vast diversity. The federal structure of India includes several core elements.

·       The indivisibility of the Union ensures that no State has the right to secede, thereby maintaining national integrity. The bicameral Parliament, especially the Rajya Sabha, serves as a permanent platform for State representation at the national level. Moreover, the Supreme Court has recognised federalism as a component of the Constitution’s basic structure, which cannot be amended or diluted by any constitutional change. This layered arrangement underscores India’s distinctive federalism — one that allows for decentralised governance within a robustly unified nation-state.

The J&K Reorganisation and Its Federal Implications

·       The passage of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act in 2019 marked a dramatic shift in the region’s constitutional status, bifurcating the State into two Union Territories — Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. This move was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2023, which ruled the reorganisation constitutional. Nonetheless, the Court insisted that the Union Government must eventually restore statehood to Jammu and Kashmir.

·       Critics of the delay argue that prolonging Union control through the Lieutenant Governor weakens democratic federalism by diminishing the power of elected local representatives. They view this as a disproportionate assertion of central authority, undermining the constitutional balance between the Centre and the States. On the other hand, supporters of continued Union oversight contend that given Jammu and Kashmir’s sensitive security environment, it is prudent to maintain stronger central control until lasting stability is achieved.

Why Restoring Statehood Matters

·       The restoration of Jammu and Kashmir’s statehood carries profound implications, both constitutionally and politically. It reaffirms India’s commitment to the federal principle, underscoring the importance of shared governance between the Centre and the States. It also restores the democratic rights of the region’s citizens by empowering an elected Assembly and ensuring accountability in governance.

·       By rebalancing the relationship between the Lieutenant Governor and local representatives, it corrects the current imbalance in favour of democratic federalism. Moreover, compliance with the Supreme Court’s directive strengthens the legitimacy of constitutional processes and fosters institutional trust. Politically, restoring statehood could also help reduce alienation within the region, reinforcing people’s faith in the broader Indian federal framework and contributing to long-term stability.

The Broader Federal Design Challenge

India’s federal system has often been described as “quasi-federal,” marked by a unique blend of strong central authority and regional autonomy. This design has played a crucial role in preserving national unity while also allowing for regional diversity in governance. However, the tensions between these two elements become pronounced when the Union exercises its powers to an extensive degree, as seen in the ongoing situation in Jammu and Kashmir. The current debate highlights a fundamental dilemma facing Indian federalism: how to reconcile national security concerns with constitutional commitments to decentralisation and State autonomy. The answer may lie in a careful balancing act — one that acknowledges the necessity of security in the short term while remaining faithful to the principles of democratic governance and federal integrity in the long run.

Revised Guidelines for Tree Plantation under the Green Credit Programme (GCP)

The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has recently issued an updated methodology for awarding green credits under the Green Credit Programme (GCP), significantly modifying the earlier framework. These changes pertain to key areas such as eligibility criteria, the assessment timeframe, and the permitted uses of credits. The revised rules represent a clear departure from earlier norms and aim to improve the quality and credibility of ecological restoration efforts.

Understanding the Green Credit Programme (GCP)

·       The Green Credit Programme was formally introduced in November 2023 during the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) held in Dubai. The Prime Minister of India launched the initiative as a voluntary environmental incentive system. The core aim of GCP is to encourage individuals, corporate entities, and community groups to engage in activities that support environmental conservation, including tree plantation, water conservation, and waste management.

·       Under the programme, participants undertake voluntary ecological protection measures in return for green credits issued by the Environment Ministry. These credits are intended to serve as a form of recognition and accountability for positive environmental actions.

Significant Revisions in the Methodology

·       The latest notification introduces a series of changes to the rules governing the awarding of green credits, particularly in relation to tree plantation. These revisions are designed to enhance the programme’s effectiveness and long-term ecological impact.

·       Under the previous methodology, green credits were granted based on a simple benchmark: a minimum density of 1,100 trees per hectare, achieved within two years of plantation. However, this approach was widely criticized for ignoring key ecological factors such as the survival rate of planted trees, the health of the forest, and the quality of the resulting canopy cover.

·       The revised guidelines now require a minimum of five years of active restoration work on degraded forest land before green credits can be awarded. This change signals a shift in focus from quantity to quality. Credits will be calculated based on the change in vegetation status, including canopy density—which must reach a minimum of 40 percent—and the number of surviving trees. This longer time frame and quality-centric approach seek to ensure that plantations are not just established but are also sustained over time.

Reforms in Credit Tradability

·       Another significant change pertains to the tradability of green credits earned through tree plantation activities. Previously, these credits could be traded freely in the market, allowing companies and other entities to buy and sell them as needed.

