India’s First Bamboo-Based Ethanol Plant Inaugurated in Assam: A Milestone for Green Energy and Rural Growth

Introduction

India has been making steady progress in its transition toward renewable energy, with ethanol blending playing a central role in the country''s clean energy strategy. While sugarcane and maize have been the primary sources for ethanol production so far, a significant milestone has now been achieved with the inauguration of the world’s first bamboo-based ethanol plant in Golaghat, Assam. This pioneering facility marks a convergence of technological innovation, green energy advancement, and economic upliftment, particularly for the Northeast region. It demonstrates the potential of aligning biofuel production with rural development and livelihood generation.

Operational Mechanism of Bamboo-Based Ethanol Production

At the core of this innovation is bamboo, a lignocellulosic biomass that serves as the primary feedstock. Rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, bamboo can be transformed into fermentable sugars through a series of biochemical processes. The production process begins with mechanical and chemical pre-treatment, where cellulose and hemicellulose are separated from lignin. Following this, enzymes break down the cellulose into glucose and hemicellulose into xylose and other fermentable sugars during the hydrolysis stage. These sugars are then subjected to fermentation using specialised microorganisms to produce ethanol. The final step involves distillation, through which ethanol is purified to fuel-grade quality, making it suitable for blending with petrol.

Co-Products and Commitment to a Zero-Waste Model

Beyond ethanol, the Golaghat plant will generate a range of valuable co-products including acetic acid, furfural, and food-grade liquid carbon dioxide (CO₂). This diversification opens multiple revenue streams and contributes to the plant’s economic sustainability. Moreover, lignin-rich residues remaining after the pre-treatment phase will be utilised for power generation within the plant, ensuring that the facility operates with energy self-sufficiency and adheres to a zero-waste approach.

Advantages Compared to Conventional Ethanol Sources

Unlike sugarcane or maize, bamboo is a non-food biomass and therefore does not interfere with food crop production. Its rapid regeneration and wide availability make it a highly sustainable and renewable resource. This initiative is especially relevant to Northeast India, a region endowed with rich bamboo reserves. By integrating local farmers and tribal communities into the production chain, the plant fosters inclusive development and embeds bio-economy within the rural fabric of the region.

Key Highlights from the Launch

·       On September 14, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi officially inaugurated the bamboo-based ethanol plant in Golaghat, Assam. The facility is designed to consume five lakh tonnes of bamboo annually, sourced from Assam and neighboring states. It is expected to produce 48,900 metric tonnes (MT) of ethanol, 11,000 MT of acetic acid, 19,000 MT of furfural, and 31,000 MT of food-grade liquid CO₂ every year. This venture is projected to boost Assam’s rural economy by ₹200 crore annually.

·       Further underlining the government’s industrial expansion goals, the foundation stone was also laid for a ₹7,230 crore polypropylene plant at the Numaligarh Refinery. This complementary project aims to strengthen the region’s industrial ecosystem.

·       During the inauguration, Prime Minister Modi highlighted the project as a step toward achieving India’s larger vision of energy self-sufficiency and a developed nation (Viksit Bharat). He underscored the importance of such initiatives in reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports while simultaneously empowering local communities.

Broader Significance of the Project

The establishment of this bamboo-based ethanol plant carries multifaceted significance. In terms of energy security, it contributes to reducing India’s reliance on imported crude oil, thereby conserving foreign exchange. From a developmental perspective, it enhances rural and tribal livelihoods by creating new market linkages and income streams. Environmentally, the adoption of bamboo-based biofuel aligns with India’s commitment to combat climate change through emission reduction. Strategically, the project reinforces Assam’s position on India’s industrial map, aligning with national campaigns like Make in Assam and Make in India, thereby stimulating regional economic growth and infrastructure development.

Kolhan’s Manki-Munda Governance System: A Historical Framework Facing Contemporary Struggles

Recent Unrest and Adivasi Concerns

In West Singhbhum, Jharkhand, members of the Ho tribe recently staged protests against the Deputy Commissioner, accusing the state of interfering in their age-old Manki-Munda system of self-governance following the removal of certain village heads (Mundas). Though the district administration clarified that Mankis and Mundas continue to play an integral role in the region’s revenue framework and attributed the unrest to misinformation on social media, the tribal community remains apprehensive. Their concerns revolve around a perceived erosion of autonomy, posing a threat to the delicate, long-standing balance between indigenous governance and formal state authority in Jharkhand’s Kolhan region.

Traditional Structure of the Manki-Munda System

·       The Manki-Munda governance system, rooted in the customs of the Ho tribe in Kolhan, has functioned for centuries as a decentralised model of local administration. Each village is traditionally led by a hereditary head known as the Munda, tasked with resolving internal disputes and maintaining order. A group of villages—usually between eight and fifteen—forms a pidh, which is overseen by a Manki. The Manki addresses cases unresolved at the village level, creating a tiered judicial structure grounded in community consensus.

·       This system historically dealt exclusively with internal governance and social regulation. It had no involvement in land revenue collection or external taxation and operated independently of any outside sovereign authority. However, this changed with the arrival of British colonial forces, who introduced taxation and restructured existing administrative frameworks.

Colonial Interference and the Integration of Tribal Governance

·       Following British victories at Plassey in 1757 and Buxar in 1764, the East India Company acquired diwani rights in 1765, allowing them to collect revenue in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand. The introduction of the Permanent Settlement Act in 1793 granted zamindars formal land ownership with fixed revenue targets—targets that were often unattainable. To meet their obligations, these landlords began seizing tribal land in the Kolhan region, triggering a series of uprisings, including the Ho revolt (1821–22) and the more widespread Kol rebellion (1831).

·       Faced with sustained resistance and repeated military setbacks, the British shifted to a policy of strategic compromise. They began formally acknowledging the authority of the Manki-Munda system and incorporated it into the colonial administrative apparatus, effectively co-opting indigenous leaders as intermediaries.

Wilkinson’s Rules: A Turning Point in Kolhan’s Governance

·       In 1837, Captain Thomas Wilkinson was appointed Political Agent in the Kolhan Government Estate (KGE), tasked with managing the Ho-dominated area. Recognising the effectiveness of local governance, he drafted 31 rules—known as “Wilkinson’s Rules”—in 1833, codifying the Manki-Munda system for the first time. Although these rules appeared to safeguard tribal autonomy and limit the entry of outsiders (dikkus), they effectively made community leaders subordinate to British control by integrating them into the formal colonial framework.

·       The implications of this were profound. The demographic landscape of Kolhan changed dramatically, with the population of outsiders increasing from 1,579 in 1867 to 15,755 by 1897, a shift accelerated by the advent of the railway system. Another significant transformation was the introduction of private land ownership. Mankis and Mundas, previously seen as custodians of collectively held land, were redesignated as raiyats (tenants) and issued pattas (land deeds), thereby weakening traditional communal landholding practices and altering the structure of Ho society.

Survival of Wilkinson’s Rules After Independence

·       Despite the formal dissolution of the Kolhan Government Estate after India’s independence in 1947, Wilkinson’s Rules remained in force. Kolhan was exempted from the general civil procedure codes applicable to the rest of the country. Indian courts upheld the rules for decades, maintaining their legal validity until the year 2000, when the Patna High Court ruled in Mora Ho vs State of Bihar that Wilkinson’s Rules constituted old customs rather than formal law. Nevertheless, the court permitted their continued use in the absence of any statutory alternatives.

