India’s Shipbuilding Sector – Poised to Enter Global Top 5

Introduction

India''s maritime strength is increasingly viewed as a critical component of its economic and strategic aspirations. Although India currently commands less than a 1% share of the global shipbuilding market, the Union government has laid out an ambitious vision to position the country among the world’s top five shipbuilding nations by 2047. This goal aligns with broader efforts to strengthen the Blue Economy through shipbuilding and repair. Through initiatives outlined in the Maritime India Vision 2030 and extensive investments in infrastructure, the government aims to transform the sector into a major driver of employment generation, environmental sustainability, and international competitiveness.

Current Status of Shipbuilding in India

Despite being the 16th largest maritime nation globally and contributing approximately 4% to its GDP, India’s shipbuilding footprint in global markets remains limited. Indian shipyards—both state-owned and private—primarily focus on meeting domestic demand from defence and commercial shipping sectors, with minimal international penetration. Key indicators underscore this gap: India commands less than 1% of the $200 billion global shipbuilding industry and contributes around 18 million deadweight tonnage, ranking it 16th worldwide. On a more promising note, Indian seafarers represent 12% of the global maritime workforce, indicating a strong human resource base.

Government Measures to Promote Shipbuilding

·       To scale up the sector, the Indian government has implemented a comprehensive set of policy, financial, and strategic interventions aimed at modernising shipbuilding capabilities and attracting investment.

·       On the financial front, schemes such as the Shipbuilding Finance Assistance Scheme provide capital support, while the Shipbreaking Credit Note Scheme incentivizes ship recycling. Additionally, upfront subsidies of up to 30% have been introduced for the construction of non-conventional, environmentally friendly ships.

·       Developmental measures include the creation of a $3 billion Maritime Development Fund, with 45% earmarked for shipbuilding and repair and 20% aimed at increasing India’s tonnage. A National Shipbuilding Mission has also been launched to facilitate technological upgrades and capacity enhancements across the industry.

·       Policy reforms have enabled 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in shipbuilding and shipping through the automatic route. Moreover, an $82 billion investment plan is in place to expand port capacity by 2035, complemented by the promotion of integrated shipbuilding and repair clusters.

Strategic Goals for Shipbuilding Growth

India’s long-term vision for its shipbuilding sector includes clearly defined milestones. By 2030, the government intends for India to break into the top ten maritime nations globally. By 2047, the goal is to secure a spot among the top five shipbuilding nations. The contribution of the maritime sector to national GDP is expected to rise from the current 4% to 12%. Additionally, India plans to double its share in the global seafaring workforce from 12% to 25%, reflecting both the sector’s employment potential and its global aspirations.

News Summary

·       During the INMEX SMM India 2025 event held in Mumbai, Shantanu Thakur, Minister of State for Ports, Shipping and Waterways, reaffirmed the country’s trajectory toward becoming a top-five shipbuilding nation by 2047. He identified shipbuilding and repair as central engines of growth for the Blue Economy. The Director General of Shipping reiterated the importance of government-led initiatives—ranging from financial assistance to subsidies for green shipbuilding—in scaling up the maritime sector’s contribution to GDP, which currently stands at 4%.

·       Supporting this vision, the Chairman of the INMEX Advisory Board emphasized that nearly 45% of the Maritime Development Fund is specifically dedicated to shipbuilding and repair, reflecting an unprecedented level of government commitment. Furthermore, robust private sector participation, facilitated by liberalised FDI norms and public-private partnerships, has led to significant increases in maritime infrastructure investment. According to the Managing Director of Informa Markets India, with a projected $82 billion investment in ports by 2035, the maritime sector is well-positioned to become a key pillar of national economic growth.

Geotagging in India’s 2027 Census: Process, Benefits, and Implementation

India''s upcoming 2027 Census will mark a transformative moment in the country’s demographic data collection, introducing a range of technological and procedural innovations. Among the notable firsts are digital enumeration, self-enumeration, and the reintroduction of caste-based counting for the first time since 1931. One of the most significant technological advancements, however, will be the geotagging of every building across the country. Through the use of GPS-enabled mobile devices, each structure—whether residential or non-residential—will be assigned precise geographic coordinates. This innovation is expected to substantially enhance the accuracy of household and institutional mapping, eliminate duplications, improve coverage, and build a robust spatial database. Such a database will have far-reaching implications for urban planning, infrastructure development, and the effective implementation of welfare schemes.

Understanding Geotagging

Geotagging refers to the process of assigning exact latitude and longitude coordinates to physical structures, which are then recorded and visualized on a Geographic Information System (GIS) map. A GIS is a digital framework that captures, stores, and displays data associated with locations on the Earth''s surface. Latitudes, which run horizontally, measure the distance north or south of the equator, while longitudes, which run vertically, measure the distance east or west of the prime meridian located in Greenwich, UK. These two coordinate systems form a grid that enables the unique identification of any point on Earth. When applied to buildings, this system gives each structure a precise and unambiguous geographic identity.

Building Statistics from Census 2011

To appreciate the scale of this initiative, it is useful to consider data from the 2011 Census. At that time, a ''Census House'' was defined as any building or part of a building with a separate main entrance, used as a distinct unit. These could be occupied or vacant and used for residential, commercial, or mixed purposes. The 2011 Census recorded a total of 330.84 million Census Houses in India. Of these, 306.16 million were occupied, and 24.67 million were vacant. Rural areas accounted for 220.70 million Census Houses, while 110.14 million were located in urban areas. This vast number underlines the scale and complexity of the upcoming geotagging effort.

Implementation of Geotagging in the 2027 Census

The process of geotagging will be integrated into the first phase of the 2027 Census—Houselisting Operations (HLO)—which is scheduled to be carried out between April and September 2026. This phase will be followed by the Population Enumeration phase, starting in February 2027, which will record individual demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural data. For regions such as Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, the Houselisting Operations will begin earlier, in September 2026, due to weather and logistical considerations.

Role of Enumerators in the Geotagging Process

Enumerators will play a central role in the execution of geotagging. Each enumerator will be assigned a specific Houselisting Block (HLB), which is a clearly defined area within a village or urban ward represented through notional maps. During their visits, enumerators will use smartphones equipped with Digital Layout Mapping (DLM) applications. By enabling location services, they will geotag each building they survey. In addition to capturing geographic coordinates, enumerators will record the number of Census Houses and Households within each structure. They will also classify buildings into categories—residential, non-residential, partly residential, or landmarks. These distinctions will help refine data quality and improve its utility for planning purposes.