·       Under the new rules, however, green credits linked to tree plantation are no longer tradable or transferable, with the sole exception of intra-corporate transfers between a parent company and its subsidiary. This restriction aims to prevent the commercialization of environmental actions and to preserve the authenticity of voluntary contributions to ecological restoration.

Permissible Applications of Green Credits

·       Although the revised guidelines place restrictions on tradability, the utility of green credits remains intact for several critical purposes. Participants involved in tree plantation efforts under the GCP are still allowed a one-time exchange of green credits. These credits may be used to fulfil compensatory afforestation requirements, to meet corporate social responsibility (CSR) mandates, or to satisfy other legal obligations related to tree planting.

·       Once the credit has been exchanged for any of these legal purposes, it becomes invalid for further use. Additionally, credits may be used for environmental reporting under environmental, social, and governance (ESG) leadership indicators, allowing corporations to demonstrate their environmental responsibility without treating the credits as financial instruments.

Underlying Rationale for Policy Overhaul

·       The driving force behind these revisions is a clear shift in emphasis from superficial plantation metrics to measurable ecological outcomes. The earlier focus on tree count per hectare has given way to more meaningful indicators such as canopy density and long-term survival. By requiring a five-year restoration commitment, the updated rules promote the development of resilient ecosystems rather than short-term afforestation projects.

·       Government afforestation initiatives have often been criticized for prioritizing the number of trees planted over their long-term survival and ecological value. The revised rules directly address this concern by ensuring that environmental contributions are not only substantial in scale but also sustainable in impact.

·       Moreover, the new methodology is expected to strengthen the credibility of the Green Credit Programme. According to official data, 57,986 hectares of degraded forest land have already been registered under the GCP. With the implementation of the updated rules, the government anticipates improved transparency, accountability, and ecological outcomes from ongoing and future restoration efforts.

Conclusion: Towards Meaningful Ecological Restoration

·       The revised guidelines for the Green Credit Programme mark a pivotal transition from symbolic tree-plantation campaigns to substantive ecological regeneration. By shifting the emphasis to tree survival, canopy development, and long-term monitoring, the new rules aim to foster a more credible and impactful approach to environmental restoration.

·       This transformation holds significant promise for enhancing India’s climate resilience, preserving biodiversity, and encouraging greater corporate engagement in environmental stewardship. If implemented effectively, the revised programme could set a new standard for ecological accountability, making voluntary environmental actions a more robust pillar of India’s climate strategy.

PM Modi–Xi Jinping Tianjin Summit 2025: Strategic Realignments and Diplomatic Outcomes

Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Chinese President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit held in Tianjin in 2025. The meeting marked a significant moment in India–China relations, particularly as both nations reaffirmed their shared identity as development partners rather than strategic rivals. Building upon the positive momentum from their October 2024 meeting in Kazan, both leaders stressed that bilateral differences must not be allowed to escalate into disputes and reiterated their commitment to fostering stable and constructive ties based on mutual interest, respect, and sensitivity.

Tianjin Meeting: A Landmark in India–China Engagement

This wide-ranging dialogue between PM Modi and President Xi was especially notable as it marked Modi’s first visit to China in seven years. The context of the meeting was equally significant—occurring just weeks after the United States imposed a 50% tariff on Indian goods in retaliation for India’s continued import of Russian oil. In this tense geopolitical climate, Modi and Xi undertook a comprehensive review of bilateral relations and regional challenges. Their discussions focused on expanding avenues for cooperation while simultaneously managing enduring strategic differences.

1.     Border Stability: A Precondition for Progress: During the discussions, Prime Minister Modi reiterated India’s position that peace and tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) are essential for advancing the broader bilateral relationship. He metaphorically described border peace as an “insurance policy” for India–China ties. Modi also restated India’s consistent and unaltered stance on Taiwan. Both sides took stock of the confidence-building measures that have been initiated since the deadly Galwan Valley clashes of 2020, with an eye towards gradually rebuilding trust and avoiding future escalations.

2.     Toward a Strategic Upgrade in Bilateral Relations: President Xi laid out a set of proposals aimed at upgrading India–China ties to a more strategic level. These included intensifying strategic communication, fostering deeper mutual trust, expanding bilateral cooperation, promoting equitable benefits, and reinforcing collaboration in multilateral forums. Prime Minister Modi responded positively, indicating India’s willingness to pursue an upgrade in strategic engagement, provided such interactions are anchored in mutual respect and reciprocal gains.