·       Over the years, attempts to modernise or replace the system have been limited. One such initiative, the proposed Nyay Manch in 2021, aimed to introduce a new framework for justice delivery but was never implemented. Consequently, Wilkinson’s Rules remain operational in Kolhan, continuing to shape local governance.

Root Causes of the Current Conflict

·       The latest unrest in West Singhbhum originates from grievances raised by Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in predominantly Ho villages. Complaints included incidents where Mundas were accused of preventing the Gope community from pursuing livelihoods outside their traditional roles, as well as the prolonged absence of some village heads, which obstructed access to critical documentation and public services.

·       In an attempt to address these issues, the district administration issued a nine-point directive reminding Mundas of their responsibilities as outlined in Wilkinson’s 1837 Hukuknama. This was intended to improve transparency and accountability within the Manki-Munda system. However, the directive was widely misunderstood as an act of state interference. Misinterpretations rapidly spread via social media, igniting fears that the government was moving to dismantle or marginalise the traditional leadership. Despite official clarifications that there is no intention to override tribal customs, the situation remains tense.

Structural Challenges Facing the Manki-Munda Framework

·       Presently, West Singhbhum has around 1,850 sanctioned posts under the Manki-Munda system, of which 200 remain vacant. While 50 of these positions were recently filled through Gram Sabha deliberations, controversy persists. Allegations have surfaced that some roles were allotted to non-tribal raiyats, bypassing traditional mechanisms of community consensus, which has further fuelled dissatisfaction within the Ho population.

·       There is also a growing call for reform from within the Ho community, particularly among younger generations. Key demands include ending the hereditary nature of Munda appointments and creating space for non-tribal raiyats to participate in local governance. Critics argue that hereditary succession often leads to the appointment of individuals who may lack formal education, making it difficult for them to function effectively within today’s documentation-heavy administrative framework.

·       Due to these limitations, unresolved disputes and local governance issues are frequently escalated to the district administration. Although the role of the Deputy Commissioner is meant to be minimal in traditional matters, it becomes essential when clarifying legal ambiguities in Wilkinson’s Hukuknama or resolving disputes and succession questions. This often results in a paradox: while the Manki-Munda system is intended to operate autonomously, it increasingly relies on external intervention to function effectively.

Conclusion: Between Preservation and Reform

The Manki-Munda system stands at a critical juncture. While many within the Ho community and beyond view it as a vital institution of tribal identity and self-governance, it also faces significant structural and functional challenges in adapting to the demands of a modern democratic society. The current conflict in Kolhan highlights the urgent need for thoughtful reform — not to dismantle the system, but to modernise it in a way that retains its core values while addressing present-day realities. Without such reform, the balance between state administration and tribal autonomy that has lasted for over a century may continue to erode.

Supreme Court Guidelines on DNA Evidence: Protocols, Precedents, and Legal Significance

Introduction

In the landmark case of Kattavellai @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu, the Supreme Court of India established critical guidelines for the proper handling of DNA evidence in criminal investigations. The judgment underscored the need for rigorous protocols to preserve the integrity of biological samples used in forensic analysis. The Court directed all Directors General of Police (DGPs) across the states to develop standardised Chain of Custody Register forms and associated documentation. These were to be disseminated to all district-level authorities with clear instructions to ensure the protection, traceability, and reliability of DNA samples in the criminal justice system.

The Need for Uniform Protocols in DNA Evidence Handling

·       The Supreme Court''s intervention in the Devakar case arose from serious procedural lapses in the investigation of crimes involving rape, murder, and robbery. The Court observed that there were unexplained delays in sending vaginal swab samples to the Forensic Science Laboratory, and no proper chain of custody was maintained. These shortcomings raised legitimate concerns about possible sample contamination, which could compromise the integrity of the evidence.

·       The Court highlighted that while certain investigative bodies and forensic departments had issued DNA handling protocols, these lacked uniformity across states. The absence of a standardised national procedure meant that the reliability of DNA evidence varied significantly depending on the jurisdiction. Although "Police" and "Public Order" are subjects under the State List in the Constitution, the Supreme Court considered it necessary to issue uniform guidelines applicable nationwide. This was crucial to maintain consistency, prevent miscarriage of justice, and uphold the evidentiary value of DNA in courts.

Supreme Court Guidelines on DNA Evidence Collection and Handling

·       To address systemic gaps, the Supreme Court issued four essential guidelines that must be followed during DNA evidence collection and analysis in criminal investigations.

·       First, the collection of DNA samples must be conducted with extreme care. Each sample must be securely packaged and labelled with details from the First Information Report (FIR) and other relevant case information. Additionally, the documentation must bear the signatures of the medical examiner, investigating officer, and at least one independent witness to ensure transparency and accountability.

·       Second, it is the responsibility of the investigating officer to promptly transport the collected samples to the appropriate police station or hospital and ensure their delivery to the Forensic Science Laboratory within 48 hours. If any delay occurs, a written explanation must be provided along with details of how the samples were preserved during the interim.

·       Third, once samples are stored, they must remain sealed and cannot be opened, altered, or re-sealed without prior authorisation from the trial court. This measure is designed to eliminate opportunities for tampering and safeguard the evidentiary chain.

·       Finally, a Chain of Custody Register must be maintained throughout the life cycle of the DNA sample—from initial collection through final judicial disposition (either conviction or acquittal). This register must be included in the trial record, and the investigating officer will be held directly accountable for any breaches or discrepancies in the process.

Judicial Precedents on DNA Evidence

·       The Supreme Court has consistently affirmed that while DNA evidence is a powerful tool in criminal investigations, its evidentiary value is entirely dependent on rigorous adherence to scientific and legal standards. In Anil v. State of Maharashtra (2014), the Court accepted DNA profiling as valid and reliable, provided laboratory procedures follow strict quality control measures.

·       Conversely, in Manoj v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2022), the DNA evidence was rejected because the sample had been recovered from an open, unprotected area and was both insufficient and degraded. This raised the possibility of contamination and made the evidence unreliable. Similarly, in Rahul v. State of Delhi (2022), DNA evidence was discarded because it remained in police custody for nearly two months without proper sealing or documentation, raising doubts about its authenticity and possible tampering.

·       In the Devakar case, the Court reiterated that quality assurance outside the laboratory—particularly in the processes of collection, packaging, transportation, and timely submission—is equally crucial. The judgement made it clear that the responsibility for maintaining evidentiary integrity lies not only with forensic scientists but also with police and investigative personnel.

Legal Significance and Limitations of DNA Evidence

·       DNA evidence, derived from biological material such as blood, bone, saliva, semen, skin, or hair, plays a vital role in linking a suspect to a crime scene. It provides a high degree of scientific reliability in establishing whether the DNA found at a crime scene matches that of the accused. However, the Supreme Court in Devakar clarified that DNA evidence falls under the category of "opinion evidence" as defined under Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, which is now Section 39 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.

