Market Reforms 2025: Enhancing FPI Access and IPO Flexibility

Introduction

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced a comprehensive package of market reforms aimed at attracting greater foreign portfolio investment, easing listing requirements for large companies, and improving institutional governance. These reforms come amid rising global economic turbulence, marked by foreign capital outflows triggered by high U.S. tariffs, inflated market valuations, and subdued corporate earnings. By balancing investor protection with regulatory simplification, SEBI’s initiatives are poised to bolster India’s standing as a competitive and investor-friendly destination.

Expanding Foreign Investor Access with SWAGAT-FI

·       Among the most pivotal reforms is the launch of the SWAGAT-FI framework, which stands for Single Window Automatic & Generalised Access for Trusted Foreign Investors. This framework is designed to streamline entry and compliance processes for specific categories of trusted foreign investors, such as sovereign wealth funds, central banks, pension funds, insurance companies, regulated retail funds, and Foreign Venture Capital Investors (FVCIs).

·       Key features of this framework include the introduction of a unified 10-year registration and Know Your Customer (KYC) cycle, a significant increase from the current 3-year term. Furthermore, SWAGAT-FI exempts entities from the 50% aggregate contribution cap applicable to Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), and resident Indian investors. The process is further simplified through the India Market Access portal, which has been launched concurrently to reduce documentation burdens and streamline compliance.

·       This reform is particularly timely, as India has experienced record foreign portfolio outflows of nearly ₹63,500 crore since July 2025. By simplifying processes and ensuring long-term regulatory clarity, the SWAGAT-FI initiative seeks to restore global investor confidence and re-attract long-term capital.

Relaxed IPO Norms for Large Issuers

·       SEBI has also introduced major changes to Initial Public Offering (IPO) regulations, with a focus on easing dilution requirements for large-scale issuers. Previously, companies with high market capitalisation faced significant pressure to offload large portions of equity to the public, often deterring promoters from listing.

·       Under the revised norms, companies with a market capitalisation between ₹1 lakh crore and ₹5 lakh crore are now required to offer only 2.75–2.8% of their post-issue market cap, a notable relaxation from the earlier 5% requirement. For companies planning mega-IPOs, the minimum public offer (MPO) threshold has been increased to ₹6,250 crore, giving them more flexibility during the listing process.

·       Additionally, companies listing with a public shareholding below 15% will now be allowed up to 10 years to achieve the 25% minimum public float requirement—an increase from the current 3–5 year timeline. In terms of anchor investors, the anchor quota has been raised from one-third to 40% of the total issue, with mandatory allocations for key financial institutions such as mutual funds, life insurance firms, and pension funds. The minimum allotment size for anchor investors has also been increased to ₹5 crore, and a broader pool of anchor investors is now permitted to participate.

·       These changes are expected to make IPOs more attractive for large private companies by reducing the immediate dilution burden and expanding institutional investor participation, thereby supporting deeper capital markets.

Improved Governance of Market Infrastructure Institutions

·       Recognising the importance of sound governance in ensuring market integrity, SEBI has implemented structural reforms in the functioning of Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs), such as stock exchanges and clearing corporations. Going forward, MIIs will be required to appoint two executive directors who will independently oversee separate verticals—one responsible for critical market operations such as trading, clearing, and settlement, and the other tasked with regulatory compliance functions, including risk management and investor grievance redressal.

·       In addition, the roles and responsibilities of managing directors and key managerial personnel have been clearly defined, with an emphasis on succession planning and accountability. These changes are being introduced in response to past incidents of governance lapses in major exchanges, which have undermined public and investor trust. The goal is to reinforce transparency, operational integrity, and investor confidence in the institutions that underpin India’s capital markets.

Mutual Fund and Retail Investor-Oriented Reforms

·       SEBI has also made targeted reforms to promote financial inclusion, particularly aiming to expand mutual fund participation among retail investors, including those from smaller towns and women investors. To encourage broader participation, the exit load on mutual fund schemes has been reduced from 5% to 3%, making such investments more attractive for long-term retail savers.

·       To further incentivise geographical expansion, distributor incentive structures have been revised to specifically promote inflows from beyond the top-30 cities (B-30 regions). SEBI is also encouraging mutual fund investments among women by offering additional incentives for their participation.

·       At the same time, SEBI has enhanced corporate governance norms by strengthening disclosure requirements for Related Party Transactions (RPTs). Thresholds for disclosure will now be linked to a company’s turnover, ensuring proportionate scrutiny of large-value transactions and reinforcing transparency in business dealings.

Overall Significance of the Reforms

·       SEBI’s reforms are multidimensional and aim to deliver tangible benefits across several segments of the financial ecosystem. For corporate India, the revised IPO norms offer a more flexible and scalable framework for raising capital, especially for high-growth companies. For global investors, the SWAGAT-FI framework simplifies access to Indian markets while providing long-term regulatory stability, helping India position itself as a preferred investment hub amidst global capital volatility.

·       For domestic retail investors, particularly those from underrepresented regions and demographics, the new measures offer better incentives and improved protection mechanisms. These reforms also align with India’s broader goal of creating an inclusive and vibrant financial ecosystem that can sustain long-term growth, attract quality capital, and maintain the confidence of both domestic and global stakeholders.

PM Modi’s Manipur Visit: Navigating the State’s Ongoing Crises

·       Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to visit Manipur on September 13 — marking his first trip to the conflict-affected state since ethnic clashes between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities began in May 2023. Over the past 27 months, Manipur has experienced a prolonged period of instability, marked by large-scale violence, widespread displacement, the breakdown of law and order, the resurgence of armed groups, the imposition of President’s Rule, and a general election conducted amid deepening divisions.

·       Although overt violence has reduced in recent months, the state’s return to normalcy remains uncertain. Five major challenges — rehabilitation of displaced populations, restoration of mobility and access, reconciliation between ethnic groups, revival of democratic governance, and resolution of border-related tensions — continue to define Manipur’s fragile recovery process.

Rehabilitation of Displaced Communities

·       An estimated 57,000 individuals remain displaced, residing in over 280 relief camps across Manipur. Many have been living under such conditions for more than two years. The displacement followed a dual pattern: Kuki-Zo people were largely driven out of Imphal and other valley towns, while Meiteis were forced to flee border and hill districts such as Moreh, Churachandpur, and Kangpokpi. Additionally, residents from fringe areas situated along the valley-hill interface fled amid threats or direct attacks from opposing ethnic groups.