Definition of a Household

According to the 2011 Census, a household is defined as a group of individuals who normally live together and share meals from a common kitchen, unless circumstances such as work prevent them from doing so. This definition will continue to guide household enumeration in the 2027 Census.

Advantages of Geotagging in the Census Framework

·       Incorporating geotagging into the Census will bring several important advantages. First and foremost, it will allow for highly accurate estimation of Census Houses and Households, ensuring that enumerator workloads are evenly and fairly distributed. Unlike earlier Censuses, which relied on manually drawn maps and sketches, digital geotagging offers unmatched precision, speed, and reliability. Moreover, the government already employs geotagging technology in various schemes, notably in monitoring housing projects under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (PMAY) in both rural and urban areas. These existing implementations serve as proof of concept for the larger-scale use of geotagging in the Census, highlighting its practicality and effectiveness.

·       By embracing geotagging, India’s 2027 Census is set to become a model for data accuracy and technological integration in large-scale public data collection. This shift represents not only a modernisation of methods but also a foundational improvement in how demographic and geographic data will inform governance, development, and welfare delivery in the years to come.

The Great Nicobar Island Project: Balancing Strategic Vision with Sustainable Development

Context

The Government of India has officially approved the Great Nicobar Island Project, a comprehensive and multi-dimensional development plan of strategic, economic, and environmental importance in the Indian Ocean Region. Positioned at the intersection of India’s security imperatives and developmental goals, the project aims to transform Great Nicobar into a critical logistics, trade, and defence hub, reinforcing the nation’s footprint in the Indo-Pacific.

Overview of the Great Nicobar Island Project

The Great Nicobar Island Project is envisioned as a mega integrated initiative designed to elevate the island''s strategic relevance while fostering regional economic growth. Its core objective is to develop the island as a central node in India’s maritime and defence architecture, supported by infrastructure that aligns with environmental and tribal welfare norms. The project is planned in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2006 and the Shompen Policy 2015, ensuring a sustainable development framework that respects ecological limits and protects indigenous communities.

Key Components of the Project

·       Central to the initiative is the construction of an International Container Transhipment Terminal (ICTT), with a planned capacity of 14.2 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEUs). This terminal is expected to significantly reduce India''s dependency on external transhipment hubs such as Colombo and Singapore, positioning Great Nicobar as a major global shipping hub.

·       The project also includes a Greenfield International Airport that will enhance air connectivity, support tourism, and facilitate rapid movement of personnel and supplies—particularly vital during strategic or humanitarian emergencies.

·       In terms of energy infrastructure, a 450 MVA power plant combining gas and solar technologies is planned to provide a reliable and sustainable power supply, essential for both residential and industrial use.

·       A carefully designed integrated township spread across 16,610 hectares will offer housing, modern amenities, and essential infrastructure for residents and workers. The project is structured to be developed in three phases between 2025 and 2047, allowing staggered investment, reduced ecological pressure, and adaptive planning over two decades.

Strategic and Economic Significance

·       The project''s geographical positioning near the Malacca Strait—one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes—offers India a significant strategic advantage. It enhances the country''s ability to oversee vital maritime routes and assert its naval presence in the Indo-Pacific. This strategic edge aligns with broader initiatives like Sagarmala and Maritime India Vision 2030, which aim to transform India into a global maritime power.

·       The development also reinforces the operational readiness of the Andaman & Nicobar Command, India’s only tri-service military command. By enabling faster deployment and greater surveillance capabilities, the island strengthens India''s maritime defence posture.

·       Economically, the ICTT alone is projected to reduce transhipment costs by $200–300 million annually, thereby increasing the competitiveness of India’s exports and imports. Additionally, the project promises to create substantial direct and indirect employment opportunities, promote skill development, and foster eco-tourism, which can provide sustainable livelihoods for local communities.

Challenges and Concerns

·       Despite its strategic and economic appeal, the project faces considerable challenges. The ecological sensitivity of Great Nicobar is a major concern, with approximately 1.82% of forest land proposed for diversion. This may impact endemic species and critical nesting sites, especially for leatherback turtles.

·       Protecting the interests of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) such as the Shompen and Nicobarese is another priority. Ensuring there is no displacement and preserving their cultural heritage will require careful planning and community engagement.

·       The island’s location in a high seismic zone introduces further complexity. As the devastating 2004 tsunami demonstrated—claiming over 6,000 lives in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands—future infrastructure must be designed to withstand tsunamis, cyclones, and other natural disasters.

·       Logistical issues also pose a challenge. The remote location increases costs related to transportation, manpower, and infrastructure maintenance, necessitating highly efficient and resilient supply chain systems.

·       International scrutiny is expected to intensify as environmental watchdogs and global advocacy groups may raise concerns regarding biodiversity loss, climate impact, and the displacement of indigenous communities.

Way Forward

·       To address these challenges, environmental monitoring must be robust, using real-time satellite surveillance and third-party audits to ensure strict compliance with EIA norms. Involving tribal communities in the planning process and offering livelihood options through eco-tourism, mangrove restoration, and handicraft promotion will foster inclusivity and cultural preservation.

·       Sustainable development should remain central, with emphasis on green infrastructure such as renewable energy, rainwater harvesting, and low-emission construction techniques. Climate-resilient planning, including early warning systems, disaster shelters, and earthquake-resistant buildings, must be integral to the project''s execution.

·       Strategic cooperation with regional partners under the Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) doctrine—such as Quad and BIMSTEC—can facilitate access to investment, advanced logistics capabilities, and joint maritime security frameworks.

Conclusion

The Great Nicobar Island Project represents a delicate yet ambitious fusion of economic aspiration, national security, and ecological responsibility. If implemented with rigorous environmental safeguards, participatory governance, and climate-resilient planning, it can serve as a blueprint for sustainable island development. Moreover, it will significantly bolster India’s influence in the Indo-Pacific, reinforcing the country’s strategic posture and maritime ambitions in an increasingly contested region.