·       This classification implies that while DNA can strongly indicate a common biological origin, it is not considered conclusive proof on its own. The probative value of DNA evidence must be assessed in light of the specific facts and circumstances of each case. Thus, DNA evidence must not only be scientifically valid but also legally admissible and procedurally sound to carry weight in a criminal trial.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s guidelines mark a pivotal step in strengthening the integrity of DNA evidence in India’s criminal justice system. By mandating uniform protocols and emphasising chain of custody, the Court has sought to minimise the risks of contamination, mishandling, and wrongful convictions. However, the effectiveness of these reforms depends entirely on their consistent implementation by state police forces and forensic laboratories. Ensuring that these guidelines are followed in letter and spirit will be critical in upholding the fairness, accuracy, and credibility of criminal investigations and trials involving DNA evidence.

Presidential Reference on Governor’s Assent to Bills: Federalism, Judicial Oversight, and Constitutional Clarity

Introduction

The Supreme Court of India has reserved its opinion on a Presidential reference made under Article 143(1) of the Constitution, seeking clarity on the powers of the President and Governors in granting or withholding assent to state legislation. This reference follows the Court’s April 2025 ruling in which it declared Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi’s delay in granting assent to ten Bills unconstitutional. In that judgment, the Court invoked Article 142 to enforce assent and introduced procedural timelines to avoid indefinite delays. The reference has opened up critical constitutional questions involving federalism, the separation of powers, the Governor’s role, and the scope of judicial review.

Nature and Legitimacy of the Reference

·       The reference was made under Article 143(1), which empowers the President to consult the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact that is of public importance. States opposing the reference argue that it effectively serves as an indirect appeal against a binding judgment, violating the principle of stare decisis—the legal doctrine that past decisions should guide future ones. They maintain that any review should lie only before the same Bench that delivered the original ruling.

·       The Centre, however, has countered that the advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 operates independently of regular appellate procedures. According to the Union government, the provision allows the Court to re-express or clarify constitutional interpretations, even if they have already been adjudicated in previous rulings. Past precedents exist where the Court declined to respond to Presidential references, illustrating the discretionary nature of this jurisdiction.

The Governor’s Role: Discretion vs. Popular Mandate

·       The debate centres on the extent of a Governor’s discretion in the legislative process. The states assert that Governors, under Article 163, are bound to act on the aid and advice of the elected Council of Ministers. Their role is not to exercise personal judgment but to function within the framework of democratic governance that reflects the people’s mandate. The Supreme Court, in various earlier rulings, has circumscribed the Governor’s authority to prevent executive overreach.

·       In contrast, the Centre argues that the Governor is more than a ceremonial figure or a mere conduit for ministerial decisions. Discretionary powers are said to exist in exceptional situations. One such instance was the 2004 Punjab law that attempted to unilaterally annul a river water-sharing agreement involving multiple states. The Supreme Court struck down that legislation in 2016, underlining the need for Governors to exercise judgment in complex federal matters. The Union further pointed to empirical data showing that out of approximately 17,000 Bills passed since 1970, only 20 were withheld by Governors, with over 90% receiving assent within a month—suggesting that discretionary powers are rarely misused.

Veto Powers and the “Pocket Veto” Debate

·       The Supreme Court’s April 2025 ruling in State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu concluded that Governors cannot withhold assent indefinitely, effectively ruling out the practice of a “pocket veto” by inaction. The Court declared that such delays subvert constitutional principles and undermine legislative functioning.

·       The Centre has argued that the power to withhold assent results in the Bill lapsing, referencing the Government of India Act, 1935, where initial withholding of assent by the Governor constituted an absolute veto. States rebut this by asserting that India’s Constitution deliberately moved away from the colonial framework. Governors were not intended to be successors to the Viceroy with unchecked powers. The omission of similar absolute veto provisions in the Constitution reflects a conscious commitment to democratic norms and accountability.

Timelines and Judicial Enforcement

·       To prevent misuse of assent powers, the Supreme Court introduced procedural timelines, mandating that Governors act within a reasonable time frame. The Centre strongly objects to this intervention, arguing that it amounts to a judicial amendment of the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly had explicitly debated and rejected fixed timelines, choosing instead the phrase “as soon as possible” in Article 200 to allow flexibility.

·       According to the Centre, resolving such deadlocks should be a matter of political dialogue, not judicial imposition. Courts, it argued, should avoid becoming supervisory authorities or “judicial headmasters” in executive matters. States have pushed back, insisting that “as soon as possible” carries an inherent sense of urgency. They further clarified that the Supreme Court’s April 2025 judgment did not establish automatic assent after a deadline, but rather, laid out conditions under which judicial review would become permissible in case of delays.

Writ Jurisdiction and Fundamental Rights

·       The Centre has also challenged the very maintainability of writ petitions filed by states under Article 32, arguing that this provision is meant to protect individual fundamental rights and cannot be invoked by state governments. States responded by highlighting the Governor’s dual role as a constitutional link between the Union and the states. Denying writ remedies to state governments, they contend, would disturb the federal balance and limit their capacity to challenge constitutional violations.

·       Interestingly, even the state of Andhra Pradesh, which is ruled by a party aligned with the Union coalition, has supported the argument that states should be allowed to invoke Article 32 to protect their legislative autonomy and constitutional rights.

Broader Constitutional and Political Implications

·       This Presidential reference has evolved into a larger constitutional flashpoint, testing the boundaries between the judiciary and the executive. It has also revealed a court divided across Benches—raising the question of whether the current five-judge Bench will reaffirm or deviate from the two-judge ruling of April 2025.

·       The matter holds significant implications for Indian federalism. Several opposition-ruled states have backed the judiciary’s assertion of oversight over gubernatorial powers, while the Centre resists this trend, arguing that it infringes upon executive discretion and the constitutional scheme of governance. The underlying issue is whether an unelected Governor can override or delay the legislative will of an elected assembly, thereby affecting democratic accountability and popular sovereignty.

Possible Way Forward

·       A long-term resolution to this recurring conflict over gubernatorial powers requires greater constitutional clarity. A clear definition of timelines, along with a codified framework detailing the scope of a Governor’s discretion, could prevent future disputes. Such reform would not only curb potential misuse but also reinforce the federal structure envisioned by the Constitution.

·       Strengthening institutional coordination among the Centre, states, and Governors is also vital. Instead of relying on judicial mandates to settle executive-legislative disputes, political dialogue and intergovernmental mechanisms should be the primary recourse. At the same time, the judiciary must exercise prudence, respecting the separation of powers while safeguarding constitutional morality and ensuring timely governance.

·       In the long run, there may be merit in considering constitutional amendments or the statutory codification of the Governor’s functions to remove ambiguities and pre-empt the judicialisation of governance.

Conclusion

The Presidential reference under Article 143(1) presents a pivotal moment in Indian constitutional development. It offers an opportunity to define the limits of gubernatorial authority, clarify the meaning of legislative assent, and strike a balance between federal autonomy and central oversight. At its core, the issue is about how India navigates the evolving tensions between democratic will, constitutional procedure, and the role of judicial interpretation in upholding the integrity of its federal structure.

Supreme Court Case Backlog Reaches Record Levels: A Justice System Under Strain

·       India’s judiciary is facing an unprecedented crisis of pendency. According to the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG), the Supreme Court alone has 88,417 pending cases — an all-time high. At the national level, the numbers are even more staggering, with over 4.7 crore cases pending in subordinate courts and more than 63 lakh in High Courts. These figures highlight a systemic problem that undermines access to timely justice, weakens the rule of law, and strains public confidence in the judicial system.