·       In July 2025, the state government proposed a three-phase resettlement strategy aimed at closing all relief camps by the end of the year. The first phase prioritises the return of fringe-area residents, followed by the construction of prefabricated housing for others once sufficient normalcy is achieved. Although approximately 5,000 displaced persons had returned prior to the announcement of this plan, progress has since stagnated, casting doubt on the feasibility of the proposed timeline.

Mobility Restrictions and the Emergence of Buffer Zones

·       The ethnic conflict has led to the formation of sharp boundaries separating the valley and hill districts, which have evolved into de facto “buffer zones” heavily guarded by security forces. These zones have effectively cut off direct interaction between Meitei and Kuki-Zo areas, creating a state of spatial and social segregation. Meiteis are largely confined to the valley and lack safe access to national highways, while Kuki-Zo populations are unable to enter Imphal or access critical infrastructure such as the airport.

·       Following the imposition of President’s Rule in February, the central government attempted to enforce the principle of “free movement” on state highways. However, renewed violence in the aftermath of this attempt led to one fatality and multiple injuries. At present, Kuki-Zo groups allow the passage of essential commodities into the valley but continue to restrict Meitei movement across buffer zones. Meanwhile, there are no equivalent provisions in place to guarantee safe travel for Kuki-Zo individuals through Meitei-dominated areas, exacerbating the sense of division and mistrust.

Ethnic Polarisation and the Absence of Dialogue

·       The ethnic clashes in Manipur have resulted in over 250 deaths, with the last major incident of violence recorded in November 2024. Though large-scale hostilities have decreased, officials and observers warn that the underlying situation remains highly volatile. Both the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities remain heavily armed, and there has been little progress towards any form of structured inter-community dialogue.

·       The central government continues to engage with both groups independently. It recently renewed a Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement with Kuki-Zo insurgent factions. While these groups have formally committed to upholding Manipur’s territorial integrity, they continue to demand the creation of a Union Territory with its own legislature — a position that appears to contradict the spirit of the pact.

·       This development has triggered fresh concerns among Meitei organisations, who view the agreement as tacit recognition of Kuki-Zo insurgents. Conversely, the Kuki-Zo community continues to accuse former Chief Minister N Biren Singh’s administration of supporting Meitei militias and failing to protect minority populations — charges that have deepened the divide and further eroded trust.

Political Vacuum and the Question of Governance

·       The resignation of N Biren Singh in February 2025 followed mounting opposition from both Kuki-Zo leaders and a significant segment of Meitei BJP legislators. His departure led to the imposition of President’s Rule — a demand long pushed for by the Kuki-Zo community and initially welcomed by various factions across the political spectrum.

·       However, within weeks, elected representatives from the valley and Naga-dominated constituencies began calling for the reinstatement of a democratically elected government. These leaders cited growing public unrest and a desire to return to constitutional normalcy. Despite such appeals, the central government has adopted a cautious approach, prioritising stability over a rushed political transition. As a result, President’s Rule remains in force, and there appears to be no immediate plan to restore the state government.

Border Security and Cross-Border Tensions

·       Manipur’s open border with Myanmar continues to be a significant source of tension, particularly for Meitei communities, who allege that illegal immigration by Chin groups from Myanmar has contributed to the ongoing unrest. In response to these concerns, the Indian government revoked the Free Movement Regime (FMR), which previously allowed tribals from both sides to travel up to 16 km across the border without documentation. The Centre has also announced the construction of border fencing.

·       These measures have sparked widespread anger among the Kuki-Zo and Naga communities, many of whom share familial, cultural, and economic ties with tribes across the Myanmar border. In a direct show of opposition, the United Naga Council imposed a trade embargo on key transport corridors ahead of the Prime Minister’s visit. Although the embargo has been temporarily lifted, it reflects the growing discontent among border communities who view the new security policies as a threat to their way of life.

Conclusion

·       Prime Minister Modi’s upcoming visit to Manipur carries immense symbolic and political weight. It comes at a time when the state remains mired in deep ethnic divides, institutional dysfunction, and unresolved questions of governance and identity. While the reduction in violence may suggest a surface-level calm, the underlying challenges — prolonged displacement, entrenched segregation, absence of inter-ethnic dialogue, political instability, and cross-border tensions — continue to hinder Manipur’s path to reconciliation and recovery.

·       Unless these issues are addressed through inclusive dialogue, structural reforms, and genuine political will, the state risks remaining trapped in a cycle of fragile peace and simmering unrest. The Prime Minister’s visit offers an opportunity to reset the narrative — but its success will depend on whether it leads to tangible, long-term commitments rather than symbolic gestures.

America’s Gun Obsession: History, Culture, and the Toll of Violence

The fatal shooting of 31-year-old conservative leader Charlie Kirk by a sniper in Utah has reopened deep national wounds around America’s enduring gun culture. Known for staunchly defending the right to bear arms despite rising annual death tolls, Kirk’s death is both a tragic irony and a stark reflection of the nation’s unresolved obsession with firearms. His killing has reignited the polarizing debate over guns—a conflict many believe is contributing to the unraveling of American civil society.

America’s Gun Epidemic in a Global Context

·       Nowhere else in the world do guns permeate civilian life as they do in the United States. With a staggering average of 1.2 firearms per person, the country holds the world’s highest per-capita gun ownership rate—by a wide margin. Although the U.S. accounts for less than 5% of the global population, it possesses nearly 45% of all civilian-held firearms worldwide. This unprecedented level of access is directly linked to devastating consequences: in 2023 alone, there were 46,728 gun-related deaths in the U.S., averaging 128 per day. Over half of these fatalities were suicides.

·       The homicide rate driven by guns further reveals America’s outlier status. With 4.38 gun-related deaths per 100,000 people, the U.S. rate is more than 26 times higher than that of other affluent nations. By comparison, the gun homicide rate in the United Kingdom is under 0.05, and in Japan, it is almost zero. These statistics underline how America’s gun crisis is not simply a domestic issue—it stands apart from global norms.

Guns, Liberty, and the Myth of American Freedom

·       The roots of America’s gun culture lie not only in law but also in national mythology. Firearms have long been associated with ideas of liberty and resistance. From the Revolutionary War to the Wild West, guns have been romanticized as tools of freedom and survival. This sentiment was codified in 1791 through the Second Amendment, which guarantees the right to bear arms as a safeguard against tyranny. Founding Father James Madison even argued that an armed citizenry could rise against oppressive governments—a notion absent in monarchic Europe.