3.     Addressing Cross-Border Terrorism: A major issue raised by Prime Minister Modi was cross-border terrorism—a threat that he described as affecting both nations. He called for stronger mutual coordination and support in tackling terrorism, underlining the shared security interests of India and China. The discussion reflected a growing recognition that terrorism, in all its forms, remains a common challenge that transcends bilateral issues and demands concerted regional responses.

4.     Economic Cooperation and Trade Realignment: Modi and Xi acknowledged the important stabilising role that both Indian and Chinese economies play in global trade. The two leaders agreed to explore pathways to deepen bilateral investments and trade engagement, while addressing long-standing concerns such as the growing trade imbalance. Ongoing talks between government officials, businesses, and policy institutions were noted as crucial in finding common ground. The leaders also explored new ways to enhance people-to-people ties as a means of fostering long-term goodwill and cultural understanding between the two nations.

5.     Global Governance and Multilateral Coordination: In a significant convergence of views, both leaders expressed concern over the inefficiencies and partialities that continue to plague international institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations (UN). Prime Minister Modi emphasized that India and China, as advocates of strategic autonomy, must resist external attempts to define their bilateral relations through the prism of a third country. President Xi, for his part, stressed the importance of cooperation between India and China as leading economies of the Global South, advocating for a stronger role in shaping a multipolar global order and defending multilateralism.

6.     Connectivity Initiatives and Regional Integration: Connectivity also featured prominently in the dialogue. Prime Minister Modi underscored the importance of regional infrastructure projects involving Myanmar, positioning them as vital to India’s Act East policy and ties with Southeast Asia. President Xi acknowledged India’s perspective and expressed interest in exploring cooperative avenues. Modi extended a formal invitation to Xi to attend the 2026 BRICS Summit in India—a gesture Xi welcomed, affirming China’s support for India’s upcoming BRICS presidency.

7.     Shared Vision: Development Partners in an Asian Century: A central theme of the discussion was the shared commitment to prioritising domestic development. Modi and Xi both agreed that cooperation—not rivalry—between India and China is vital not only for the well-being of their combined 2.8 billion citizens but also for ushering in an Asian century and contributing to a more balanced global power structure. The leaders concluded that peaceful coexistence, strategic maturity, and developmental alignment would be key to transforming the India–China equation from one of competition to constructive collaboration.

8.     India’s Strategic Rebalancing in a Shifting Global Order: The backdrop to Modi’s China visit is India’s larger diplomatic recalibration, prompted by the geopolitical disruptions created by US President Donald Trump. Recent months have seen India intensify efforts to diversify its great-power relationships, particularly in response to Washington’s erratic policies. Modi’s back-to-back engagements in Tokyo and Tianjin exemplify this strategic realignment—deepening India’s ties with Japan while cautiously reopening avenues for engagement with China.

The Trump Factor and its Diplomatic Fallout

President Trump’s recent tariff hikes on Indian goods and his reported personal criticisms of Modi—stemming from India’s refusal to endorse his Nobel Peace Prize nomination—have severely strained India–US relations. Trump’s unilateralism, marked by harsh demands and disregard for allies like Japan, South Korea, and Australia, has created unease across Asia. This turbulence has prompted many regional powers, including India, to re-evaluate their external alignments and pursue more balanced and independent foreign policies, including reduced tensions with China.

India’s Strategic Autonomy: The Core Guiding Principle

While avoiding any overt public confrontation with the Trump administration, India has consistently signalled its unwillingness to yield to pressure. By quietly pushing back against Washington’s demands and simultaneously enhancing ties with Beijing, Tokyo, Brussels, and Moscow, New Delhi has reaffirmed its commitment to strategic autonomy. The Indian Foreign Office has emphasised this principle as central to its foreign policy—ensuring that India is not seen as a passive actor aligning unquestioningly with either Washington or Beijing, but rather as a sovereign power pursuing its national interest in a complex multipolar world.

Conclusion: Parallel Paths in a Multipolar Era

While China, under intensifying pressure from the United States, is actively diversifying its foreign partnerships with Russia, Europe, and regional allies, India is charting a parallel path. Though shaped by different contexts, both countries are converging on the logic of strategic diversification. For India, this means avoiding excessive dependence on any single power, strengthening ties with multiple actors, and leveraging the emerging multipolarity to safeguard its long-term security, sovereignty, and prosperity.

Bordeaux Mixture

·       In the wake of earlier crop losses triggered by unseasonal rainfall, farmers in Karnataka’s Chikkamagaluru and Hassan districts are preparing to apply Bordeaux mixture for the third or even fourth time this year. This repeated use underscores the importance of the compound in protecting crops during unpredictable weather conditions.