Himachal Pradesh Declared Fully Literate: Significance, ULLAS Programme, and Literacy Trends in India

Himachal Pradesh has recently been declared a ‘fully literate’ state, joining the ranks of Goa, Ladakh, Mizoram, and Tripura. However, this designation does not equate to achieving 100% literacy. Instead, it indicates that the state has surpassed the 95% literacy threshold, with Himachal Pradesh specifically recording a literacy rate of 99.3%. While several other states also fall under this category, none have yet attained universal literacy in the absolute sense.

Understanding Literacy and the Concept of ‘Full Literacy’ in India

According to the Ministry of Education, literacy encompasses the ability to read, write, and perform basic arithmetic with understanding. It also includes functional competencies such as digital and financial literacy. A State or Union Territory is designated ‘fully literate’ when it achieves a literacy rate of 95% or higher. These definitions were formalized in August 2023 in the context of the ULLAS programme, an adult education initiative introduced in 2022. The broader goal of ULLAS is to drive India towards complete literacy by 2030, aligning with both the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the objectives outlined in India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

The ULLAS Programme: A Nationwide Adult Literacy Drive

Launched in 2022 by the Ministry of Education, ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) is a nationwide initiative aimed at promoting adult literacy. It targets individuals aged 15 and above who missed out on formal education. The programme is designed to impart foundational skills in reading, writing, and numeracy, while also addressing practical capabilities such as digital proficiency and financial literacy. In keeping with the NEP 2020 and the UN’s 2030 literacy target, ULLAS seeks to empower adult learners and bridge long-standing educational gaps.

How Literacy is Achieved Through ULLAS

Under the ULLAS framework, learners are provided with foundational education equivalent to a Class 3 level. Instruction covers essential reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as day-to-day skills such as reading clocks, using calendars, managing money, writing cheques, and conducting secure digital transactions. Educational content is delivered either through a mobile application or offline by trained student volunteers and community educators. Upon completion, participants take the Functional Literacy Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT), a 150-mark exam administered in the language of their choice. Those who pass the assessment are officially certified by the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) as having achieved foundational literacy and numeracy.

Becoming a ‘Fully Literate’ State: The Process

The pathway to attaining the status of ‘fully literate’ involves first identifying illiterate adults through door-to-door surveys or existing government data. These individuals are then enrolled in the ULLAS programme, where they undergo training and subsequently take the FLNAT. States with already high literacy levels or smaller populations are able to reach the 95% threshold more swiftly. For instance, the 2011 Census revealed that states like Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Tripura already had literacy rates well above the national average of 74%, making their transition to ‘fully literate’ status comparatively quicker.

Assessing Literacy in India: Trends and Data

·       The definition of literacy in the 2011 Census was the ability to read and write with understanding in any language for individuals aged seven and above. At that time, the overall literacy rate was 80.9% for men and 64.6% for women, with adult literacy (age 15 and above) at 69.3%. Subsequent surveys have charted ongoing progress. According to the National Sample Survey (NSS) 71st round in 2014, adult literacy had reached 71% nationally. Individual state figures were notably higher in Mizoram (96%), Goa (90%), Himachal Pradesh (83%), and Tripura (86%).

·       More recently, the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24 estimated a national literacy rate of 77.5%. Mizoram led with 98.2%, followed by Tripura at 93.7%, Goa at 93.6%, and Himachal Pradesh at 88.8%. Despite these gains, a significant proportion—22.3%—of Indians aged 15 and above still remain illiterate. The highest rates of adult illiteracy were recorded in Bihar (33.1%), Andhra Pradesh (31.5%), and Madhya Pradesh (28.9%).

·       The declaration of Himachal Pradesh as a ‘fully literate’ state reflects both the progress and the challenges India faces in its journey toward universal literacy. Through initiatives like ULLAS and consistent monitoring of literacy trends, the country aims to close remaining gaps and ensure that literacy becomes a universal right for all citizens by 2030.

India–Mauritius Special Economic Package: A Strategic Partnership for the Future

Context

During the recent visit of Mauritius Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam to Varanasi, India announced a USD 680 million Special Economic Package, marking a significant advancement in bilateral relations. This comprehensive package encompasses sectors such as health, infrastructure, maritime security, and education, reflecting India’s commitment to deepening its engagement with Mauritius as part of its Neighbourhood First policy.

Overview of the India–Mauritius Special Economic Package

This special economic package aims to strengthen India–Mauritius cooperation across multiple domains, including economic development, maritime security, education, and cultural exchange. The package comprises both grants and lines of credit, focusing on critical sectors that have strategic, developmental, and symbolic importance for both nations.

Key Components of the Partnership

·       In terms of development and economic cooperation, the USD 680 million package supports several flagship projects. In healthcare, this includes the construction of the New Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National Hospital, which will be the largest healthcare facility in Mauritius. It also marks the establishment of the first Jan Aushadhi Kendra outside India and an AYUSH Centre of Excellence, promoting affordable medicines and traditional wellness practices.

·       In the field of education and research, Memorandums of Understanding have been signed between institutions such as IIT-Madras, IIPM-Bengaluru, and the University of Mauritius. These aim to foster innovation, skill development, and knowledge exchange through collaborative research and academic programs.

·       The package also focuses heavily on infrastructure development, including the expansion of the Motorway M4, completion of the Ring Road Phase II, construction of a new Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower at Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, and procurement of advanced port equipment.

·       Under the ambit of maritime and strategic cooperation, both countries are partnering on the redevelopment of Port Louis, with the goal of enhancing Mauritius’ role as a regional maritime hub. Strategic collaboration includes the joint monitoring of the Chagos Marine Protected Area and hydrographic mapping of Mauritius’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Defence cooperation is also being bolstered through the provision of helicopters, capacity-building programs, and joint maritime security initiatives.

Cultural and Civilisational Ties

Cultural ties remain a cornerstone of the India–Mauritius relationship. With over 68% of the Mauritian population tracing their roots to India, shared heritage plays a vital role in bilateral relations. Prime Minister Ramgoolam’s visit to Varanasi and his participation in the Ganga Aarti was not merely symbolic but also a reaffirmation of the civilisational bond that underpins this partnership.

Strategic Significance of the India–Mauritius Partnership

·       The partnership carries considerable geopolitical weight. Located near key Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) in the Indian Ocean, Mauritius plays a vital role in India''s maritime domain awareness. Its strategic location makes it a valuable counterbalance to growing Chinese influence in the region, especially through China''s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Mauritius also acts as a diplomatic gateway to Africa and is a trusted partner in multilateral platforms such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), the Commonwealth, and the Indian Ocean Commission.