·       This historical framing helped cultivate a national identity tied to the idea of self-defense and democratic vigilance. As political historian Richard Hofstadter noted in 1970, many Americans held an almost sacred belief that gun ownership was fundamental to preserving democracy. That conviction persisted into the 21st century—exemplified by Charlie Kirk’s public declarations in 2023, defending gun rights as a necessary check on government power.

The Evolution of America’s Gun Culture

·       The entrenchment of guns in American life accelerated dramatically during the 20th century. A 1969 report from the U.S. Justice Department revealed that civilian firearms had nearly doubled from 45 million in 1945 to around 90 million by the end of the 1960s—despite the population increasing by less than 50% during the same period. By 2018, the number of guns had multiplied tenfold from 1945 levels, while the population had grown by only 2.5 times.

·       Historians link this escalation to deeper racial and socio-political anxieties. During slavery, firearms were essential tools for White landowners to control enslaved Black populations. In the post-Civil War era, fear of uprisings contributed to the emergence of violent vigilante groups like the Ku Klux Klan. The 20th century brought new waves of insecurity—urban crime, rising immigration, and Cold War paranoia—all of which drove gun demand higher. After World War II, surplus European weapons flooded the U.S. market, creating a booming gun economy that further entrenched firearms into everyday American life.

The Allure of Guns as Cultural Symbols

·       In the United States, guns are not merely tools or commodities—they are icons, imbued with symbolic value far beyond their functional use. This transformation was orchestrated in part by aggressive lobbying from groups like the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the rise of gun capitalism, which promoted firearms as emblems of personal identity, masculinity, and patriotism. Historian Andrew McKevitt describes this as a case of “commodity fetishism”—a process where an object is infused with almost mythical significance, divorced from its practical origins.

·       For instance, instead of seeing a gun as a factory-made assemblage of metal and mechanics, many Americans perceive it as a symbol of freedom, strength, or even moral virtue. This cultural elevation complicates policy efforts, making rational debate around regulation more difficult. Unlike countries such as Australia—which drastically reduced gun deaths from 2.9 per 100,000 in 1996 to 0.88 in 2018 through sweeping reforms—the U.S. has moved in the opposite direction.

·       A pivotal moment came in 2008 with the Supreme Court’s decision in District of Columbia v. Heller, which interpreted the Second Amendment as guaranteeing an individual''s right to own firearms for personal use. This ruling significantly strengthened resistance to gun control and reinforced the ideological framing of guns as central to American identity.

The Everyday Reality of Gun Violence

·       While NRA slogans frequently invoke the idea that “a good guy with a gun” is the solution to gun violence, real-world evidence tells a more troubling story. Historian Dominic Erdozain points out that even well-intentioned individuals can act impulsively or violently under stress or emotional strain. This undermines the simplistic good-versus-evil narrative often promoted in gun rights discourse.

·       Data shows that most gun homicides in the U.S. do not involve criminals or strangers, but rather occur during domestic disputes, often between friends, relatives, or intimate partners. Alcohol is frequently a contributing factor. Studies have consistently found that simply keeping a firearm at home substantially increases the likelihood of homicide. Experts have warned since at least 2008 that the greatest danger is not from intruders but from individuals who “already have a key to the house.”

Conclusion

·       America’s gun culture is not just a policy challenge—it is a cultural and historical phenomenon deeply woven into the nation’s identity. The tragic death of Charlie Kirk, a vocal defender of gun rights, reflects the paradox at the heart of this national obsession. Guns are seen not just as weapons, but as sacred symbols of freedom and self-reliance. Yet the consequences of this reverence are measurable in lives lost and communities fractured.

·       While other nations have reformed their gun laws in response to mass shootings or rising violence, the United States continues to deepen its relationship with firearms, driven by a mixture of myth, fear, and political inertia. The enduring influence of advocacy groups, historical memory, and cultural fetishism makes any change a formidable task. But as gun deaths continue to rise, the question becomes ever more urgent: How long can a society survive when the very instruments of its freedom also become its most prolific source of harm?

From Right to Information to a Right to Deny: The Impact of the DPDP Act on RTI

Context

The passage of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, has sparked serious concerns among transparency advocates due to its amendment of Section 8(1)(j) of the Right to Information (RTI) Act. This critical clause, once a safeguard ensuring a balance between privacy and public interest, has now been drastically curtailed to a vague phrase, enabling sweeping denials of information under the label of “personal data.” Critics fear that this shift represents a fundamental transformation — from a citizen’s right to access information to a legally sanctioned “right to deny information,” with grave consequences for accountability and democratic oversight.

The RTI Framework: A Cornerstone of Participatory Governance

Enacted in 2005, the Right to Information Act empowered Indian citizens to seek information from public authorities, enforcing the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). Over the past two decades, it has been instrumental in enabling social audits, exposing corruption, and strengthening citizen-led oversight. Section 8(1)(j) of the Act was particularly important: it allowed authorities to deny information only when it lacked public interest or constituted an unwarranted invasion of privacy. A key proviso in the section ensured that if any information could not be withheld from Parliament or a State Legislature, it could not be denied to any citizen either. This clause preserved a vital principle of parity and transparency in governance.

The DPDP Act’s Overreach and Its Consequences for RTI

·       While the DPDP Act aims to establish a framework for protecting digital personal data, its intersection with the RTI Act has sparked alarm. The amendment to Section 8(1)(j) effectively reduces its language to a vague, sweeping clause that broadens the grounds for denying access to information. The definition of "personal data" under the DPDP Act is so expansive that it includes not only individuals but also firms, companies, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), associations, and even the State itself. As a result, nearly any piece of information requested under RTI — even non-sensitive or publicly relevant data — could now be denied on the grounds of privacy.

·       This expansive interpretation, coupled with the DPDP’s provision for imposing penalties of up to ₹250 crore for data breaches, places immense pressure on Public Information Officers (PIOs). In the absence of clarity and legal safeguards, these officers may prefer to issue blanket denials rather than risk punitive action. Such a trend risks eroding the very foundation of the citizen’s right to know.