·       Bordeaux mixture is a time-tested bactericide and fungicide created by blending copper sulfate with lime (calcium hydroxide) in water. Originating in the late 19th century in the Bordeaux region of France, from which it derives its name, this mixture has remained relevant over the decades due to its effectiveness in disease control. It is particularly valued in organic farming, where synthetic chemicals are restricted.

·       The formulation is known for its effectiveness in preventing and managing a wide range of fungal and bacterial diseases. It is commonly used on fruit-bearing plants, vegetables, and various plantation crops. A notable characteristic of Bordeaux mixture is its low solubility in water and its non-volatile nature, making it highly persistent even under rainy conditions. This attribute enables it to provide extended protection, especially when applied at the right time—typically after harvest and before the onset of wet weather.

·       Another advantage of Bordeaux mixture lies in its copper content, which gives it a multi-site mode of action. This makes it a useful tool in strategies aimed at managing pesticide resistance, as pathogens find it more difficult to develop resistance to compounds that act on multiple biological targets. Despite its many benefits, caution is advised during application. Spraying Bordeaux mixture on newly growing leaves can lead to phytotoxicity, causing damage to tender plant tissues. Hence, its use must be timed carefully to avoid harming young foliage.

Mira Stars

·       A significant breakthrough in astrophysics was recently achieved by scientists from the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), who employed Mira stars—cool, giant variable stars—to make the most precise measurement yet of the universe''s expansion rate.

·       Mira stars, named after the star Omicron Ceti—also known as “Mira,” which means “the wonderful” in Latin—are known for their striking changes in brightness over regular intervals. First observed in the 17th century, Mira became the prototype for a class of stars now referred to as Mira variables. These stars were the first to be identified as "variable stars," meaning that their brightness fluctuates rather than remaining constant.

·       Mira variables are large stars in the later stages of their life cycle. They undergo consistent cycles of expansion and contraction, leading to periodic changes in their brightness. These cycles typically range from 100 to 1,000 days. Despite their immense size, Mira stars are relatively cool, with surface temperatures around 3,000 Kelvin—roughly half that of the Sun''s surface temperature.

·       What makes Mira variables especially valuable to astronomers is the well-established correlation between their intrinsic brightness and the duration of their pulsation cycles. This relationship enables scientists to use Mira stars as “standard candles.” A standard candle is an astronomical object whose true luminosity is known. By comparing this intrinsic brightness with the observed brightness from Earth, astronomers can calculate the distance to the object with high accuracy.

·       This method plays a crucial role in building the "extragalactic distance ladder," a series of techniques used to measure increasingly vast distances in space. By contributing to a more accurate calibration of cosmic distances, Mira stars help refine our understanding of the universe''s structure, size, and rate of expansion.

Exercise Yudh Kaushal 3.0

·       The Indian Army recently carried out Exercise Yudh Kaushal 3.0 in the Kameng region of Arunachal Pradesh, a strategically important high-altitude area. This iteration of the exercise was significant in showcasing a seamless blend of cutting-edge technology, tactical innovation, and professional military expertise. Conducted under extreme conditions, the exercise tested the Army’s preparedness in executing large-scale operations across multiple domains, reinforcing its ability to respond effectively in complex environments.

·       The demonstration featured a wide range of modern capabilities, including drone-based surveillance, real-time target tracking, precision strikes, air-littoral superiority, and coordinated battlefield execution. A prominent highlight was the operational debut of the ASHNI platoons, recently raised to integrate next-generation technologies with battle-hardened tactical experience. Their deployment emphasized how technology-enabled tactics can serve as a game-changer in both present and future combat scenarios.

·       What made Exercise Yudh Kaushal 3.0 especially unique was the active participation of the Indian Civil Defence Industry, aligning with the country’s broader strategic vision known as the “Decade of Transformation.” This collaboration underlined India’s commitment to indigenization and the inclusion of private sector capabilities in defence preparedness.

·       The exercise further validated the Indian Army’s operational readiness in harsh, high-altitude environments and demonstrated its increasing reliance on emerging technologies, including unmanned systems, precision-guided munitions, and multi-domain warfare strategies. It reaffirmed the Army’s capability to adapt swiftly to evolving threats through a blend of indigenous innovation and strategic foresight.

Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Project

·       In a recent incident at the Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Project, nineteen personnel from the NHPC were successfully rescued after being trapped for nearly 22 hours inside a tunnel. The tunnel is part of the 280 MW run-of-river hydroelectric project located near Dharchula in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, situated on the Dhauliganga River.

·       The Dhauliganga River is a crucial tributary of the Alaknanda, which forms a key component of the Ganga River system. Construction on this hydropower project began in the year 2000, and it became operational in 2005. The project is currently owned and operated by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).

