NPS to UPS: Government Extends One-Time Switch Option for Central Employees

·       The Central Government has extended the one-time window for employees currently under the National Pension System (NPS) to switch to the newly introduced Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), with the deadline now set for September 30, 2025. This option is available to all eligible central government employees who joined service after January 1, 2004. Despite approximately 23.94 lakh employees being eligible for the switch, only around 40,000 have opted for UPS so far.

·       To regulate service conditions and related matters for those transitioning to UPS, the Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare issued the Central Civil Services (Implementation of the Unified Pension Scheme under the National Pension System) Rules, 2025, on September 2. These rules lay out the operational framework for the UPS and formalize its place within the NPS structure.

Government Allows Recent Joiners to Opt for UPS

·       Additionally, the government has allowed central government employees who joined service between April 1 and August 31, 2025, under the NPS, to shift to the UPS. These employees too must exercise this one-time option by September 30, 2025, aligning with the deadline applicable to other eligible employees.

·       Importantly, employees who choose UPS will retain the right to revert to NPS at a later date, providing flexibility for individuals to adjust their retirement planning strategies based on changing personal or financial circumstances.

·       While those opting for UPS are given a one-time opportunity to return to NPS, this switch comes with conditions. The transition must be completed at least one year before the employee’s retirement date or at least three months before voluntary retirement (VRS). Employees facing dismissal, removal, compulsory retirement, or those with pending disciplinary proceedings are barred from making this switch.

·       Employees who do not exercise the option to return to NPS will continue under UPS. Those who switch back to NPS will not only receive the usual NPS benefits but also gain an additional 4% differential contribution, offering enhanced flexibility and potentially higher post-retirement returns.

Unified Pension Scheme (UPS): A Middle Ground Between OPS and NPS

·       Historically, central government employees appointed before January 1, 2004, were covered under the Old Pension Scheme (OPS), which guaranteed a fixed pension without requiring any employee contribution. Employees joining after this date were placed under the NPS, a market-linked scheme where both the employee and employer contribute, and returns are not guaranteed.

·       In response to growing demand for the restoration of OPS, the Union Cabinet approved the Unified Pension Scheme in August 2024 as an optional scheme under NPS. The UPS became available from April 1, 2025, specifically targeting central government employees hired on or after January 1, 2004, who currently fall under the NPS framework.

·       Approximately 23 lakh employees are eligible to choose between continuing with NPS or migrating to UPS. The UPS guarantees a pension equal to 50% of the average basic pay received in the 12 months leading up to retirement, contingent upon a minimum of 25 years of government service. In the event of the pensioner’s death, the surviving spouse will be entitled to up to 60% of the pension amount being drawn.

·       Unlike OPS, where employees made no contributions, UPS mandates contributions from both the employee and employer. This model blends the security of assured benefits with the discipline of regular contributions.

Comparing UPS and NPS: Key Structural Differences

·       The NPS is a mandatory scheme for eligible employees, whereas the UPS is optional, with the government offering a one-time switch and a limited chance to revert. Under NPS, employees contribute 10% of their basic pay plus dearness allowance (DA), while the government contributes 14%. Pension benefits are based solely on the accumulated corpus.

·       In contrast, UPS also involves a 10% contribution each from the employee and employer, but includes an additional 8.5% contribution by the government to form a pooled corpus. This corpus funds an assured pension, set at 50% of the average basic pay over the last 12 months before retirement, provided the employee completes at least 25 years of service.

·       Furthermore, UPS assures a minimum monthly pension payout of ₹10,000 after 10 years of service—a security not available under NPS. It also provides a lump sum equivalent to one-tenth of the last basic pay plus DA for every six months of completed service, another feature missing from NPS. However, employees who are dismissed from service will not be eligible for UPS benefits.

Why Adoption of UPS Remains Low Despite Extended Deadline

·       Despite the extended deadline of September 30, 2025, adoption of the Unified Pension Scheme has been sluggish. Efforts by the Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare to raise awareness have had limited impact so far. Many employees continue to favour the Old Pension Scheme, which required no employee contribution and offered a guaranteed pension of 50% of last drawn basic pay plus DA—benefits seen as superior to both NPS and UPS.

·       The Central Secretariat Service Forum has openly criticised the NPS and UPS alike, reaffirming its demand for a full-scale return to the Old Pension Scheme. Concerns remain among employees that UPS, while offering more predictability than NPS, still does not match the advantages once guaranteed under OPS, largely due to the mandatory contribution component and conditional eligibility requirements.

·       The future success of UPS will likely depend on increased awareness, greater clarity about long-term benefits, and the government’s ability to address lingering concerns about financial security and retirement adequacy.

Judicial Experimentalism with Section 498A: A Critical Examination

In the 2025 case of Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal, the Supreme Court upheld the Allahabad High Court’s directives mandating a two-month "cooling period" and referral of cases to Family Welfare Committees (FWCs) before any coercive legal action under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code—now Section 85 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS). While the intention behind these directions is to prevent misuse of the provision and foster reconciliation, this move has reignited the debate on judicial experimentalism. Critics argue that such interventions risk delaying access to justice for victims and could bypass established statutory procedures.

Understanding Judicial Experimentalism in the Context of Section 498A

·       Judicial experimentalism refers to instances where courts, instead of limiting themselves to interpreting existing laws, proactively devise new remedies, procedural innovations, or institutional frameworks. These experimental directions are often aimed at addressing legislative or administrative gaps and resolving complex socio-legal issues.

·       This approach is characterised by three core features: the formulation of innovative remedies not explicitly provided in the statutory framework, judicial encroachment into policy-making—traditionally the domain of the legislature or executive—and a trial-and-error method where judicial directions are open to future modification, dilution, or revocation based on their implementation and impact.