Undermining Transparency: Emerging Concerns

·       One of the most immediate consequences of the amendment is the weakening of transparency in public service delivery. Requests for routine information such as pension lists, employment rosters, or public distribution system (PDS) beneficiary data could now be rejected under the pretext of protecting personal information. In effect, this removes the public interest test that previously served as a bulwark against arbitrary denial.

·       The constitutional principle of maximum disclosure has been replaced by an expectation that citizens must now prove an overriding public interest to access even routine records. This shift reverses the burden of proof and introduces a chilling effect among PIOs, many of whom may now reject applications pre-emptively to avoid legal entanglements.

·       The erosion of transparency also creates fertile ground for corruption. Without access to basic records, it becomes significantly harder to detect anomalies such as ghost employees, fake welfare beneficiaries, rigged recruitment processes, and irregular procurement contracts. In effect, the amendment shields malfeasance under a veneer of privacy.

·       This legislative change undermines the role of citizens as democratic watchdogs and dilutes the mechanisms of accountability that are essential to any functioning democracy. The RTI Act, once a cornerstone of citizen empowerment, risks becoming a bureaucratic dead end.

Structural and Legal Challenges

·       The DPDP amendment comes at a time when institutional weaknesses already plague the RTI ecosystem. A long-standing conflict remains unresolved between the right to privacy, as articulated in the Supreme Court’s Puttaswamy judgment, and the need for transparency in public functioning. A coherent legal framework that balances these rights proportionately is still missing.

·       Furthermore, the Central Information Commission (CIC) and several State Information Commissions suffer from chronic understaffing, with vacancy rates hovering between 30–40%. This has led to massive backlogs and prolonged delays in the resolution of appeals, undermining the effectiveness of the law.

·       The increasing digitisation of RTI processes has introduced new forms of exclusion. For the rural poor and technologically marginalized communities, pursuing appeals through online portals is often an insurmountable hurdle, thereby reducing the inclusiveness of the law. Compounding these problems is a noticeable decline in civil society mobilisation around RTI issues. Unlike the early 2000s, when grassroots movements drove the RTI’s passage, today’s public pressure to protect transparency laws remains limited.

·       Politically, there is little incentive to restore robust RTI provisions. Governments, irrespective of party, often benefit from reduced scrutiny and opacity in administration. As a result, there is minimal momentum from within the political establishment to undo the changes brought by the DPDP Act.

Restoring the RTI Spirit: A Democratic Imperative

·       Given the gravity of these developments, restoring the RTI’s core spirit requires both legislative and institutional responses. Reinstating the proviso that bars denial of information to citizens if it is accessible to Parliament or State Legislatures would help re-establish parity and safeguard accountability.

·       The definition of “personal information” under the DPDP Act must be narrowed to include only truly sensitive categories, such as health data or family details, in keeping with the principle of proportionality. This would ensure that non-sensitive, publicly relevant information cannot be withheld arbitrarily.

·       Institutional capacity also needs urgent strengthening. Vacancies in the CIC and State Commissions must be filled, and adequate funding ensured. Time-bound norms for disposing of appeals should be instituted to reduce pendency. Proactive disclosure by public authorities—such as publishing welfare beneficiary lists, public tender details, and employee rosters—can significantly reduce the need for individual RTI applications.

·       Most importantly, the balancing of privacy and transparency must be grounded in constitutional principles. The proportionality test laid out in the Puttaswamy judgment offers a clear path: any restriction on information must serve a legitimate aim, be necessary, and use the least restrictive means available. Applying this test would allow privacy and transparency to coexist within a coherent legal framework.

Conclusion

The RTI Act stands as one of India’s most potent anti-corruption tools, enabling ordinary citizens to hold power to account. Diluting it through ambiguously framed privacy provisions not only erodes two decades of transparency gains but also risks reversing democratic progress. As India navigates an increasingly digital and complex governance landscape, the commitment to openness must not falter. Legislators, courts, and civil society must come together to preserve the RTI as a vital tool of participatory democracy and ensure that the citizen’s right to know remains robust, actionable, and protected.

Supreme Court Urges Centre to Protect Homebuyers and Revive Stalled Housing Projects

The Supreme Court has called upon the Union Government to proactively safeguard the interests of homebuyers, especially those affected by stalled residential projects. This judicial intervention underscores the Court’s recognition of housing not merely as a commodity but as a fundamental right under the broader interpretation of the Right to Life guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution. The Court issued a set of suggestions aimed at preventing the liquidation of viable projects and addressing systemic failures in India’s real estate sector.

Ongoing Challenges in the Indian Housing Sector

·       India’s housing market is grappling with a series of complex and interrelated challenges. One of the most visible is the decline in affordable housing stock. While affordable homes comprised over 50% of new housing launches in 2018, they now account for a mere 17% of supply, making housing increasingly inaccessible to the urban poor and middle class.

·       Simultaneously, the problem of stalled housing projects remains acute. Over 500,000 housing units across 44 Indian cities have been indefinitely delayed, largely due to financial mismanagement and insolvency among real estate developers. This crisis has left thousands of homebuyers in limbo, having invested their savings without receiving possession or returns.

·       The high cost of land acquisition is another structural constraint. Despite their economic significance, India’s top ten cities together occupy only 0.2% of the country’s land mass, driving up land prices and limiting the viability of large-scale housing projects.

·       Additionally, the lack of uniformity in RERA (Real Estate Regulation and Development Act) implementation across states has complicated regulatory oversight. Each state has enacted its own version of RERA rules, resulting in uneven enforcement and legal ambiguities that adversely affect both developers and consumers.

Supreme Court Recommendations to the Centre

·       To address these systemic issues, the Supreme Court has made several recommendations designed to promote fairness, transparency, and viability in the housing sector. It has urged the Union government to explore the establishment of a revival fund under the National Asset Reconstruction Company Limited (NARCL) and to expand the existing SWAMIH (Special Window for Affordable and Mid-Income Housing) Fund, which has already played a pivotal role in reviving stalled projects.

·       The Court also proposed the creation of a dedicated corporate body, modeled on NARCL, to specifically manage and revive stalled housing projects. Such an institution could bring professional oversight, structured financing, and legal clarity to revive non-performing real estate assets.

·       In addition, the Court highlighted the urgent need to harmonise RERA rules across states. A centralised framework would help standardise consumer protection mechanisms, ensure regulatory uniformity, and facilitate inter-state project development.

·       To monitor implementation and ensure impartial oversight, the Supreme Court directed the constitution of a high-level committee, chaired by a retired High Court Judge. This committee is expected to provide strategic guidance, assess project viability, and safeguard homebuyer rights through legal and administrative channels.