·       It features a concrete-faced rock-fill embankment dam, standing 56 meters high and extending 315 meters in length. With a reservoir capacity of 6.2 million cubic meters, the project operates with a gross head of 310 meters and a net head of 297 meters, making it a significant component in Uttarakhand’s hydropower landscape.

·       This project is vital not only for energy generation but also for demonstrating the strategic use of India’s river systems in renewable energy. The recent rescue highlights both the risks involved in hydroelectric operations and the preparedness of response teams in managing emergencies.

Dioscorea balakrishnanii

·       A newly discovered edible tuber has been identified by researchers in Kerala and named Dioscorea balakrishnanii. Found in the Western Ghats region of Wayanad, this tuber belongs to the genus Dioscorea and has been locally referred to as ‘chola kizhangu’ by the Kattunayikar tribal community. When cooked, the tuber is edible and said to possess an excellent flavour.

·       This species is endemic to the sholas of evergreen forests and grows exclusively in this fragile ecosystem. Due to its high adaptability and nutritional potential, Dioscorea balakrishnanii is considered a promising candidate for food security initiatives. It also holds potential for agricultural cultivation, especially as a crop with a low glycemic index, making it valuable for health-conscious diets.

·       Botanists have observed this species over the past ten years, noting the clear differences in floral structures between male and female plants. The Wayanad region, already recognized for its rich diversity of wild tubers, hosts over 14 species with 23 different forms, including the commonly cultivated relatives such as kachil and kavat (purple yams). These tubers are part of the Dioscoreaceae family.

·       The discovery of Dioscorea balakrishnanii is particularly important not just from a botanical standpoint, but also in the context of biodiversity conservation, traditional food systems, and the medicinal sector. It emphasizes the need to protect ecologically sensitive zones like the Western Ghats and to recognize the role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable food systems.

Indian Rosewood

·       Recent habitat modeling by the Institute of Wood Science and Technology (IWST), Bengaluru, has revealed that only 17.2% of suitable habitat for Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia) lies within protected areas in India. Often dubbed the "ivory of the forests," this species, known in the north as Dalbergia sissoo, is a fast-growing, hardy, and deciduous tree prized for its rich wood grain, deep color, and durability.

·       Indian rosewood is native to the foothills of the Himalayas, with a natural range stretching from Afghanistan to Bihar. It typically grows along riverbanks above 200 meters, with its elevation range extending up to 1,400 meters. The tree bears long, leathery leaves and white to pink flowers, contributing to its ornamental and ecological value.

·       In terms of usage, Indian rosewood is extensively harvested for furniture, musical instruments, veneers, and decorative handicrafts. Its ecological role is equally vital—it fixes nitrogen, enriches soil fertility, and supports diverse bird and insect populations. Moreover, it acts as a long-term carbon sink, contributing to climate regulation.

·       However, the species is currently facing serious threats. Studies indicate that existing populations are largely composed of mature, aging trees, with little to no natural regeneration. The scarcity of seedlings in the wild raises concerns about the species'' long-term survival. Accordingly, Indian rosewood is listed as “Vulnerable” by the IUCN and is included in Appendix II of CITES, reflecting the need for both conservation action and regulated trade.

Koya Tribe

• The Supreme Court of India has recently issued a notice in response to a petition filed by members of the Koya tribe, challenging the Telangana High Court’s order that upheld the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status of the Lambadi, Sugali, and Banjara communities. The Koya petitioners argue that extending ST recognition to these communities adversely affects the reservation benefits and opportunities meant for indigenous tribal groups like themselves.
• The Koya tribe is one of India’s rare multi-racial and multi-lingual tribal communities, residing predominantly along the banks of the Godavari River. They are spread across the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. According to the 2011 Census, the total Koya population in India is 7,38,629. The Koyas refer to themselves as "Koithur" and are believed to have migrated from their ancestral homeland in Bastar, a region in northern India, to central India.

Language and Communication

The Koya people speak their own language known as Koya basha, which is part of the Dravidian language family. Linguistically, it is closely related to Gondi, while also being heavily influenced by Telugu. In addition to their mother tongue, most Koyas are also fluent in Gondi or Telugu, showcasing their multilingual adaptability.

Occupation and Livelihood

Traditionally, the Koyas were pastoralists and practiced shifting cultivation. However, in contemporary times, they have transitioned to settled agriculture, which is often supplemented with animal husbandry and seasonal forest-based activities. The primary crops cultivated by them include jowar, ragi, bajra, and various millets, all of which are well-suited to the semi-arid conditions they inhabit.