·       A key contributor to this crisis is the persistent shortage of judges. As per data from the Ministry of Law and Justice, there are more than 5,600 judicial vacancies across India. This includes a worrying trend in High Courts, where vacancy rates have surged from 16% in 2006 to 30% in 2024. The situation is compounded by India’s low judge-to-population ratio, which stands at approximately 21 judges per million people — starkly lower than the 150 per million in the United States. This shortage severely limits the judiciary’s capacity to process the growing volume of litigation.

·       A significant portion of this litigation comes from the government itself. Various government departments are responsible for nearly half of all legal cases in Indian courts. This over-litigious posture not only clogs the system but also diverts public resources that could be better used elsewhere. Furthermore, infrastructural and administrative bottlenecks — including the shortage of courtrooms, judicial clerks, and technical support staff — exacerbate delays in the dispensation of justice. The India Justice Report 2022 highlighted how these limitations directly hinder the efficiency of court operations.

·       Other procedural inefficiencies also add to the backlog. The absence of mandatory timelines for case resolution, frequent adjournments, and extended court vacations all contribute to prolonged trials. These delays have serious ramifications. At a fundamental level, the principle that “justice delayed is justice denied” holds true. Victims endure prolonged suffering, and the deterrent value of legal punishment is diminished.

·       The economic impact of judicial delays is also significant. Businesses and individuals face heightened uncertainty and rising legal costs. India’s low score on the “enforcing contracts” parameter in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business rankings reflects this challenge. Prolonged disputes discourage investment, harm commercial relationships, and reduce economic efficiency.

·       Moreover, the ripple effect extends to the prison system. According to the Indian Justice Report 2025, over half of India’s prisons are overcrowded. Alarmingly, 76% of the prison population comprises undertrials who are yet to be convicted, many languishing behind bars simply due to case delays. This situation not only violates the principle of presumption of innocence but also imposes heavy costs on the criminal justice system and the state.

·       In response, various measures have been proposed and must be expedited. The Law Commission’s 120th Report recommends increasing the number of judges to 50 per million population. A significant structural reform in this direction would be the establishment of the All India Judicial Service (AIJS), which could enable uniform recruitment and ensure that subordinate courts operate at full capacity.

·       Digital and procedural reforms also hold promise. The e-Courts Mission Mode Project (now in Phase III) seeks to digitise court processes, deploy AI for case management, and reduce procedural bottlenecks. These reforms are crucial for improving transparency, reducing human error, and expediting case flow.

·       While these steps are promising, systemic and coordinated efforts are required to reverse the trend of rising judicial pendency. Addressing this issue is not just a matter of administrative efficiency but a prerequisite for upholding justice, economic vitality, and democratic accountability in India.

Rationalising Tariffs for a Competitive India: Reforming Trade Policy for Growth, Investment, and Global Integration

Introduction and Context

India’s trade policy has come under renewed global scrutiny following the United States’ decision to impose a 50% tariff on certain Indian goods. This move, accompanied by the US labelling India as the “Tariff King,” has reignited debates around the country’s high import duties and their broader economic implications. Experts argue that India must urgently rationalise its tariff regime to enhance global competitiveness, attract foreign direct investment, and integrate effectively into global value chains (GVCs).

India’s Current Tariff Landscape

·       India’s tariff regime is marked by significant protectionism and inconsistency. Among G20 economies, India has the second-highest simple average tariff rate at 16.2%, only behind Turkey. In the agricultural sector, the trade-weighted average tariff stands at a staggering 64.3%—the highest in the world—primarily to protect the livelihoods of nearly 46% of India’s workforce that remains dependent on agriculture.

·       In contrast, non-agricultural goods face a comparatively lower trade-weighted average tariff of 9.2%, though this still exceeds the corresponding figures in economies like Argentina, the European Union, and China. Compounding the issue is the irrational dispersion of duties—for instance, while cotton is imported duty-free, milk powder faces a 60% tariff and food preparations up to 150%. Such anomalies distort resource allocation and consumer choice.

·       These high and inconsistent tariff rates have also emerged as major hurdles in trade negotiations, including the stalled India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the India-EU Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA), limiting India’s ability to engage in deeper trade integration.

The Case for Tariff Rationalisation

·       There is a growing consensus that rationalising tariffs is essential for enhancing India’s economic competitiveness. Lower tariffs can stimulate domestic firms to improve efficiency and embrace innovation, as was evident in the post-1991 liberalisation of the automobile sector. Consumer welfare would also be significantly enhanced, as reduced tariffs on essential imports such as edible oils can lower prices, ease inflation, and improve nutritional security.

·       A more predictable and transparent tariff regime would help India integrate into global value chains and attract greater foreign direct investment under the "China+1" strategy being pursued by global manufacturers. Furthermore, a rational tariff policy would enhance India’s credibility and leverage in international trade negotiations, potentially unlocking long-pending agreements with the EU, UK, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It would also help reduce the risk of trade retaliation, as seen in the recent US tariff hike.

Economic Implications of Tariff Reform

·       Tariff rationalisation holds significant potential for boosting India’s economic growth. It would enable better integration with global supply chains, enhance export performance, and generate employment opportunities. A gradual liberalisation strategy, supported by safety nets, could help farmers transition toward high-value crops such as horticulture and pulses.

·       Lower import duties on raw materials would also benefit the manufacturing sector by reducing input costs, thereby boosting productivity and competitiveness—especially for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Consumers would gain from more affordable goods and services. On the global stage, a more balanced and transparent tariff regime would position India as a responsible trade partner, improving its image within the World Trade Organization (WTO) and G20 frameworks.

·       Crucially, increased competition resulting from lower tariffs would push domestic firms to invest in research and development (R&D), improve product quality, and drive innovation.

Challenges to Implementing Tariff Rationalisation

·       Despite its benefits, tariff rationalisation faces considerable political and structural challenges. A significant portion of India’s farming community could be adversely affected, particularly smallholders involved in sectors like dairy, sugar, and pulses. This could provoke political backlash and protests.

·       Fiscal concerns also loom large, as customs duties form an important part of government revenue. Any significant reduction in tariffs must therefore be accompanied by strategies to offset potential revenue losses. MSMEs worry that liberalisation could expose them to unfair competition from cheaper imports unless productivity is simultaneously improved through technology and infrastructure support.

·       Another major barrier is India’s infrastructure deficit. Inadequate logistics, storage, and transportation facilities continue to erode the competitiveness of domestic firms, regardless of tariff adjustments. Additionally, entrenched policy inertia and lobbying from sectoral interests have historically resisted reforms, particularly in highly protected areas such as dairy and poultry.

Suggested Reforms and Pathways Forward

·       To address these challenges, a structured and phased approach to tariff rationalisation is essential. A tiered tariff structure could be implemented, categorising imports as follows: 0–10% for raw materials, 10–20% for non-sensitive goods, 20–35% for sensitive goods, and 35–50% for luxury items. Introducing Tariff Rate Quotas (TRQs) would allow limited imports at reduced duties, balancing the need to protect vulnerable sectors such as dairy and pulses while ensuring price stability and supply.