Nepal’s Political Unrest: A Crucial Test for India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ Policy

The unfolding political crisis in Nepal poses a significant diplomatic and strategic challenge for India. Triggered by the resignation of former Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli, ongoing violent protests, and the appointment of former Chief Justice Sushila Karki as interim Prime Minister, the situation reflects deep-rooted political instability. For India, this moment is a critical test of its ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy, which seeks to prioritise stable and cooperative relations with bordering countries. India must now balance its strategic interests with the risk of being perceived as intrusive, especially as China intensifies its presence in Nepal.

India–Nepal Relations: A Deep but Fragile Tiescape

·       India shares a long-standing and multidimensional relationship with Nepal, defined by geography, culture, and economic interdependence. The two countries share a 1,770–2,000 km open border, which permits free movement of people and goods. While this border fosters deep people-to-people ties, particularly among the Madhesi population and communities with kinship links, it also makes political instability in Nepal a direct security concern for India.

·       India and Nepal enjoy strong civilisational ties, shaped by shared Hindu-Buddhist heritage and mutual religious tourism. The presence of Gorkha regiments in the Indian Army, consisting of Nepali citizens, is another unique facet of this bilateral bond.

·       On the economic front, India is Nepal’s largest trading partner, accounting for over 60% of its trade volume, and remains a key source of foreign direct investment, fuel, electricity, and medicines. Additionally, India has been investing heavily in hydropower diplomacy, including large projects like Upper Karnali and Arun-III, and has entered cross-border power trade agreements that help both nations meet energy needs.

Growing Chinese Influence in Nepal

·       Meanwhile, China has made significant inroads into Nepal, leveraging economic investments, diplomatic influence, and soft power to expand its footprint. Under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China is funding major infrastructure projects such as highways, airports, and even a railway link between Tibet and Kathmandu.

·       Politically, Beijing has cultivated close ties across Nepal’s party spectrum and has even played a role in mediating intra-party disputes within the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN). At the same time, China’s soft power strategy—through Confucius Institutes, language scholarships, and media outreach—has enhanced its appeal among Nepal’s younger generations.

·       From India’s security standpoint, the growing Chinese presence close to the Siliguri Corridor (Chicken’s Neck) — a narrow and critical land link between India’s mainland and the Northeast — poses strategic concerns.

Strategic and Diplomatic Concerns for India

·       Nepal’s chronic political instability — with 14 governments in the past 17 years — creates obstacles to sustained bilateral cooperation. Frequent coalition collapses have derailed previously agreed initiatives and fuel uncertainty about future engagement.

·       There is also a persistent strain of anti-India sentiment among segments of Nepal’s population, exacerbated by the 2015 border blockade, which left a lasting impression on Nepalese youth who often view India with suspicion.

·       China’s expanding influence risks eroding India’s traditional strategic depth in the Himalayan region. Simultaneously, the open border, while facilitating cultural and economic exchange, is also vulnerable to arms smuggling, illegal migration, and potential cross-border terrorism.

·       Furthermore, ongoing instability may delay or derail India-funded infrastructure and connectivity projects, including integrated check posts (ICPs), railway links, and cross-border power lines.

Key Challenges for India

·       India must tread carefully between non-interference and active engagement. Over-involvement could reinforce the narrative of India as a domineering power, while under-engagement risks creating a vacuum that China will readily fill.

·       One of the more pressing diplomatic hurdles is a growing disconnect with Nepal’s younger generation, many of whom came of age after the fall of the monarchy and have been influenced by anti-India narratives prevalent in media and political rhetoric.

·       Nepal’s shift toward federalism also means that India must now diversify its diplomatic outreach beyond Kathmandu to include provincial leaders, Madhesi politicians, and new political entrants. Political instability also brings economic vulnerabilities, such as potential disruption in remittances, border trade, and power projects.

·       Lastly, a prolonged crisis could result in a refugee influx into India and increased activity by Chinese intelligence close to India’s northeastern frontier.

The Way Forward for India

·       India must adopt a nuanced and multi-pronged approach that preserves strategic interests while strengthening mutual trust. Enhancing diplomatic engagement with emerging political actors across Nepal’s provinces and expanding Track 1.5 and Track 2 dialogues can help rebuild relationships.

·       Economically, India should fast-track key infrastructure projects — particularly rail lines like Jaynagar–Bardibas and Raxaul–Kathmandu — and accelerate the development of border infrastructure and ICPs. Increasing hydropower collaboration and facilitating trilateral electricity trade between India, Nepal, and Bangladesh could deepen economic ties.

·       Cultural diplomacy and people-to-people exchanges should also be scaled up. Expanding educational scholarships, boosting tourism via religious circuits such as the Ramayana Circuit, and investing in cultural collaboration can counterbalance anti-India narratives.

·       Above all, India must exercise strategic patience — avoiding overt political alignment with any one party and focusing instead on institution-building and long-term partnerships rooted in shared democratic values and regional stability.

Conclusion

Nepal’s political turmoil presents a critical moment for India’s foreign policy in South Asia. A calibrated, inclusive, and youth-centric strategy — anchored in economic cooperation, cultural affinity, and respectful diplomacy — will be essential for India to navigate this crisis. A stable, democratic, and economically integrated Nepal is not only in Nepal’s interest but remains the best guarantee of India’s long-term strategic and regional equilibrium, especially amid increasing Chinese assertiveness in the Himalayas.

INS Aravali: A Strategic Leap in India’s Maritime Communication Infrastructure

·       The Indian Navy has recently commissioned INS Aravali, a new naval base located in Gurugram, Haryana, marking a significant enhancement of its information and communication capabilities. Named after the ancient Aravali mountain range, this facility symbolizes strength, stability, and technological progression in naval operations.

·       The establishment of INS Aravali reflects the Navy''s emphasis on advanced communication networks, essential for strengthening Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and ensuring effective command and control across India’s vast maritime zones. Guided by the motto ‘Maritime Security through Collaboration’, the base is built to serve as a hub for supporting and synchronizing naval information and communication centres.

·       The facility is not merely a technological asset but also a strategic tool that embodies a spirit of cooperation. It will work in conjunction with other naval units, domestic MDA centres, and allied stakeholders to ensure a seamless exchange of information and enhanced situational awareness. The emblem of INS Aravali, featuring a central mountain and a rising sun, symbolises steadfast resilience, eternal vigilance, and the dawn of cutting-edge communication technology in India’s maritime sphere.