Social and Cultural Life

·       The Koya society is organized into five primary sub-divisions or gotrams, with each individual being born into a particular clan. These clan identities are lifelong and immutable. Koya families are patrilineal and patrilocal, with the nuclear family unit, called “Kutum,” being the most prevalent. Monogamy is the common marital norm among them.

·       Koya villages are typically established near reliable water sources, and their size can range from just three to over sixty houses. The head of a village is known as the “Peda” and holds both administrative and social authority. The Koyas follow a unique ethnic religion, although they also worship Hindu gods and goddesses. A notable feature of their religious life is the dominance of female deities, particularly “mother earth,” who is considered the most sacred.

·       To promote social welfare, Koya communities maintain village-level grain banks and community funds to support families in need and ensure food security during hard times. Upon death, Koyas either bury or cremate the deceased, and often erect menhirs in their memory as a form of ancestral reverence.

·       Major festivals include Vijji Pandum, a celebration linked to seed sowing, and Kondala Kolupu, which is performed to appease hill deities. Koyas also perform a vibrant and energetic dance known as Permakok, or the Bison Horn Dance, which is integral to festive occasions and marriage ceremonies.

Ramon Magsaysay Award

·       The Ramon Magsaysay Award for 2025 has been awarded to ‘Educate Girls’, an Indian non-profit organization dedicated to improving education for underprivileged girls across the country. This recognition highlights the organization''s commitment to addressing gender inequality in education through community mobilization and systemic reform.

·       The Ramon Magsaysay Award, widely regarded as Asia’s highest honour, was established in 1957 in memory of Ramon Magsaysay, the late Philippine President, whose values and public service ideals inspired the award’s creation. Presented annually by the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (RMAF), the award celebrates greatness of spirit and transformational leadership in Asia.

·       Each awardee receives a certificate and a medallion featuring the embossed profile of Ramon Magsaysay. From 1958 to 2008, the awards were categorized into six areas: Government Service, Public Service, Community Leadership, Journalism and Creative Communication, Peace and International Understanding, and Emergent Leadership.

·       In 2000, the Emergent Leadership category was introduced with support from the Ford Foundation, aimed at recognizing individuals under forty years of age who are driving impactful social change at the grassroots level. From 2009 onwards, fixed categories were discontinued, with the exception of Emergent Leadership.

·       The awards are presented in a formal ceremony in Manila on August 31st, the birth anniversary of Ramon Magsaysay. Over the decades, the award has come to symbolize integrity, courage, and commitment in public service across Asia.

Mini Cloudbursts

·       The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has recently clarified that while major cloudbursts are not showing an increasing trend, instances of “mini cloudbursts” are becoming more frequent across India. These are short but extremely intense rain events that, despite being smaller in scale, have the potential to cause significant damage.

·       A mini cloudburst is characterized by intense rainfall of 5 cm or more within an hour over a small geographical area of approximately 20 to 30 square kilometers. Though not as severe as full-fledged cloudbursts, which require rainfall of 10 cm or more per hour, mini cloudbursts can still lead to serious flash floods, landslides, and urban inundation, particularly in hilly or densely built environments.

·       Unlike larger cloudbursts, mini cloudbursts are difficult to forecast in advance due to their localized and sudden nature. The IMD currently relies on nowcasting techniques based on satellite imagery and radar to detect potential heavy rainfall zones, although real-time ground monitoring remains limited in remote regions.

·       These phenomena are increasingly being reported from Himalayan states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, and Ladakh, as well as from urban hotspots like Mumbai, Delhi NCR, and Chennai, where orographic lifting and urban heat effects amplify rainfall intensity.

·       Even rainfall levels of 2–5 cm/hour in mountainous terrains can lead to infrastructure collapse, loss of lives, and widespread property damage, placing additional pressure on India''s disaster management systems and climate adaptation strategies.

Bhairav Commando Battalions

·       In a major step toward enhancing operational agility, the Indian Army has initiated the formation of the first five Bhairav Commando Battalions under a “Save and Raise” model. These elite light commando units are specifically intended to strengthen India’s swift strike capabilities along its borders with China and Pakistan.

·       Each Bhairav Battalion consists of approximately 250 soldiers and 7–8 officers, making them smaller and more nimble than traditional infantry units or Para-SF teams. These units are being formed by redeploying troops from existing infantry battalions, rather than recruiting new personnel. The intent is to free up the Para-Special Forces, allowing them to concentrate on deep-penetration and high-risk strategic missions behind enemy lines.