·       Boosting agricultural productivity must go hand in hand with tariff liberalisation. Doubling public expenditure on agricultural R&D to at least 1% of agricultural GDP (compared to the OECD average of 3%) would significantly enhance crop yields. Investments in precision farming and micro-irrigation technologies can also improve water-use efficiency and farm output.

·       Fertiliser subsidies should be restructured by moving towards Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) models that deliver direct cash support to farmers. This would reduce leakages, promote efficient fertiliser use, and allow market-driven pricing.

·       Strengthening agricultural value chains is equally critical. Investment in logistics infrastructure—such as cold chains, storage, and transportation—would reduce post-harvest losses, currently estimated at 15–20%, and increase farm gate prices. Encouraging the formation of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) can facilitate aggregation and improved market access.

·       The tariff regime itself should be aligned with the broader logic of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). A simplified and transparent tariff code would reduce litigation and minimise administrative discretion. The adoption of digital customs platforms could further streamline import procedures, enhance compliance, and improve ease of doing business.

Conclusion

·       India’s current image as the “Tariff Maharaja” is no longer compatible with its aspirations of becoming a competitive, innovation-driven global economy. Imports must be reimagined as a catalyst for growth rather than a threat to domestic industry. Rationalising tariffs, in line with Ricardo’s principle of comparative advantage, would allow India to reallocate resources efficiently, improve consumer welfare, and enhance global trade participation.

·       Such reforms would not only benefit Indian farmers through higher productivity and improved access to technology and markets but also strengthen the country’s position in international trade forums. With careful planning, political will, and institutional coordination, India can transition from a tariff-protected economy to one that is open, resilient, and globally competitive.

The Global Plastic Pollution Crisis: Scale, Impact, and the Path to a Sustainable Future

Introduction and Context

The world is witnessing an unprecedented surge in plastic pollution, which has reached crisis levels. According to recent projections, global plastic waste is expected to triple by 2060, reaching a staggering 1.2 billion tonnes annually. This escalating crisis poses a severe threat to ecosystems, human health, and global climate stability, demanding urgent and coordinated international response.

Magnitude of the Crisis

·       The explosive growth in plastic production has been a defining feature of the 21st century. Between 2000 and 2019 alone, global plastic production doubled, reaching 460 million tonnes. This surge has been largely driven by short-lived consumer goods and packaging, especially in fast-moving consumption economies. Despite this increase, only 9% of plastic waste is currently recycled. The remaining bulk leaks into landfills, rivers, and open dumps, aggravating the pollution load on natural ecosystems.

·       One of the most alarming consequences is the marine plastic catastrophe, with approximately 11 million tonnes of plastic waste entering the oceans every year. This pollution has devastating effects on marine life, with countless seabirds, turtles, and fish ingesting or becoming entangled in plastic debris. Simultaneously, plastics degrade into micro and nano particles that infiltrate soil, air, and water, making their way into human lungs, bloodstreams, and even placental tissues.

·       The future outlook is grim. Without comprehensive reforms, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) projects that plastic waste will nearly triple by 2060, far outpacing the capabilities of existing waste management systems around the world.

Consequences of Plastic Pollution

·       Plastic pollution is particularly insidious due to its long-lasting nature. Plastics can persist for centuries without decomposing, leading to a permanent build-up in the environment. Beyond the visible waste, the production and incineration of plastic contribute 3.4% of total global greenhouse gas emissions, worsening the climate crisis.

·       Plastic waste is also a serious threat to biodiversity. Animals that ingest plastics often die from starvation or poisoning, and even reproductive functions are impaired by chemical exposure. Human health is at risk from carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, and microplastic particles, which leach into food and water supplies and compromise fertility, immunity, and developmental health.

·       Economically, the cost of inaction is substantial. Marine plastic pollution alone results in estimated losses of $13 billion annually to the global economy, affecting sectors such as fisheries, tourism, and maritime transport.

Global and National Initiatives

·       Recognising the scale of the crisis, global and national efforts have intensified in recent years. At the international level, the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5) launched negotiations in 2022 for a legally binding global treaty to end plastic pollution by 2024. This multilateral initiative aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 12 on sustainable consumption, SDG 13 on climate action, and SDG 14 on life below water. Simultaneously, a growing global push toward circular economy principles advocates redesigning, reusing, and recycling products to reduce dependence on virgin plastic.

·       India has undertaken significant measures to combat plastic waste. The Plastic Waste Management Rules, first notified in 2016 and updated in 2022, have imposed bans on selected single-use plastic items while holding producers accountable through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) obligations. The Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 aims to achieve 100% door-to-door waste collection, segregation, and scientific processing. India has also innovatively used waste plastic in the construction of over 1.2 lakh kilometres of roads, reducing bitumen usage and enhancing road durability.

Roles and Responsibilities in Addressing Plastic Pollution

·       Effective management of the plastic crisis requires collective action at all levels of society. Individuals can play a key role by refusing to use single-use plastics such as disposable bags, bottles, and straws, thereby reducing their daily plastic footprint. Proper segregation of wet and dry waste at the household level is essential to enable efficient recycling and composting. Conscious consumer behaviour, such as opting for eco-friendly packaging and supporting companies with EPR compliance, can further drive sustainable demand.

·       Communities and civil society also have an essential role. Organised clean-up drives at beaches, parks, and riverbanks can help remove litter and build collective responsibility. Establishing localised “plastic banks” incentivises citizens to return plastic waste for recycling or repurposing. Effective public-private partnerships involving local governments, recyclers, and non-governmental organisations can further enhance waste collection and processing efficiency.

·       Governments must lead with robust legislation and strict enforcement. This includes penalising illegal production, sale, and use of banned plastics, and compelling companies to fulfil EPR obligations by taking back used packaging and meeting recycling targets. Fiscal tools such as landfill or incineration taxes, combined with subsidies for eco-friendly packaging and research and development (R&D), can nudge producers toward more sustainable practices.

The Way Forward

·       To overcome the crisis, future strategies must be guided by the principles of the 6Rs — Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, and Redesign. Embracing the circular economy is critical, where products are designed for longevity, reusability, and ease of recycling without losing economic value.

·       Increased investments in R&D are necessary to develop bio-based and compostable plastic alternatives, as well as advanced recycling technologies that can tackle mixed or contaminated plastics. Decentralising waste management systems by empowering local governments, such as panchayats and urban local bodies, with financial resources and autonomy will enhance last-mile implementation and responsiveness.

·       A widespread behavioural shift is equally essential. Awareness campaigns using digital media, popular influencers, and community outreach can help make a zero-plastic lifestyle aspirational and achievable, particularly among urban consumers and younger generations.

Conclusion

Plastic pollution represents a man-made ecological disaster with far-reaching consequences for the planet’s climate, biodiversity, and public health. Its persistence and scale demand coordinated, multi-tiered action involving strong governance, industry accountability, community mobilisation, and individual responsibility. A future free from plastic pollution is not just a lofty environmental goal but a necessity for ensuring ecological balance, social justice, and sustainable development.