·       Further underscoring India’s commitment to regional maritime security, the base aligns with the vision of MAHASAGAR—Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions. By enabling better inter-agency coordination, INS Aravali will play a critical role in safeguarding national interests, enhancing India’s position as the Preferred Security Partner in the Indian Ocean Region, and advancing long-term maritime strategy.

Sarcoidosis: A Complex Immune Condition Under the Microscope

·       A newly published peer-reviewed study offers an in-depth exploration of sarcoidosis, a disease characterised by the formation of granulomas, which are small clusters of immune cells surrounded by dense fibrous tissue. These granulomas result from the immune system’s overreaction to perceived threats, although the exact triggers remain unclear.

·       Sarcoidosis is most frequently found in the lungs and lymph nodes, but it can also affect the skin, eyes, heart, and other organs. The condition manifests variably—some patients experience mild symptoms, while others develop severe, chronic complications. Symptoms range from persistent cough and shortness of breath to eye irritation and skin lesions, with some cases progressing to pulmonary fibrosis, leading to permanent lung damage.

·       While the precise cause is unknown, researchers believe it likely results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, such as bacteria, viruses, dust, or chemicals. These elements may provoke an exaggerated immune response in susceptible individuals, culminating in the characteristic granuloma formation.

·       Treatment for sarcoidosis depends on its severity. Many cases resolve on their own without medical intervention. However, when treatment is necessary, it typically involves immunosuppressive therapies aimed at reducing inflammation. Although there is no known cure, most individuals manage to live normal lives, with regular monitoring and, in some cases, long-term treatment to prevent organ damage.

Red Ivy Plant Innovation: Blending Tradition with Nanotechnology for Wound Healing

·       In a significant scientific breakthrough, researchers at JNTBGRI, Kerala, have developed an advanced wound-healing pad using the Red Ivy Plant, also known as Strobilanthes alternata or Murikooti Pacha. This innovation blends traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge with modern nanotechnology, resulting in a biodegradable, cost-effective solution for wound care.

·       The red ivy plant, a sprawling vine with red-green leaves, is native to tropical regions of India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, thriving particularly well in the Western Ghats. Traditionally, it has been used by indigenous communities to treat cuts, bruises, and skin infections. The scientific team successfully isolated acteoside, a powerful bioactive compound from the plant, which exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

·       This is the first recorded scientific isolation of acteoside from the red ivy plant, establishing the basis for its application in wound healing. The newly developed wound pad is effective at very low concentrations (0.2%), making it both economically viable and scalable for widespread use. The innovation underscores the potential of combining traditional medicinal plants with modern biomedical engineering to create accessible healthcare solutions.

AI-Powered Weather Forecasting: Empowering Farmers with Precision Advisory

·       In a groundbreaking initiative, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoAFW) launched India’s first AI-powered monsoon forecasting system, delivering SMS-based weather advisories to 3.8 crore farmers across 13 states. This pioneering initiative is designed to assist farmers in Kharif crop planning, enhance climate resilience, and mitigate the risks associated with monsoon variability.

·       The system is developed in collaboration with Development Innovation Lab – India and Precision Development, and integrates advanced forecasting tools such as the Google Neural Global Climate Model (GCM) and ECMWF’s Artificial Intelligence Forecasting System (AIFS). These models provide four-week advance forecasts with significantly higher accuracy than traditional methods, enabling proactive decision-making.

·       Utilizing the m-Kisan SMS platform, the initiative disseminates personalized, localized, and region-specific advisories in farmer-friendly language, making the information accessible and actionable. The advisories offer early warnings about monsoon onset, help farmers in planning sowing and irrigation schedules, and provide decision support for choosing the right crops and inputs, thereby minimizing input wastage and optimizing productivity.

·       The system demonstrated real-time accuracy in 2025 by correctly identifying a 20-day monsoon stall, a critical variable for timely agricultural interventions. With weekly updates and potential scalability to Rabi season, this innovation marks a major leap in climate-smart agriculture.

·       Beyond its immediate benefits, the initiative has broader implications for food security, economic growth, and technological leadership, positioning India at the forefront of AI-enabled agri-advisory services.

Erra Matti Dibbalu: India’s Red Sand Dunes Join UNESCO Tentative List

·       The Erra Matti Dibbalu, or Red Sand Dunes, located near Visakhapatnam along the Bay of Bengal coast, have been officially included in UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Natural Heritage Sites, alongside the Tirumala Hills in Andhra Pradesh. Spread over approximately 1,500 acres, this site has been recognized as a National Geo-heritage Monument since 2016 by the Geological Survey of India (GSI).

·       Formed during the late Quaternary Age (around 2.6 million years ago), these dunes capture records of climate oscillations, sea-level changes, and natural erosion patterns. The formations, first documented in 1886 by British geologist William King, consist of red-hued sand, silt, and clay with distinctive oxidation-induced coloration and sedimentary layering.

·       The dunes feature rare dendritic drainage patterns and serve as natural archives of monsoonal and coastal evolution. Globally, only two other similar coastal geomorphological formations are known—one in Sri Lanka and another in Tamil Nadu—making this site both rare and scientifically valuable.

·       Apart from being a natural laboratory for research in paleoclimatology and coastal geomorphology, the site holds immense potential for geotourism, provided it is developed sustainably and protected from encroachment and unregulated construction.

Scarlet Dragonfly Spotted in Munnar: A Rare Visitor in the Western Ghats

·       A rare sighting of the scarlet dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) has recently been reported from the valleys of Munnar, nestled within Kerala’s Western Ghats. Belonging to the Libellulidae family, this vibrant species is also known by names such as the broad scarlet, scarlet darter, and common scarlet-darter.

·       Although typically found in southern Europe, Africa, and western Asia up to southern China, scarlet dragonflies are known for their occasional long-distance movements. They prefer sunny environments near water bodies like rivers, streams, and ponds, avoiding densely shaded regions.

·       The adult male is easily recognisable by its bright scarlet red abdomen, which is flattened and broad, featuring amber patches near the hindwings and red wing veins. Females and immature dragonflies display a yellow-brown coloration with a distinct pale stripe along the thorax. This rare appearance in Munnar adds to the growing list of biodiversity highlights in the Western Ghats, one of India’s most ecologically sensitive zones.