·       Economically, Mauritius serves as a major conduit for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India, thanks to favourable bilateral taxation treaties. The modernisation of its port infrastructure aligns with India’s Sagarmala initiative and will enhance regional trade connectivity.

·       In terms of soft power, the large Indian diaspora continues to generate goodwill, making Mauritius one of India’s most reliable allies in the Indian Ocean Region. Initiatives such as AYUSH cooperation and training under the Mission Karmayogi program are also enhancing India’s cultural and knowledge-based influence.

Challenges to the Partnership

·       Despite strong momentum, several challenges persist. Geopolitically, China’s increasing investment in the Indian Ocean, particularly under the BRI—such as its presence in Hambantota—presents a strategic challenge to India’s outreach.

·       Environmentally, Mauritius is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including cyclones, rising sea levels, and coastal erosion. These factors pose risks to newly constructed infrastructure and long-term sustainability.

·       Economically, Mauritius’ reliance on tourism and financial services makes it susceptible to global economic slowdowns and external shocks. Past Indian-funded projects in island nations have also faced execution delays due to logistical issues and bureaucratic bottlenecks.

·       Maritime security threats such as piracy, illegal fishing, and the potential misuse of the EEZ by hostile actors require ongoing surveillance and joint security efforts.

Way Forward

·       To sustain and deepen this strategic partnership, India and Mauritius must prioritise several forward-looking initiatives. Enhancing maritime cooperation through expanded EEZ surveillance, hydrographic mapping, and Coast Guard training under the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) framework will be essential.

·       Building climate-resilient infrastructure—incorporating cyclone-resistant designs, renewable energy sources, and ecological restoration such as mangrove replantation—will be critical in addressing environmental vulnerabilities.

·       Speeding up project implementation through digital monitoring systems, streamlined approval mechanisms, and increased private sector involvement will help avoid delays and boost outcomes.

·       On the economic front, the two countries can collaborate in emerging sectors such as fintech, green hydrogen, and digital public infrastructure, including the adoption of platforms like UPI and RuPay. These initiatives can help Mauritius diversify its economy and reduce dependence on traditional sectors.

·       Deepening people-to-people ties through expanded scholarships, cultural exchanges, and heritage tourism circuits—such as linking Varanasi with Mauritius—will strengthen the civilisational bond and nurture long-term goodwill.

Conclusion

India–Mauritius relations are transitioning from a traditional partnership into a comprehensive, future-oriented strategic alliance. Anchored in cooperation across health, education, infrastructure, and maritime domains, this partnership exemplifies India’s Neighbourhood First approach in practice. With shared heritage, mutual interests, and aligned strategic goals, the India–Mauritius relationship is poised to serve as a model for regional cooperation and development in the Indian Ocean Region.

Adi Sanskriti Platform: Preserving Tribal Heritage through Digital Innovation

·       The Ministry of Tribal Affairs recently launched the beta version of Adi Sanskriti at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi during the National Conference on the Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan. This groundbreaking platform represents a significant step in the preservation of tribal heritage, the promotion of indigenous livelihoods, and the global integration of India’s tribal communities through a digital learning ecosystem.

·       Envisioned as the world''s first Digital University dedicated to tribal culture, Adi Sanskriti seeks to preserve, promote, and globally showcase the traditional knowledge systems of tribal communities. It not only offers a platform for education but also serves as a marketplace to enable the world to access tribal artisanal products, thus enhancing economic opportunities for tribal artisans.

·       The platform integrates three core components. The first is Adi Vishwavidyalaya, a Digital Tribal Art Academy currently offering 45 in-depth courses across diverse domains such as tribal dance, crafts, music, painting, and folklore. Second is Adi Sampada, a socio-cultural repository featuring more than 5,000 curated documents, covering five major themes—paintings, dance, textiles and clothing, artefacts, and livelihood practices. Third is Adi Haat, which currently functions in collaboration with TRIFED and is envisioned to evolve into a comprehensive online marketplace, providing direct access to tribal artisans and promoting sustainable livelihood options.

·       The development of Adi Sanskriti is taking place in close collaboration with various State Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs). In its initial phase, TRIs from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have been actively involved in the documentation, content creation, and digital mapping of tribal art forms, laying the foundation for the platform’s educational and commercial objectives.

New Discoveries in Mycology: Two New Species from Aspergillus Section Nigri

·       Scientists at Pune’s Agharkar Research Institute, an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, have identified two previously unknown species of the fungal group Aspergillus section Nigri: Aspergillus dhakephalkarii and Aspergillus patriciawiltshireae. These findings add to the growing understanding of this significant fungal group.

·       Aspergillus section Nigri comprises filamentous fungi characterized by their black-pigmented spores (conidia) and a wide array of metabolic traits. These fungi are taxonomically classified within the genus Aspergillus and are widely known for their role in food spoilage, industrial enzyme production, and their impact on human health, particularly through mycotoxin generation and opportunistic infections.

·       Primarily found in soil, members of this group are also prevalent in decaying plant matter and agricultural produce. They often affect crops such as maize, grapes, onions, and peanuts during various stages—from pre-harvest to post-harvest storage—making them a critical concern in food safety and agriculture.

·       Some strains, notably Aspergillus niger, are notorious for producing ochratoxins, toxic compounds that may cause kidney damage and tumors in animals and potentially harm humans upon ingestion. Despite this, A. niger is among the most widely used fungi in biotechnology, where it plays a crucial role in producing citric acid, gluconic acid, and several industrial enzymes like amylases, proteases, and cellulases. These have extensive applications in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and bioengineering.

NASA Discovers Potential Biosignatures on Mars: Sapphire Canyon and Cheyava Falls

Context:

·       NASA’s Perseverance rover has identified the strongest potential biosignatures found so far on Mars, discovered within a rock sample named Cheyava Falls, located in the Sapphire Canyon region.

·       Sapphire Canyon is a rocky outcrop situated on the edge of the Neretva Vallis River valley, near the Jezero Crater on Mars. This feature was named by the Perseverance science team and includes the rock formation known as Cheyava Falls. The discovery and drilling of this rock sample took place in July 2024, with the sample securely stored in a sealed tube for future return to Earth.