·       The training regimen for Bhairav commandos includes 2–3 months of intensive training at regimental centres followed by 1 month of advanced training alongside Special Forces. These battalions are equipped with the latest in weaponry, drones, surveillance systems, and other tactical technologies, optimized for mobility, flexibility, and rapid deployment.

·       The initial five units are strategically distributed: three in the Northern Command (Leh, Srinagar, and Nagrota), one in the western desert sector, and one in the eastern hilly terrain. These units are tasked with reconnaissance missions, enemy interdiction, tactical disruption, and cross-border support, and they are capable of operating in diverse terrains—from mountains to deserts.

·       The establishment of the Bhairav battalions is part of a broader modernization strategy undertaken by the Indian Army. Alongside Bhairav, new Rudra Brigades, Shaktibaan Regiments, and Divyastra Batteries are also being raised to close the operational gap between regular infantry and elite Special Forces and to prepare for next-generation battlefield scenarios, including drone-dominated warfare.

Vrindavani Vastra

·       In a significant cultural development, the British Museum has agreed to loan the 16th-century Vrindavani Vastra to Assam in the year 2027 for an 18-month public exhibition. This exquisite textile masterpiece holds immense historical and religious importance in Assam’s cultural heritage.

·       The Vrindavani Vastra is a splendid silk tapestry created during the 16th century under the guidance of Srimanta Sankardeva, the revered saint and reformer who spearheaded Assam’s Vaishnavite movement. This tapestry is composed of 15 intricately woven panels that were later stitched together, forming a large textile measuring 937 centimeters by 231 centimeters. The artwork depicts various scenes from the life of Lord Krishna in Vrindavan, interspersed with other mythological motifs that highlight spiritual narratives.

·       The tapestry’s origin traces back to its commissioning by Koch king Nara Narayan in Assam. It subsequently traveled to Tibet, where it was repurposed in a monastery at Gobshi. In 1904, during the Younghusband expedition, British journalist Perceval Landon acquired the textile, which was then taken to London and added to the British Museum’s collection (catalogued as As1905,0118.4). Initially misclassified as Tibetan silk, the textile’s Assamese provenance was only rediscovered several decades later.

·       Crafted from silk, the Vrindavani Vastra is richly adorned with vibrant motifs and narrative art. What makes this tapestry unique is its creation within the Vaishnavite tradition under Sankardeva, which notably discouraged idol worship. Instead of idols, this textile became a powerful medium to portray sacred stories and religious symbolism, effectively fusing spirituality with artistic expression. It embodies a blend of ritual significance and visual storytelling.

·       The significance of the Vrindavani Vastra extends beyond its artistic merits. It stands as a living testament to Assamese cultural identity, the Vaishnavite Bhakti movement, and the region’s silk craftsmanship. Globally, its display will enhance awareness of India’s tangible and intangible heritage, also intensifying demands for the repatriation of cultural artifacts to their places of origin.

Nauru

·       Australia recently entered into a $267 million deportation agreement with the island nation of Nauru, aiming to relocate individuals without valid visas. This deal has drawn criticism from refugee advocacy and human rights organizations, highlighting concerns over the treatment and rights of asylum seekers.

·       Nauru, officially known as the Republic of Nauru, is a sovereign island country and one of the world’s smallest microstates, located in the South Pacific Ocean. Historically referred to as “Pleasant Island,” it lies within the Micronesia subregion of Oceania, approximately 300 kilometers west of Banaba Island in Kiribati. Unlike most nations, Nauru does not have an official capital, but the Yaren District functions as its administrative center.

·       Geographically, Nauru is surrounded entirely by the Pacific Ocean, with its nearest neighbor being Banaba (Kiribati). Other distant neighbors include the Solomon Islands, the Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu. Covering an area of only 21 square kilometers, Nauru ranks as the world’s third smallest country by land area, after the Vatican and Monaco. Its population is around 10,800, making it also one of the smallest sovereign states by population.

·       Nauru’s economy once thrived on phosphate mining but has since suffered severe environmental degradation and now depends heavily on financial assistance from Australia. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) Group. Since 2001, Nauru has hosted Australia’s offshore refugee processing center, which has been a focal point of international human rights debates.

·       Under the 2025 Australia-Nauru agreement, Australia will provide A$408 million (approximately $267 million) upfront, along with annual payments of A$70 million, to facilitate the deportation and resettlement of non-visa holders. This agreement specifically targets individuals released following a 2023 High Court ruling in Australia that ended the policy of indefinite immigration detention. Critics argue that the deal undermines international refugee protections and poses serious humanitarian concerns.