Cicada Resurgence in Silent Valley: An Indicator of Ecological Shifts

·       Scientists from the Botanical Survey of India, based in Coimbatore, have observed a notable resurgence of cicadas in the Silent Valley region. Cicadas, hemipteran insects renowned for their loud and species-specific acoustic signals, are being viewed as bioindicators of ecological upheaval.

·       These insects spend the majority of their life underground, emerging primarily to mate during favorable environmental conditions—often when predators are dormant. Their emergence patterns are divided into annual and periodical categories. Annual cicadas surface each summer, blending into their surroundings to evade predators, while periodical cicadas follow 13- or 17-year life cycles, emerging in synchronised, massive numbers.

·       Found in natural forests with dense canopies, cicadas contribute to the ecosystem by pruning trees, aerating the soil, and enriching it with nitrogen after death. The current resurgence in Silent Valley may suggest changes in climate patterns, predator-prey dynamics, or human-induced environmental stress, underscoring the need for deeper ecological assessments.

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary: A New Frontier for Cheetah Conservation

·       In a significant step toward expanding India’s cheetah reintroduction programme, the Madhya Pradesh government has launched a cheetah mating initiative at the Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, aiming to establish a second viable habitat after Kuno National Park. This scientifically monitored breeding programme is part of broader efforts to revive India’s grassland ecosystems, build a self-sustaining cheetah population, and reduce the risks of concentrating all conservation activities at a single location.

·       The Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, located along the northern boundary of Mandsaur and Neemuch districts in Madhya Pradesh and bordering Rajasthan, is known for its rich biodiversity and mixed deciduous forest cover. Originally notified as a sanctuary in 1974 and expanded in 1983, it spans 368.62 square kilometres, with the Chambal River flowing through it — creating an ideal landscape of dry forests and open grasslands suitable for cheetah habitation.

·       The sanctuary is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The predominant tree species include Khair, Salai, Kardhai, Tendu, and Palash, providing an ecologically balanced environment. It also supports a healthy population of wildlife, including chinkara, sambar, nilgai, leopard, wild dog, otter, peacock, and mugger crocodile. Additionally, the sanctuary has significant cultural and historical value, housing heritage landmarks such as the Chaturbhujnath temple, Hinglajgarh Fort, Bhadkaji rock paintings, and the Dharmrajeshwar caves, which offer insights into the region’s spiritual and artistic legacy.

·       The newly launched cheetah mating programme is a scientific breeding initiative aimed at pairing relocated female cheetahs with an existing coalition of male cheetahs within the sanctuary. The broader objective is to establish a genetically diverse and self-reliant population, reduce overdependence on Kuno National Park, and facilitate the ecological restoration of grassland habitats, which have long been under threat.

·       Key features of the programme include pre-mating monitoring, wherein males and females are housed in separate enclosures to observe behaviour and prevent aggression, particularly in light of lessons learned from a fatal incident at Kuno in 2023. To ensure safety and reproductive success, 17 leopards were relocated from the sanctuary to reduce the risk of predation during the cheetah’s denning period.

·       Nutritional management plays a crucial role in the success of the breeding programme. During gestation, pregnant females receive prey supplementation, with 15–20 kilograms of feed provided every 3–4 days. In addition, there is a robust framework for veterinary surveillance, including biweekly pregnancy check-ups, remote monitoring of denning sites, and post-birth health assessments of cheetah cubs to ensure their well-being.

Tipeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary: A Biodiversity Hotspot in Maharashtra

·       Located in Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, the Tipeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary spans over 148.63 sq.km. and draws its name from the nearby Goddess Tipai shrine. Positioned across the Patanbori and Parwa Ranges of the Pandarkawad Forest Division, the sanctuary features volcanic basaltic soil and is nourished by four rivers—Purna, Krishna, Bhima, and Tapti—earning it the poetic moniker, “Green Oasis of Eastern Maharashtra.”

·       The sanctuary is home to Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, with teak comprising 60% of the forest canopy. The vegetation varies with the undulating topography, supporting grasses, bamboo groves, and medicinal plants. Faunal diversity includes species such as Hyena, Chital, Blackbuck, Sambar, Jackal, Wild Boar, Peacock, Blue Bull, Wild Cat, and Bears.

·       Villages within the sanctuary rely heavily on forest resources, making sustainable coexistence a vital element of conservation efforts. A recent incident involving the poaching of a pangolin has raised concerns about wildlife protection and the need for enhanced surveillance.

Sahyadri Tiger Reserve: Revitalisation Through Strategic Translocation

·       The Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR), located in the Sahyadri Ranges of the Western Ghats, is Maharashtra’s first tiger reserve in its western region and fourth overall in the state. Spread across the Koyana Wildlife Sanctuary and Chandoli National Park, the reserve is defined by steep escarpments, barren plateaus (Sadas), and dense thorny undergrowth, along with reservoirs like Shivsagar and Vasant Sagar.

·       Vegetation ranges from moist evergreen to dry deciduous forests, with areas of climax vegetation relatively undisturbed by human activity. Notable floral species include Anjani, Jambhul, and Pisa, while key faunal species include tigers, leopards, wild dogs, wolves, jackals, and herbivores like sambar and barking deer.

·       Recently, the Union Environment Ministry approved the translocation of eight tigers from Tadoba-Andhari and Pench Tiger Reserves to Sahyadri, aiming to rejuvenate its declining tiger population and restore ecological balance.

Congo River Tragedy and Its Global Significance

·       In a tragic incident, over 107 people lost their lives in a whaleboat fire on the Congo River, highlighting both the region’s infrastructural vulnerabilities and the significance of the river in daily life.

·       The Congo River, also known as the Zaire River, is Africa’s second-longest river (4,700 km) after the Nile and the deepest river in the world, reaching depths of 720 feet (220 m). It originates in northeastern Zambia, flowing through a massive counterclockwise arc before emptying into the Atlantic Ocean at Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

·       Crossing the Equator twice, the river flows through multiple countries including DR Congo, Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Zambia, Angola, Cameroon, and Tanzania. Its drainage basin, covering over 3.4 million square kilometers, supports the Congo Basin Rainforest, the world’s second-largest tropical rainforest.