·       The rock is composed of clay, silt, organic carbon, sulphur, iron oxides, and phosphate—minerals and compounds considered ideal for preserving traces of ancient microbial life. The surface exhibits distinctive black mottling, described as resembling “poppy seeds,” along with leopard-spot-like textures. These features may have formed due to chemical reactions between water and rock in Mars’s past. Additionally, white calcium sulfate veins within the rock indicate historic water flow through the region. Instruments aboard Perseverance, specifically SHERLOC and PIXL, detected organic matter and phosphate, which are key constituents necessary for life.

Understanding Biosignatures:

A biosignature refers to any object, chemical, or structure that might have a biological origin—either formed or influenced by living organisms. The SHERLOC instrument onboard Perseverance detected organic carbon compounds and markers of electron-transfer reactions, which suggest possible microbial metabolism in ancient lake sediments. The combination of the minerals and unique structures found in the rock sample strengthens the hypothesis of past life on Mars. This discovery represents the closest evidence yet of life beyond Earth and bolsters support for the Mars Sample Return Mission, which aims to definitively confirm whether the observed biosignatures have biological or non-biological origins.

Light-Based Computers (Optical Computers)

Context

Researchers at Tampere University in Finland and Université Marie et Louis Pasteur in France have demonstrated that intense light pulses traveling through optical fibers can perform artificial intelligence tasks faster and with significantly less energy consumption than traditional electronic computers.

What Are Light-Based (Optical) Computers?

·       Optical computers utilize photons—particles of light—instead of electrons to process and transmit information. They hold the promise of ultra-fast, energy-efficient, and high-bandwidth computing, making them particularly suitable for applications involving artificial intelligence and big data processing.

·       The recent advancement was achieved by teams at Tampere University and Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, who successfully demonstrated image recognition AI by sending light pulses through glass optical fibers.

·       The process begins by converting input data, such as an image, into a light pulse. This pulse is then transmitted through an optical fiber where light exhibits a unique non-linear response. As the pulse travels, its characteristics—such as the color spectrum or “fingerprint”—change, effectively transforming the data. This altered light data is then decoded to produce an output, such as identifying a number within the image.

·       The use of light offers tremendous speed advantages since photons travel faster than electrons, enabling near-instantaneous calculations. Optical computers generate significantly less heat than silicon-based chips, which leads to substantial energy savings. Additionally, they can process multiple data streams simultaneously by exploiting different light wavelengths as separate channels. Experiments have shown image recognition accuracy rates between 91% and 93%. Performance is optimized by adjusting the length of the fiber and the strength of the light pulse.

·       Potential uses include accelerating AI and machine learning tasks such as neural network training and real-time image recognition. They are also promising for energy-efficient supercomputing needed in climate modeling, genomics, and weather forecasting. In telecommunications, optical computers could enhance fiber-optic data processing and reduce latency. Furthermore, they have strategic value in defense and space sectors for high-speed data analysis in surveillance and satellite imaging.

Melioidosis: A Deadly but Underreported Disease Surfaces in Andhra Pradesh

·       Health authorities in Andhra Pradesh have confirmed a case of melioidosis in Turakapalem village, raising public health concerns.

·       Melioidosis is a potentially fatal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, commonly found in soil and water in tropical regions. It is endemic in Southeast Asia, northern Australia, southern China, and parts of the Indian subcontinent. A large percentage of cases—between 75% and 85%—occur during the rainy season.

·       Vulnerable populations include those with diabetes, alcohol dependency, chronic kidney disease, or lung disorders. Symptoms range from fever and respiratory distress to abdominal and chest pain.

·       Transmission occurs through contact with contaminated soil (especially via cuts), inhalation of dust or droplets, and ingestion of unsafe water. Natural disasters like cyclones and monsoons can exacerbate exposure.

·       Currently, no vaccine exists for melioidosis, making early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment essential to manage the disease and reduce its case fatality rate, which can range from 16% to 50%.

Permafrost: Ancient Frozen Ground Reveals Prehistoric Wolf in Siberia

·       In a remarkable discovery, scientists in Siberia recently unearthed a 44,000-year-old wolf preserved almost entirely intact in permafrost. This finding sheds light on the long-term preservation capabilities of permafrost and its significance in climate and biodiversity studies.

·       Permafrost refers to ground that has remained at or below 0°C (32°F) for at least two consecutive years. It is most commonly found in high-altitude regions and at the Earth’s poles but can also exist beneath oceans and mountaintops. Thickness varies from a single meter to over 1,000 meters, with nearly one-fourth of the Northern Hemisphere’s land area resting atop permafrost. In colder regions, the active layer—the upper soil that thaws in summer—is only 10 to 15 cm thick, whereas in warmer zones, it can extend several meters.

·       Composed of a mix of soil, rock, sand, and ice, permafrost can remain frozen for hundreds of thousands of years. For example, the oldest known permafrost, also found in Siberia, has been frozen for about 650,000 years. Near the surface, it contains large amounts of organic carbon—dead plant matter that never decomposed due to the low temperatures. When thawed, this organic matter begins to decompose, releasing methane and carbon dioxide, thereby contributing to global warming.

·       Thawing permafrost also poses risks to human infrastructure. As it melts, the ground becomes unstable, jeopardizing roads, pipelines, and buildings built atop it. This makes the study of permafrost vital for understanding climate change and planning sustainable development in permafrost regions.

Hellfire Missile: US Weaponry in the Spotlight After Mysterious Incident

·       A recent viral video appearing to show a US Hellfire missile bouncing off a UFO near Yemen has captured widespread attention and disbelief in Washington. While the authenticity and implications of the footage are under scrutiny, it has reignited interest in the missile itself.

·       The AGM-114 Hellfire is a subsonic, air-to-ground, laser-guided tactical missile, originally developed by the United States in 1972 to counter Soviet armored threats. It is now used by over 30 US allies and is deployed on a range of platforms including helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, surface vessels, and UAVs such as the MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper, and MQ-1C Grey Eagle.

·       Hellfire missiles are highly precise and versatile, capable of neutralizing tanks, bunkers, and enemy aircraft. They are equipped with an 8 to 11 kg warhead and can travel at speeds up to Mach 1.3 (450 m/s) over distances of 7 to 11 km. Propelled by a solid-fuel rocket motor, the missile uses a semi-active laser guidance system.