Kerala Cabinet Approves Amendment to Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) 1972

• The Kerala Cabinet has approved an amendment bill aimed at modifying the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) of 1972, with the primary objective of simplifying the procedures for killing wild animals that pose threats to human life. This move comes against the backdrop of rising human-animal conflicts in the state, marking the first instance of a state government proposing changes to a central law of this nature.
• The proposed amendment seeks to grant expanded powers to the Chief Wildlife Warden (CWW), allowing them to order the killing of any wild animal that attacks humans within human habitats. Under the current provisions of the WPA, the CWW is empowered to issue permits for hunting animals listed in Schedules I, II, III, or IV only if those animals become dangerous to human life. This amendment would streamline the process, potentially reducing delays in handling dangerous wildlife situations.
• Additionally, the bill proposes to empower the state government to declare any wild animal included in Schedule II as vermin. Presently, the authority to declare animals as vermin lies with the central government under Section 62 of the WPA, which excludes animals in Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II from being declared as such and thus restricts the inclusion of these animals in Schedule V. Animals classified as vermin can be legally killed in specified areas for a limited time, a provision aimed at managing wildlife that threatens human safety or agricultural activities.
• The increase in human-animal conflict in Kerala can be attributed to several factors. Habitat loss due to rapid urbanisation, deforestation, and human encroachments has blocked critical animal corridors, disrupting natural movement and forcing animals into human settlements. Resource competition, particularly the scarcity of food and water, intensifies clashes between humans and wildlife. Climate change exacerbates these tensions by causing more extreme weather events and altering animal migration patterns, often pushing animals into villages. Furthermore, poaching and illegal wildlife trade disturb ecosystems and displace species, further destabilising the delicate balance between humans and animals.

North East India: From Frontier to Growth Epicentre – A National Vision

·       In a recent address, the Prime Minister highlighted the North Eastern Region (NER) not as a peripheral entity but as central to India''s growth strategy. Emphasising the transformative potential of the Act East vision, he noted that the region has moved from being a distant frontier to becoming a front-runner in national development. With the Act East Policy as the anchor, the government is actively promoting NER as India''s gateway to Southeast Asia, through a multi-sectoral push encompassing infrastructure, digital connectivity, financial empowerment, and transparent governance.

·       Under the Act East Policy, the government has deployed the EAST strategy — Empower, Act, Strengthen, and Transform — to unlock the NER’s potential. This vision has translated into significant improvements across connectivity, healthcare, education, and livelihoods. One of the most visible changes has been in physical infrastructure. In railways, the Bairabi–Sairang line has for the first time since independence connected Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram, to the national rail network. Road infrastructure has similarly advanced, with 16,207 kilometres of National Highways completed in the region by July 2025. Key projects like the Thenzawl–Sialsuk Road and Chhimtuipui River Bridge reflect the government’s commitment to bridging remote areas.

·       Digital and air connectivity have also seen rapid growth. Through initiatives like BharatNet, gram panchayats in remote villages now enjoy high-speed internet, which has been crucial for education, health services, and local governance. Air connectivity under the UDAN scheme has expanded regional air routes, linking previously underserved airports and heliports to the national aviation network, thereby boosting tourism and mobility.

·       The financial and institutional architecture to support this transformation is spearheaded by the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER). Through schemes like PM-DevINE, the government provides dedicated funding for critical infrastructure, communication, and connectivity projects. To further streamline planning and implementation, platforms such as the Poorvottar Vikas Setu (PVS) Portal have been launched, facilitating transparent and real-time monitoring of developmental projects. These mechanisms are designed to make governance faster, efficient, and citizen-centric.

·       However, challenges to the region''s development persist. Geographical and logistical difficulties, such as rugged terrain and frequent flooding, continue to hinder connectivity. The dependence on the narrow Siliguri Corridor for mainland access poses strategic vulnerabilities. Security concerns remain prevalent, with longstanding insurgencies led by groups like ULFA and NSCN, along with recurring ethnic clashes, such as those witnessed in Assam-Mizoram in 2021 and Manipur in 2023. The porous international borders further exacerbate issues of illegal migration and human trafficking.

·       Economically, the region remains reliant on subsistence agriculture, with weak industrialisation and low levels of private investment. These factors contribute to high rates of youth outmigration in search of better opportunities. Social concerns also loom large, particularly in relation to tribal identity and demographic shifts. The debate over the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam is emblematic of broader anxieties over migration and cultural preservation.

·       Thus, while the government’s focused efforts are gradually reshaping the NER''s economic and strategic profile, a long-term and sensitive approach is required to address entrenched socio-political and infrastructural challenges.

Defence Indigenisation Takes Centre Stage in New Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025

·       India’s Defence Minister recently unveiled the Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025, an updated framework that replaces the previous manual introduced in 2009. The DPM serves as the guideline for acquiring goods and services essential for the routine operations, maintenance, and operational readiness of all Defence Services and Ministry of Defence establishments. It is distinct from the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP), which governs capital acquisitions.

·       The DPM 2025 places a strong emphasis on achieving self-reliance by promoting defence indigenisation. It encourages the jointness of the Armed Forces under the Revenue Head (Operations & Sustenance Segment), streamlining and simplifying procurement processes for revenue expenditures, which are expected to be worth approximately Rs 1 lakh crore in the current financial year. The aim is to foster domestic capability in supplying defence requirements more efficiently and cost-effectively.

·       Despite these ambitions, several challenges hinder the full realisation of defence indigenisation. Technologically, India remains dependent on technology transfers and licensed production arrangements due to limited domestic research and development (R&D) capabilities and a shortage of skilled workforce. From an industry perspective, the private sector’s participation in defence manufacturing remains low, with entities like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) maintaining a near-monopoly. Supply chain vulnerabilities further complicate the scenario, as many critical components, subsystems, and technologies continue to be imported, sometimes delayed by export control restrictions—as illustrated by recent delays in jet engine deliveries from the United States. Additionally, indigenisation efforts tend to increase procurement costs in the short term, imposing financial burdens on end-users.

·       To address these issues, the government has introduced several initiatives aimed at bolstering defence indigenisation. Liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) rules now permits up to 74% FDI under the automatic route, encouraging greater foreign participation in the defence sector. The Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) scheme, launched in 2018, actively engages start-ups and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to drive innovation and technology development. The Sudarshan Chakra Mission aims to ensure that the entire defence ecosystem, including research, development, and manufacturing, is rooted in India. Complementing these efforts is the SRIJAN Portal, which facilitates the indigenisation process by connecting Indian industry players, including MSMEs, with defence requirements.

·       Through these combined efforts, the government seeks to transform India’s defence procurement landscape, prioritising self-sufficiency, technological advancement, and economic growth within the sector.

Dongsha Islands

·       Taiwan’s Coast Guard Administration (CGA) recently confirmed that it dispatched vessels to repel both a Chinese coast guard ship and a Chinese fishing boat operating near the Dongsha Islands. This incident highlights ongoing territorial and maritime tensions in the region.

·       The Dongsha Islands, also known as the Pratas Islands, consist of a small group of three islands situated in the northern sector of the South China Sea. They lie about 445 kilometers southwest of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and approximately 320 kilometers southeast of Hong Kong. The islands are administered by Taiwan, although they have no permanent civilian population. Taiwanese marines are stationed there to maintain security and sovereignty.

·       Geographically, the Dongsha Islands form a circular coral atoll, primarily composed of clastic coral and reef flats spanning roughly 24 kilometers (15 miles) in diameter. At the center is a lagoon measuring about 16 kilometers (10 miles) across. Of the three islands, Dongsha Island is the only landmass above sea level, stretching about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) long and just over 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles) wide. The other two—Northern Vereker and Southern Vereker atolls—remain submerged below sea level.