·       Fed by tributaries like the Ubangi, Kasai, Lulonga, and Aruwimi, the Congo River maintains a steady year-round discharge due to staggered rainy seasons across hemispheres. It also supports the Congo Plume, a major carbon sink, and continues offshore via a submarine canyon 1,220 meters deep. Despite its massive utility for trade and transportation, the Congo’s unpredictable currents and limited safety infrastructure pose significant challenges for local communities.

Purple Fest 2025: Celebrating Empowerment and Inclusion

·       Purple Fest 2025, a national-level celebration of inclusion, dignity, and the empowerment of persons with disabilities (Divyangjan), was organized by the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC) in collaboration with Amity University, Noida. This dynamic event brought together cultural, entrepreneurial, and educational initiatives designed to amplify the voices and talents of Divyangjan, while promoting societal awareness and accessibility.

·       The central aim of Purple Fest 2025 was to foster an inclusive environment by raising awareness about assistive rights, empowering individuals with disabilities through entrepreneurship and skill-building initiatives, celebrating their achievements through cultural and sports programs, and strengthening professional capacity through Indian Sign Language-focused training.

·       Among the key highlights of the fest were an Art and Craft Exhibition showcasing creative works by Divyangjan artisans, and 22 entrepreneurship stalls where business ventures led by individuals with disabilities were put on display, underlining their innovation and self-reliance. A range of cultural and sports events encouraged active participation and representation, reinforcing the theme of inclusion.

·       The festival also featured Continuing Rehabilitation Education (CRE) sessions, with a strong focus on Indian Sign Language (ISL), offering professionals and students a platform for knowledge exchange and skill enhancement. One of the most inspiring moments of the fest was the recognition of Ms. Gurdeep Kaur Vasu, who was awarded a Certificate of Appreciation for becoming the first deafblind Indian to secure a government job under the multiple disability category—an achievement symbolizing hope, resilience, and institutional progress.

Amritsari Kulcha: Punjab''s Iconic Flatbread Seeks GI Tag

·       The Punjab Food Processing Department has initiated efforts to secure a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for the famed Amritsari Kulcha, a culinary staple and cultural icon of Amritsar. This flaky, stuffed tandoori flatbread, typically made from refined flour fermented with yogurt and leavening agents, is traditionally baked in a clay oven and served with accompaniments such as chhole, tamarind chutney, pickled onions, and topped with ghee or butter, forming a quintessential Punjabi breakfast dish.

·       Tracing its roots back nearly 200 years, the Amritsari Kulcha is considered a regional evolution of the naan, likely influenced by the fermentation techniques of khameeri roti and potentially by colonial-era layering methods that gave the kulcha its trademark flakiness. Its signature texture and taste are credited to slow, low-temperature baking, which allows ghee to melt evenly, and the use of locally sourced ingredients, distinct water quality, and a multi-layered rolling technique that cannot be easily replicated elsewhere.

·       Amritsar, often referred to as the "Kulcha Capital of India", is the epicentre of this culinary tradition, home to renowned eateries like Kesar Da Dhaba and Bhai Kulwant Singh Kulchian Wale. The move to obtain a GI tag is motivated by concerns over widespread imitation of Amritsari Kulcha outside Punjab, which threatens its authenticity and economic value.

·       The GI tag would help protect this heritage food item, promote culinary tourism, and offer tangible benefits to local businesses and farmers involved in supplying ingredients. It also aims to preserve the cultural identity embedded in the food traditions of the region.

Bairabi–Sairang Railway Line: Connecting Mizoram to the National Rail Grid

·       The inauguration of the Bairabi–Sairang Railway Line by the Prime Minister of India marks a historic moment for Mizoram, granting direct rail connectivity to its capital Aizawl for the first time. Spanning 38 kilometers, the broad-gauge railway connects Bairabi, the railhead on the Assam border, to Sairang, situated near Aizawl.

·       Conceived under the Indian Railways Vision 2020 and executed as part of the North East connectivity mission aligned with the Act East Policy, this ₹8,000 crore project was completed in phases. The final section from Hortoki to Sairang was commissioned in June 2025, following safety clearances from the Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS).

·       The line includes 48 tunnels totaling 12.85 km, 55 major and 87 minor bridges, along with five road overbridges and six underbridges, showcasing exceptional engineering. Notably, Bridge No. 196, rising to 104 meters, surpasses the height of Delhi’s Qutub Minar by 42 meters. Passenger trains on this line are designed to run at speeds up to 100 km/h.

·       The railway line is expected to reduce travel time and logistics costs significantly, while also strengthening regional integration, improving the supply chain for essential commodities, and unlocking new economic opportunities in trade, tourism, and agriculture. This connectivity milestone is central to the government’s Transformation of North East (TONE) programme, with social benefits including better healthcare access, educational mobility, and emergency services.

Bhadohi’s Handmade Carpet Industry: A Heritage in Crisis

·       The renowned handmade carpet industry of Bhadohi, which accounts for more than 60% of India’s total carpet exports, is currently facing a severe crisis following the United States’ imposition of a 50% tariff on Indian goods. This sudden policy shift has led to widespread order cancellations, significant cuts in production, and a sharp rise in job losses, particularly affecting the carpet-producing belt of Bhadohi–Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh.

·       The Bhadohi–Mirzapur belt, often referred to globally as “Carpet City”, represents India’s largest hand-knotted carpet cluster, celebrated for its exceptional craftsmanship and high-quality designs.

·       The origins of carpet weaving in Bhadohi trace back to the Mughal era, with historical records such as the Ain-i-Akbari (16th century) documenting carpet production under Emperor Akbar’s patronage. Persian artisans were invited to India, resulting in the fusion of Persian and Indian weaving traditions that led to the development of Indo-Persian motifs. The craft flourished under colonial trade networks and, in the post-independence era, Bhadohi evolved into a significant global export hub, catering to international buyers across continents.

·       Artisans rely on premium raw materials — including wool imported from New Zealand, silk from Karnataka, and natural, eco-friendly dyes — to ensure quality, sustainability, and long-lasting appeal.

·       Economically, Bhadohi’s carpet industry is a powerhouse, generating ₹17,000 crore in exports during the 2024–25 fiscal year, with 58.6% of exports directed to the U.S. market. Beyond its economic contribution, the industry is a lifeline for over 20 lakh artisans in Uttar Pradesh and neighbouring states, offering both direct and indirect employment. The sector also plays a crucial role in preserving India’s cultural heritage, safeguarding Mughal-era techniques and keeping traditional design legacies alive in a rapidly modernizing world.