·       The latest iteration, the AGM-114R or Hellfire Romeo, consolidates the capabilities of previous variants. It features a blast-fragmentation sleeve warhead, making it effective against a broad range of targets. This variant continues to be a weapon of choice for both precision strikes and broader tactical operations.

Réunion Island: Strategic Indian Ocean Territory Receives Indian Naval Visit

·       Indian Navy ships INS Tir and ICGS Sarathi recently docked at Réunion Island, while INS Shardul arrived at Port Louis, Mauritius, as part of a training mission in the southwest Indian Ocean region.

·       Réunion is a French overseas territory located approximately 680 km east of Madagascar and 180 km southwest of Mauritius. It spans 2,511 sq. km and, together with Mauritius and Rodrigues, forms the Mascarene Archipelago. Volcanic in origin, the island features rugged terrain dissected by fast-flowing rivers like the Marsouins and Galet, and is home to Piton des Neiges, the Indian Ocean’s highest peak, and Piton de la Fournaise, one of the world’s most active volcanoes.

·       The capital, Saint-Denis, lies on the northern coast. The island lacks natural harbors but has strategic military importance for France. Settled in the 17th century, Réunion has a mixed population with African, European, and South Asian heritage. French is the official language, with Reunion Creole also widely spoken.

·       The local economy revolves around sugar exports, with additional contributions from rum, vanilla, tobacco, milk, meat, and essential oils like geranium essence.

Samudra Pradakshina: World’s First Tri-Service All-Women Sailing Expedition

Context:

·       India''s Defence Minister virtually flagged off ‘Samudra Pradakshina’ from the Gateway of India in Mumbai. This marks the beginning of the world''s first tri-service, all-women circumnavigation sailing expedition.

·       ‘Samudra Pradakshina’ is India’s pioneering all-women sailing expedition involving personnel from all three military services—Army, Navy, and Air Force. The voyage entails a complete circumnavigation of the globe, fulfilling the stringent norms of the World Sailing Speed Record Council, including crossing all longitudes and major oceans.

·       The initiative draws inspiration from India’s legacy in global sailing expeditions. It follows milestones such as Capt. Dilip Donde’s solo circumnavigation (2009–10), Cmde. Abhilash Tomy’s non-stop voyage (2012–13), and two all-women Indian Navy expeditions aboard INSV Tarini—Navika Sagar Parikrama (2017–18) and Navika Sagar Parikrama-II (2024–25). Globally, it echoes the achievements of trailblazers like Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, who completed the first solo non-stop circumnavigation in 1969.

Aims and Objectives:

·       The expedition serves as a powerful symbol of Nari Shakti (women’s empowerment), showcasing the courage, resilience, and leadership of women in uniform. It aims to foster greater synergy among the three branches of the Indian Armed Forces and use international port calls for military diplomacy and cultural engagement. In collaboration with the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), the expedition will also undertake scientific studies on microplastics, ocean biodiversity, and marine health.

·       The crew will sail aboard IASV Triveni, a 50-foot indigenous Class A yacht built in Puducherry. The voyage will span approximately 26,000 nautical miles along an easterly route, crossing the Equator twice and rounding the Capes of Leeuwin, Horn, and Good Hope. The team includes ten women officers, led jointly by Lt Col Anuja Varudkar (Army) and Sqn Ldr Shraddha P Raju (Air Force), and the mission will run from September 2025 to May 2026.

·       This is a historic milestone for gender inclusion in the Indian Armed Forces. It also reflects India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) vision by showcasing indigenous shipbuilding capabilities. Strategically, it underlines India’s growing maritime aspirations and global naval engagement.

UN Report Warns That Record Military Spending Threatens Global Peace and Development

·       The United Nations Secretary-General released a report titled “The Security We Need: Rebalancing Military Spending for a Sustainable and Peaceful Future.” This report calls for a fundamental recalibration of global approaches to security and development. It stresses the urgent need to reverse two concerning trends: the steady increase in military expenditures and the simultaneous widening of financing gaps for sustainable development.

·       The report highlights that global military spending reached $2.7 trillion last year, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), and if current patterns continue, it is expected to surge to $6.6 trillion by 2035. Between 2022 and 2025, military expenditure’s share of the world’s GDP increased from 2.2% to 2.5%, while its proportion of government budgets rose from 6.6% to 7.1%. The bulk of this spending—over 70%—is concentrated among five major entities: China, India, Russia, the United States, and the European Union.

·       In stark contrast, development financing has failed to keep pace with these rising military expenses, leaving a widening annual funding gap of $4 trillion to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The escalating military budgets exacerbate geopolitical tensions, drive arms races, and heighten the risk of conflict. They also divert resources from critical development areas such as poverty alleviation, education, and healthcare. Moreover, the increased expenditure is likely to contribute further to already high levels of public debt, disproportionately impacting fragile states and the world’s poorest nations.

·       To address these challenges, the report recommends prioritizing diplomacy, peaceful conflict resolution, and confidence-building measures to tackle the root causes driving military spending. It urges the integration of military expenditure discussions within disarmament dialogues and strengthening the link between arms control and development goals. Transparency and accountability regarding military budgets should be enhanced to build trust among nations. Furthermore, there is a call to reinvigorate multilateral financing for development and promote a human-centered approach that balances security with sustainable development.

Border Wing Home Guards (BWHGs): Expansion to India–China Border

Context:

·       The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is evaluating the deployment of Border Wing Home Guards along the India–China border, similar to their existing presence along the India–Pakistan front.

·       Border Wing Home Guards are voluntary auxiliary forces composed of civilians residing in border areas. They act as support units to the Army and border security forces during emergencies, conflicts, and intelligence-gathering missions.

·       Established under the Home Guards Act, 1962, BWHGs operate under the Ministry of Home Affairs in coordination with state governments. Currently authorised in seven states—Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam, West Bengal, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat—they are operational only in Rajasthan as of 2025.

Objectives and Functions:

·       The BWHGs are intended to supplement regular security forces by providing local intelligence, aiding in patrol operations, maintaining law and order, and supporting disaster response and logistics during crises. They also mobilise local populations for community vigilance.