Garra nambashiensis

·       Researchers have recently identified a new species of freshwater fish named Garra nambashiensis in Manipur, adding to the region’s rich biodiversity.

·       This species belongs to the Labeonine family and was discovered in Taretlok, a tributary of the Chindwin River located near the Nambashi Valley in Manipur’s Kamjong district. The fish was collected from fast-flowing riffles—shallow sections of rivers or streams characterized by algae-covered gravel beds and a mixed substrate consisting of cobbles, boulders, pebbles, sand, fine silt, and coarse sediments.

·       Garra nambashiensis is distinguished by several physical features, including a quadrate-shaped proboscis, 7-8 acanthoid tubercles on its anterolateral margin, black spots on the opercle (gill cover), 8-11 dorsal-fin scales, and six black stripes extending to the hypural plate (part of the tail). It typically measures between 90 to 140 millimeters (9 to 14 centimeters) in length. Locally, it is referred to as Nutungnu.

·       Currently, 60 species of the genus Garra have been documented in various river systems across Northeast India, covering the Eastern Himalayan and Indo-Burma regions. Among these, 32 species belong to the ‘proboscis species group,’ which inhabit the Chindwin, Brahmaputra, Barak, and Kaladan river systems. The Chindwin river system alone hosts eight species, including the recently described Garra chingaiensis.

Pink Tax

·       While India does not have specific legislation addressing the Pink Tax, the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has ruled that companies must implement fair pricing policies and avoid gender-based price discrimination.

·       The term “Pink Tax” does not refer to an actual government-imposed tax but rather describes the additional costs that companies charge for products marketed toward women compared to similar products marketed toward men. This means women often pay more for essentially the same item that men buy at a lower price. The extra charges do not go to the government but instead increase corporate profits.

·       Products and services affected by the Pink Tax include pink-colored toys, haircuts, dry cleaning, razors, shampoos, body lotions, deodorants, facial care, skincare products, beauty care, clothing items such as T-shirts and jeans, and salon services. The term is believed to have originated in California, USA, in 1994 after it was observed that brands in various cities consistently charged women higher prices than men for goods and services. According to a U.S. study, personal care products targeting women were 13% more expensive than men’s products, while women’s accessories and adult clothing were priced 7% and 8% higher, respectively.

·       In India, there are no legal prohibitions or government regulations specifically addressing the Pink Tax, with prices for female-targeted goods and services generally driven by market dynamics and demand. Although limited research exists on this issue in India, some surveys indicate price differences between male and female products. Nevertheless, the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission mandates that companies adhere to fair pricing and avoid gender-based discrimination.

Koala

·       Australia recently approved the world’s first vaccine aimed at protecting koalas from the bacterial infection Chlamydia, a significant threat to their survival.

·       The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an arboreal, herbivorous marsupial endemic to Australia. It is the sole surviving species of the family Phascolarctidae and is closely related to wombats. Koalas are generally asocial creatures, coming together primarily during the breeding season. They spend much of their time in eucalyptus trees, where their paws—equipped with two opposing thumbs—allow them to grasp branches and climb effectively.

·       Koalas are distributed across eastern and southeastern Australia, including regions such as northeastern, central, and southeastern Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria, and parts of southeastern South Australia. Their habitats range from relatively open forests to woodlands, spanning tropical to cool temperate climates. Their diet consists almost exclusively of eucalyptus leaves, which they digest with specialized adaptations.

·       The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies koalas as vulnerable. They face numerous threats, including disease, habitat destruction, climate change, and road accidents.

·       Chlamydia, caused by Chlamydia pneumonia and Chlamydia pecorum, severely impacts koalas. The disease can be transmitted through mating, infected discharges, and from mother to offspring at birth. It leads to eye infections, blindness, urinary tract complications, and infertility. Infected koalas often become weak and dehydrated, making them more susceptible to predators and environmental hazards such as bushfires. In some parts of Australia, up to 70% of wild koalas carry the infection. The disease spreads rapidly within koala populations due to overlapping territories and mutual grooming behaviors.

Zircon Missile

·       Russia recently announced it had launched a Zircon (Tsirkon) hypersonic cruise missile at a target in the Barents Sea, underscoring its advancing military capabilities.

·       The 3M22 Zircon, also known by its NATO code designation SS-N-33, is a scramjet-powered hypersonic cruise missile developed by Russia. Initially designed for targeting naval vessels, it has since been adapted to include land-attack functions, making it a versatile tool for precision strikes. The missile entered service in 2022 and was first deployed on Project 22350 Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates.

·       The Zircon missile measures approximately nine meters (30 feet) in length with a diameter of about 60 centimeters (24 inches), and weighs between 3,000 and 4,000 kilograms (3–4 tons). It features a two-stage propulsion system: a solid-fuel booster engine that accelerates the missile to supersonic speeds, followed by a scramjet engine powered by liquid fuel that propels it to hypersonic velocities, reaching speeds of up to Mach 9. This extreme speed makes the missile exceptionally difficult to intercept.

·       The missile’s operational range is estimated at 400–450 kilometers (250–280 miles) when flying at low altitudes, which can extend to approximately 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) when following a semi-ballistic trajectory. It can carry either conventional or nuclear warheads, adding to its strategic flexibility.

·       Guidance systems include inertial navigation, radar homing, and a feature known as plasma stealth. During hypersonic flight, the missile generates a plasma cloud around itself that absorbs radio waves, significantly reducing its radar detectability.

INS Trikand

·       The Indian Naval Ship (INS) Trikand recently led the maiden bilateral maritime exercise between India and Greece, calling at Salamis Bay, Greece, during its ongoing deployment to the Mediterranean Sea.

·       INS Trikand is a Talwar-class guided-missile frigate serving with the Indian Navy. It is the third and final ship of the second batch of Talwar-class frigates procured by India. The vessel was built by the Yantar shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia, and was commissioned into the Indian Navy on June 29, 2013, at Kaliningrad.

·       The ship operates under the Indian Navy’s Western Fleet, which is commanded by the Western Naval Command headquartered in Mumbai.

·       INS Trikand is equipped with a sophisticated combat suite that includes the supersonic BRAHMOS missile system, advanced surface-to-air missiles such as Shtil, an upgraded A190 medium-range gun, an electro-optical 30 mm close-in weapon system, and anti-submarine weapons including torpedoes and rockets. Its electronic warfare capabilities are advanced, supported by the Combat Management System ‘Trebovanie-M,’ which allows the ship to detect and neutralize multiple threats simultaneously from surface, subsurface, and aerial domains.

·       Powered by four gas turbines, INS Trikand can achieve speeds exceeding 30 knots and is capable of carrying a Kamov 31 helicopter. The ship has a crew complement of around 300 personnel, including officers.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

India is set to host the 89th General Meeting (GM) of the International Electrotechnical Commission from September 15 to 19, 2025. The event will take place at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.

About the International Electrotechnical Commission

·       The IEC is a nonprofit organization founded in 1906 that develops and publishes international standards covering all electrical, electronic, and related technologies. Its mission centers on fostering international cooperation among member countries on matters of electrotechnical standardization and associated issues. IEC standards are developed through a consensus-driven process involving experts from participating nations and serve as the foundation for harmonizing technical requirements globally, reaching over 150 countries.