CSEP Report on Climate Finance for Hard-to-Abate Sectors in India

·       The Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP) released a working paper titled “India’s Climate Finance Requirements,” which evaluates the financial resources India will need to significantly decarbonize four major ''hard-to-abate'' sectors: power, road transport, steel, and cement, over the period from 2022 to 2030. These sectors are termed ‘hard-to-abate’ because their production processes are both energy- and emissions-intensive, making decarbonization particularly challenging.

·       Key findings indicate that India’s contribution to global carbon emissions has risen markedly—from 2.5% in 1990 to an estimated 8.2% in 2023. Despite this increase, India’s per capita emissions remain below the global average. The report also underscores the severe economic risks posed by climate change, projecting potential per capita GDP losses of 2% by 2030, escalating to between 3% and 9% by 2047, depending on mitigation success.

·       Financially, the total annual climate finance requirement to substantially reduce emissions in these four sectors is estimated at approximately 1.3% of India’s GDP. To meet this, the report advocates several policy directions. These include incentivizing private sector investment through regulatory support, particularly to promote low-carbon technologies and the adoption of electric vehicles.

·       The government is urged to take an active role in building essential infrastructure, such as EV charging networks, and in investing in research and development focused on grid management, battery storage, and hydro-pumped storage for the power sector. Furthermore, the report highlights the importance of international cooperation, particularly for the transfer of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies critical to decarbonizing these sectors.

Prime Minister’s Emphasis on ‘Vocal for Local’ as a Pathway to a Developed India

·       The Prime Minister has urged citizens nationwide to celebrate the upcoming festive season by embracing Swadeshi goods and adopting the path of an Aatmanirbhar Bharat—a self-reliant India—to fulfill the vision of a Viksit Bharat (developed nation). The ‘Vocal for Local’ campaign encourages the country to prioritize the production, supply, and consumption of indigenous commodities.

·       The rationale behind this emphasis is multifaceted. Economically, self-reliance strengthens the country’s resilience against global disruptions, such as ongoing geopolitical conflicts and trade tensions exemplified by recent disproportionate tariffs imposed by the United States. Demographically, boosting domestic manufacturing, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), and agriculture is essential for creating employment opportunities for India’s young population.

·        From a national security perspective, enhancing indigenous technological capabilities ensures data security and protection against cyber threats. Sustainable development goals also align with this vision, as local production promotes resource efficiency, recycling, and reduced carbon footprints, supporting India’s climate commitments. Diplomatically, self-reliance is not isolationism; instead, it equips India to compete globally and become a dependable supplier in sectors like pharmaceuticals, IT, green energy, and digital solutions.

·       In conclusion, a self-reliant India aims to build robust domestic capabilities that drive economic strength, social inclusion, technological progress, and strategic autonomy, while remaining integrated with the global economy.

·       Significant measures taken toward achieving Aatmanirbhar Bharat and promoting ‘Vocal for Local’ include policy and structural reforms such as the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (a stimulus package equivalent to around 10% of GDP in 2020), Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for various sectors, and ease of doing business reforms including simplification of labor laws.

·       Infrastructure development initiatives include the PM Gati Shakti Master Plan and the National Infrastructure Pipeline. Digital self-reliance efforts encompass building Digital Public Infrastructure and initiatives like Semicon India and the India Semiconductor Mission. To further promote local products, the Prime Minister advocates the mantra of ‘Khadi for Fashion, Khadi for Nation,’ enforces mandatory procurement of local goods through government e-marketplaces, and supports schemes such as the One District One Product (ODOP) and GI-tagged products, alongside the ‘Vocal for Local’ initiative spearheaded by NITI Aayog.

“Two-System Interaction” Weather Phenomenon Causing Heavy Rainfall and Landslides in Northwest India

·       The India Meteorological Department (IMD) identified a complex weather event called the “two-system interaction” as the cause of recent heavy rainfall and landslides in Northwest India. This phenomenon occurs when the monsoon trough interacts with an active western disturbance, creating highly unstable atmospheric conditions.

·       The monsoon trough is an elongated low-pressure zone extending from Northwest India to the Bay of Bengal, acting as a semi-permanent feature of the monsoon circulation. Typically, its southward movement triggers active monsoon weather across the country. During this event, the western end of the monsoon trough remained near its usual position, while the eastern end was situated further south than normal.

·       Western disturbances are low-pressure systems that generally move from west to east across northern India during winter, originating from the Mediterranean region. These systems bring clouds and precipitation and, when converging with the monsoon system, they significantly amplify rainfall intensity.

·       In this instance, a western disturbance manifested as a cyclonic circulation over Northwest India, drawing moisture from both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The convergence of these circulations led to the extreme weather experienced in the Himalayan foothills, causing severe rainfall and landslides.