·       These are voluntary posts with a service duration of 3–4 years. Members are paid ₹800–₹900 daily, with 25% of the cost borne by the Centre. Rajasthan alone has 2,279 active members. Their effectiveness was notably demonstrated during Operation Sindoor through their grassroots intelligence contributions.

·       BWHGs act as a force multiplier for the Army and ITBP along the 3,488-km Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China. They strengthen civil-military trust, promote local engagement in security, and offer a cost-effective solution to bolster border infrastructure.

Bonda Tribe: Ancient Indigenous Group in Need of Urgent Support

·       The Governor of Odisha has called for the holistic development of Bondaghati, the homeland of the Bonda tribe—an ancient and isolated tribal community classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).

·       The Bondas, also referred to as Bondo, Bonda Paraja, or Bhonda, reside primarily in the Khairaput block of Malkangiri district in Odisha. Believed to be among India’s earliest settlers, they are of Austroasiatic origin and speak Remo, a language unrelated to mainstream Indian languages, posing a significant communication barrier with outsiders.

·       They are divided into Lower Bondas, residing near the borders of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, and Upper Bondas, who live in more remote, hilly areas. Their social structure is governed by a council of elders, which ensures the preservation of customs and traditions. Villages are organized around communal areas, and their architecture—comprising mud and thatch houses—is well adapted to the mountainous terrain.

·       The Bondas express their artistic identity through handcrafted tools, jewelry, and textiles. Women typically wear minimal clothing and adorn themselves with distinctive ornaments, while men are known for carrying weapons. Their religious beliefs are animistic, centering on the worship of nature and ancestral spirits.

·       Economically, the community depends on subsistence farming, hunting, and foraging. The tribe faces alarming developmental challenges, with only 6% literacy and low life expectancy threatening their very survival.

Vembanad Lake: Kerala’s Ecological Gem Faces Growing Crisis

·       Unchecked tourism, the proliferation of luxury houseboats, and years of encroachment have pushed Vembanad Lake, Kerala’s largest water body and India’s longest lake, into an ecological crisis.

·       Also known as Vembanad Kayal, Vembanad Kol, Punnamada Lake (in Kuttanad), and Kochi Lake (in Kochi), the lake is fed by four rivers—Meenachil, Achankovil, Pampa, and Manimala. It is separated from the Arabian Sea by a narrow strip of land and is a central part of Kerala’s famed backwater tourism.

·       One of the lake’s major attractions is Vallam Kali, including the Nehru Trophy Snake Boat Race, held every August. Recognized as a Ramsar site since 2002, the lake is part of the National Wetlands Conservation Programme. The Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary, situated on its eastern shore, adds ecological value to the area.

·       However, increasing human activity threatens its fragile ecosystem. The impact of unregulated tourism, pollution, and encroachment calls for urgent environmental interventions to preserve this critical natural asset.

Scientists Confirm Discovery of a Large Offshore Aquifer Beneath the Atlantic Ocean

·       Scientists have recently confirmed the existence of a vast offshore aquifer located beneath the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. Similar to terrestrial aquifers, these offshore aquifers consist of rock or sediment formations that contain freshwater, but unlike their land-based counterparts, they lie beneath the seabed.

·       These aquifers are widespread, having been discovered off the coasts of various continents including Australia, China, North America, and South Africa. Some extend as far as 90 kilometers offshore and are believed to contain about one million cubic kilometers of freshwater, representing approximately 10% of all terrestrial fresh groundwater reserves.

·       A key factor in the preservation of this freshwater is a cap rock layer composed of compacted clay-rich sediment, which acts as a barrier preventing the freshwater from mixing with the surrounding seawater. Scientists have proposed two main hypotheses regarding the formation of these aquifers. The Ice Age Hypothesis suggests that during past glacial periods, rainwater penetrated land areas now submerged beneath the ocean. Alternatively, the Connection Hypothesis proposes that these offshore aquifers remain hydrologically linked to onshore groundwater sources, receiving regular replenishment from rainfall.

·       The significance of this discovery lies in the potential of these aquifers as a previously untapped freshwater resource, especially crucial for water-stressed regions facing increasing climate variability. According to a 2023 UN report, global freshwater demand is projected to outstrip supply by 40% by 2030, heightening the urgency to explore alternative sources. However, the exploitation of offshore aquifers comes with considerable challenges, including high extraction costs, technical difficulties, potential ecological risks to marine ecosystems, and governance complexities surrounding international waters.

The Philippine Island of Pugad: Environmental Challenges

Context:

·       The small Philippine island of Pugad is experiencing severe land subsidence at a rate of up to 11 centimeters per year, combined with rising sea levels, which threatens the displacement of its approximately 2,500 residents.

·       Pugad is a tiny island covering roughly seven hectares in Manila Bay, located within the Hagonoy municipality of Bulacan province. The island is densely populated, with the majority of its inhabitants engaged in fishing and aquaculture.

·       Pugad lies at the mouth of the Angat–Pampanga River Delta and was historically surrounded by mangroves and marshlands that provided natural coastal protection.

Issues and Challenges:

The island is sinking rapidly, at about 11 cm annually, which is the fastest rate in the Philippines. This subsidence is primarily caused by excessive groundwater extraction. In addition, the Philippines faces sea-level rise that is three times faster than the global average, currently measured at 3.6 millimeters per year and expected to accelerate to 13 millimeters annually. Frequent climate hazards such as floods, typhoons, and storm surges regularly disrupt the community’s way of life. The conversion of mangrove forests into fishponds has further reduced the island’s natural defenses against coastal erosion and extreme weather, increasing its vulnerability.

About the Philippines

·       The Philippines is a Southeast Asian archipelago nation consisting of more than 7,000 islands scattered across the western Pacific Ocean. It is situated about 800 kilometers east of Vietnam, bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east, the South China Sea to the west, and the Celebes Sea to the south. The capital city is Manila, while Quezon City is the most populous urban area.

·       The country features an extensive coastline measuring approximately 22,550 miles (36,290 kilometers), making it highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. The terrain includes around 50 volcanoes, both active and dormant, with Mount Apo being the tallest at 2,954 meters. The Philippines has a tropical climate and is prone to typhoons, floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.