·       The IEC is governed by the Standardization Management Board (SMB), its highest policy-making body for technical standards. It collaborates closely with other standard-setting organizations like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). With a network of approximately 30,000 experts worldwide, the IEC is the premier body for developing standards related to electrical and electronic technologies.

·       India will host the IEC General Meeting for the fourth time, having previously hosted it in 1960, 1997, and 2013. The IEC’s headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.

PLI Scheme for White Goods

The Indian government has recently reopened the application window for the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme aimed at boosting white goods manufacturing.

About the PLI Scheme for White Goods

·       This scheme is designed to establish a comprehensive component ecosystem specifically for the Air Conditioners and LED Lights industries within India, integrating the country more deeply into global supply chains. It operates as a pan-India initiative without being restricted to any particular region or demographic segment.

·       The primary goal of the scheme is to offer financial incentives that encourage domestic manufacturing and attract significant investments into the white goods manufacturing value chain. It aims to remove sector-specific challenges, create economies of scale, enhance export capabilities, develop a robust component ecosystem, and generate employment.

·       Under the scheme, eligible companies receive an incentive ranging between 4% to 6% on incremental turnover over the base year (2019-20) for goods sold domestically and exported internationally. These incentives are offered for a duration of five years.

·       To qualify, applicants must be incorporated in India under the Companies Act, 2013, and meet specified thresholds for incremental sales and cumulative investment. Entities already benefiting from other government PLI schemes for the same products are not eligible under this scheme. The scheme will run from the financial year 2021-22 through 2028-29 and is managed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

INS Androth

The Indian Navy recently inducted the second indigenously constructed anti-submarine warfare shallow watercraft (ASW-SWC), named INS Androth.

About INS Androth

Named after Androth Island in the Lakshadweep archipelago, INS Androth is the second of eight ASW-SWCs built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) in Kolkata. The vessel is designed and constructed according to the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) classification rules, showcasing India’s growing indigenous shipbuilding capabilities.

Features

·       Measuring about 77 meters in length, INS Androth is the largest warship built indigenously for the Indian Navy. It is powered by a diesel engine coupled with a waterjet propulsion system, providing high speeds and excellent maneuverability in shallow waters. The ship is armed with lightweight torpedoes, indigenous ASW rockets, and advanced shallow-water sonar systems, enabling effective detection and engagement of submarines in littoral zones.

·       INS Androth significantly enhances the Indian Navy’s anti-submarine warfare, coastal surveillance, and mine-laying capabilities. Over 80% of its components are domestically sourced, reflecting a reduction in import dependence.

Eustoma

Exotic Eustoma flowers have bloomed for the first time in Odisha, grown inside a polyhouse at Sanatanpali, Sambalpur district, thanks to efforts by CSIR–NBRI.

About Eustoma

·       Eustoma, also known as Lisianthus or Prairie Gentian, is a herbaceous annual flower belonging to the gentian family. It is highly valued worldwide for its long vase life and vibrant colors, often used in premium events, weddings, and luxury décor. Until this breakthrough, Eustoma flowers were primarily imported from countries such as the Netherlands and Kenya.

·       Native to Mexico, the southern United States, the Caribbean, and northern South America, Eustoma typically thrives in grasslands and disturbed areas with warm climates. The plant grows between 30 and 90 cm tall and produces large, funnel-shaped flowers in multiple colors, including pink, purple, white, and blue.

·       The successful cultivation in Sambalpur demonstrates its adaptability to hot Indian conditions. Economically, the flower offers high potential, with farmers able to harvest twice yearly and earn up to ₹2 lakh per acre per season, boosting rural incomes. Eustoma is available in both single and double-flowered varieties, including rare bicolored types, making it highly desirable for weddings, décor, and export markets.

·       By cultivating Eustoma locally, India can reduce dependence on imported cut flowers, supporting CSIR-NBRI’s network of over 400 farmer clusters and promoting sustainable floriculture.
Eustoma is popular in the cut flower industry, known for its longevity (over two weeks). It opens new avenues in export floriculture, reducing reliance on traditional exports like roses. It is also suitable for retail, hospitality events, and gardening or landscaping purposes, especially dwarf varieties for pots and balconies.

Grey Rhino Event

Scientists have classified the devastating Wayanad landslide of July 2024 in Kerala as a “grey rhino event” in the report Sliding Earth, Scattered Lives (September 2025). This characterization underscores how policymakers ignored long-standing warnings about ecological fragility and high rainfall risks in the region.

About Grey Rhino Events

·       A “grey rhino” is a metaphor for a highly probable and high-impact event that is visible and foreseeable but often neglected until it causes catastrophic damage. This contrasts with “black swan” events, which are rare and unpredictable.

·       The concept was introduced by Michele Wucker, a U.S.-based policy analyst, in her 2016 book The Gray Rhino: How to Recognize and Act on the Obvious Dangers We Ignore.

·       Key features of grey rhino events include predictability, visibility through early warning signs, neglect by authorities due to complacency or conflicting interests, and the potential to cause large-scale social, economic, and environmental damage. Unlike black swan events, grey rhinos are actionable, meaning preventive measures can be taken if timely.

·       The grey rhino concept emphasizes the importance of risk governance, urging policymakers to identify and prioritize visible but overlooked threats. It promotes proactive disaster preparedness, including early evacuations, strict zoning regulations, and environmentally sensitive development.

Salamis Bay

INS Trikand, an Indian Navy stealth frigate, recently arrived at Salamis Bay, Greece, as part of its deployment to the Mediterranean Sea. The vessel is set to participate in the first-ever bilateral maritime exercise between India and Greece aimed at enhancing interoperability and naval cooperation.

About Salamis Bay

Salamis Bay is a natural bay located on the west coast of Salamis Island, Greece, connected to the Saronic Gulf. It lies within the Aegean Sea region, approximately 16 km from Athens, near the town of Salamis. The bay spans roughly 9 km in length, with Cape Petriti marking its southwestern edge. Historically, it is renowned as the site of the pivotal Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE, where the Greek fleet defeated the invading Persian navy.

About Greece

Greece is a country in southeastern Europe, situated at the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Athens, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras. Greece shares land borders with Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Known as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, Greece boasts the longest coastline in the Mediterranean, dotted with thousands of islands. It is home to 20 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, preserving ancient temples, theaters, and Byzantine monuments.

Prime Minister Addresses 100th Birth Anniversary Celebrations of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika

·       Dr. Bhupen Hazarika (1926-2011), born in Assam, is celebrated as the "Bard of Brahmaputra" and fondly known as "Sudhakantha" (the Nightingale). He was honored with India’s prestigious awards including the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan, and the Bharat Ratna.

·       A revered humanist, Hazarika’s music carried powerful themes of communal harmony, optimism, justice, protest, and empathy. His timeless songs such as Manuhe Manuhar Babe, Moi Eti Jajabor, and Bistirno Parore beautifully blended Assamese folk traditions with universal messages of humanity, justice, and unity.

·       Through his art, he nurtured a spirit of brotherhood and solidarity among the diverse tribes of the region, fostering unity and cultural pride.