India Targets 2028 for Swadeshi Solar Cells

Context:

·       The Union Minister for New & Renewable Energy recently announced India’s ambitious plan to establish a fully indigenous solar manufacturing ecosystem by 2028. This includes the domestic production of solar modules, cells, wafers, and ingots.

·       India''s 2028 solar manufacturing vision is a comprehensive national initiative aimed at achieving complete self-reliance in solar technology. The project is backed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), with robust support from Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, Goods and Services Tax (GST) reductions, and a series of policy reforms designed to stimulate the domestic solar value chain.

Objectives:

·       The initiative seeks to significantly reduce the country''s reliance on imported Chinese solar components, thereby strengthening energy security. It aligns with the broader “Make in India” strategy by positioning India as a global hub for solar manufacturing. Additionally, it is expected to generate both direct and indirect employment opportunities across the manufacturing and supply chain sectors, while attracting significant investments—including Rs 24,000 crore earmarked under the PLI scheme and foreign direct investment in the renewables sector.

·       India has already achieved 100 GW of solar module manufacturing capacity, with plans now focused on expanding capacity for upstream components like wafers and ingots. The PLI scheme has driven approximately Rs 50,000 crore in investments and led to the creation of over 12,600 direct jobs. Initiatives such as the Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana have already benefitted two million households, with half of them now enjoying zero electricity bills.

·       Under the PM-KUSUM scheme, 1.6 million solar pumps have been installed or solarised, collectively saving approximately 1.3 billion litres of diesel annually. Policy support has included a GST reduction from 12% to 5%, streamlined single-window clearances, and expedited land allotments to facilitate project execution.

AIDIS and SAS 2026–27: Key National Surveys on Household and Agricultural Economics

Context:

• The National Statistical Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), has announced that it will conduct the All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) and the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households between July 2026 and June 2027.
• AIDIS is India’s flagship survey assessing household finance, including debt, assets, and investments across rural and urban sectors. Originating from the All India Rural Credit Survey in 1951–52 and expanded in 1961–62 to include urban areas and investment, it is now conducted by NSO.

Purpose and Objectives:

·       The survey aims to evaluate the scale and nature of household indebtedness, assess asset ownership and distribution, and feed into national accounts. Its findings support the formulation of credit policies, financial inclusion strategies, and inequality studies for institutions such as RBI, MoSPI, and NITI Aayog.

·       Last conducted as part of the 77th NSS Round in 2019, AIDIS provides detailed data segmented by region, income group, and type of credit (institutional vs. non-institutional). It informs a range of government schemes related to financial literacy, credit access, and asset creation.

·       The Situation Assessment Survey evaluates the economic condition of agricultural households. It was first launched in 2003 and later expanded in 2013 and 2019. Conducted by NSO in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, it delivers nationally representative insights into farming livelihood.

·       SAS examines income sources, expenditure patterns, debt profiles, and production statistics related to crops and livestock. It also tracks access to government schemes and insurance coverage, thereby aiding the design of inclusive agricultural and rural development policies.

·       The survey includes landless households engaged in agricultural activities and gathers data on land and livestock ownership, market access, and technology adoption. It is extensively used by NITI Aayog, the Ministry of Agriculture, banks, and research bodies.

Acharya Vinoba Bhave: Remembering a Gandhian Icon

Context:

On 11 September 2025, the Prime Minister of India paid tribute to Acharya Vinoba Bhave on his birth anniversary, recognising his enduring contributions to India''s spiritual, social, and freedom movements.

Profile:

·       Vinoba Bhave, regarded as the "National Teacher of India" and the spiritual heir to Mahatma Gandhi, was a philosopher, social reformer, linguist, and a strong advocate of Sarvodaya—the welfare of all. He is best remembered for initiating the Bhoodan (Land Gift) Movement.

·       Born on 11 September 1895 in Gagode village, Maharashtra, Vinoba was spiritually inclined from a young age, deeply influenced by the Bhagavad Gita. He abandoned formal studies after reading Gandhi''s speech at BHU, joined Gandhi at Kochrab Ashram in 1916, and fully immersed himself in Gandhian activities.

·       At Gandhi’s request, Vinoba became the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940, symbolising non-violent resistance. He played an active role in the Quit India Movement (1942) and Gandhian programmes promoting Khadi, Nai Talim, and village industries. His Gita discourses, delivered at Sabarmati Ashram’s “Vinoba Kutir,” were later widely published and translated.

·       Vinoba launched the Bhoodan Movement in 1951, collecting over 4 million acres of land from landlords and redistributing it to the landless. In 1954, he initiated Gramdan, calling for entire villages to be donated for community ownership. He championed self-reliance, sanitation, rural development, and non-violence. A polyglot, Vinoba translated the Gita into Marathi (Geetai) and wrote commentaries on the Bible, Quran, and Dnyaneshwari.

·       Vinoba Bhave successfully bridged the divide between spiritual ideals and socio-economic reform. His work continues to inspire land reform initiatives, rural development, and Gandhian economic principles based on trusteeship.

Five Years of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)

·       Launched on September 10, 2020, by the Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) was initially designed as a five-year scheme running from 2020-21 to 2024-25. Recently, the scheme has been extended to continue until 2025-26. The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) acts as the nodal agency responsible for overseeing the training, awareness, and capacity-building initiatives under this program. PMMSY functions as an umbrella scheme that integrates both Centrally Sector Components and Centrally Sponsored Scheme Components, ensuring a comprehensive approach to fisheries development.

·       Over the past five years, India has solidified its position as the world’s second-largest producer of fish, accounting for nearly 8% of global production. The program has successfully generated livelihoods for approximately 5.8 million individuals and has notably empowered nearly 100,000 women engaged in the fisheries sector.

·       Several strategic initiatives underpin the scheme’s success. One key focus is the empowerment of women within fisheries, where projects oriented towards women receive up to 60% financial assistance. The program also emphasizes climate resilience in coastal villages to safeguard vulnerable communities. Technological innovation plays a vital role, with the adoption of sustainable methods like Biofloc and Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS) being scaled up to enhance productivity without compromising environmental balance.

·       Formalization and digitalization efforts have also been accelerated through the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah Yojana (PM-MKSSY), a sub-scheme of PMMSY, alongside the National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP), which streamline sectoral operations by providing single-window access to benefits. Additionally, the development of 100 Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages (CRCFV) aims to fortify coastal communities against the growing impacts of climate change.