·       There are several notable precedents of such judicial initiatives. The Vishaka Guidelines (1997) filled a legislative vacuum on workplace sexual harassment until a statutory law was enacted. Similarly, the Prakash Singh case (2006) introduced guidelines for police reform in response to prolonged legislative inaction. In the Rajesh Sharma case (2017), the Supreme Court had previously endorsed the formation of FWCs to vet complaints under Section 498A—though these were subsequently struck down in Social Action Forum for Manav Adhikar vs Union of India (2018) for being legally untenable.

Section 498A and the Evolution of Judicial Safeguards

·       Enacted in 1983, Section 498A was designed to protect married women from cruelty, particularly in the context of dowry-related harassment. However, concerns over its misuse have been raised by the judiciary, especially in light of increasing instances where allegations were found to be false or exaggerated, resulting in arbitrary arrests of husbands and their families.

·       Over time, several judicial and legislative safeguards have been introduced to address these concerns. In Lalita Kumari vs Government of U.P. (2013), the court permitted preliminary inquiry before the registration of an FIR in matrimonial disputes. The 2008 amendment to the Criminal Procedure Code introduced the principle of necessity for arrest. The landmark ruling in Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar (2014) laid down specific guidelines, including issuing a “notice of appearance” to avoid unwarranted arrests. Further, Satender Kumar Antil (2022) bolstered the rights of the accused by reinforcing bail provisions in cases of wrongful arrest.

The Cooling Period: A Controversial Judicial Innovation

·       In 2022, the Allahabad High Court directed that every complaint under Section 498A be referred to a Family Welfare Committee and that no coercive legal action be taken for two months. This initiative aimed to prevent the immediate criminalisation of family disputes and to provide space for potential reconciliation.

·       In Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal (2025), the Supreme Court lent judicial legitimacy to this “cooling period” model. The Court effectively institutionalised the two-month delay as a mandatory step before law enforcement or judicial officers could proceed with coercive measures. This endorsement, while rooted in the objective of discouraging frivolous complaints, raises significant legal and constitutional concerns.

Concerns with the Cooling Period Mandate

·       One of the primary criticisms is that the cooling period may result in undue delay for victims seeking timely legal intervention. Women facing domestic abuse may be forced to endure continued harassment while being denied immediate recourse to legal protections such as restraining orders or arrests.

·       Another concern is the potential jurisdictional overreach. Family Welfare Committees, as envisaged in this model, have no statutory backing under the BNS or CrPC. Their involvement in quasi-judicial functions effectively bypasses the criminal procedure established by law. This issue was central to the Supreme Court’s own decision in Social Action Forum (2018), which deemed the 2017 FWC mechanism unconstitutional.

·       The ruling also invites criticism for undermining the autonomy of law enforcement agencies and judicial officers. By removing their discretion and imposing a blanket procedural pause, the judiciary risks compromising the balance of powers. Furthermore, such judicial innovations may have psychological consequences for victims, particularly if they perceive the delay as institutional apathy or disbelief, potentially leading to mental trauma or a chilling effect on the reporting of genuine cases.

Implications and the Way Forward

·       Despite these concerns, the ruling does offer certain positive outcomes. It introduces procedural safeguards that may protect innocent individuals from wrongful arrests and reduce the social stigma attached to matrimonial criminal proceedings. Moreover, the cooling period creates a structured window for the parties to explore non-adversarial resolutions, thereby potentially reducing the burden on the criminal justice system.

·       However, the negative implications are more pressing. Delayed justice undermines the very intent of Section 498A, which was enacted as a protective provision. By mandating reconciliation without the victim’s consent, the judiciary may inadvertently perpetuate a system where the victim’s autonomy and agency are sidelined. Furthermore, such procedural mandates, not backed by legislative sanction, blur the line between judicial interpretation and judicial lawmaking.

·       To strike a fair balance between innovation and the victim’s right to justice, certain safeguards must be institutionalised. Any reconciliation or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms must be backed by explicit statutory provisions to ensure legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. Police reforms and sensitisation—particularly adherence to the Arnesh Kumar guidelines—can continue to prevent arbitrary arrests without compromising access to justice.

·       The creation of fast-track matrimonial courts may address the need for timely resolution without resorting to blanket cooling periods. Importantly, a victim-centric approach must prioritise immediate relief such as shelter, medical aid, and protection orders without delay.

Reassessing Judicial Overreach and Legislative Responsibility

·       The Supreme Court must revisit its position in Shivangi Bansal in light of its own precedent in Social Action Forum to uphold the constitutional guarantee of access to justice under Article 21. The solution lies not in court-created procedural detours but in well-defined legislative frameworks that balance the protection of innocent individuals with the rights of victims.

·       Parliament must step in to clarify procedures under Section 85 of the BNS, providing a legally robust and victim-sensitive framework. While encouraging voluntary pre-litigation mediation can be a constructive measure, it should remain an option, not an obligation. Policy decisions must also be data-driven: National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) statistics already show a declining trend in arrests under Section 498A, suggesting that existing safeguards are proving effective without the need for additional judicially mandated barriers.

Conclusion

Judicial experimentalism, when rooted in the pursuit of justice, can be a valuable tool. However, it must not come at the cost of procedural integrity or constitutional rights. The judiciary must tread carefully, ensuring that innovation enhances rather than obstructs justice. While curbing misuse of Section 498A is essential, the right to timely legal protection remains paramount. Any judicial intervention must be aligned with statutory frameworks and democratic accountability, ensuring that the rule of law remains the guiding principle.

Himalayan Rains: Understanding Topography and Climate Change

In recent days, Dehradun and multiple districts across Uttarakhand have been struck by intense rainfall, resulting in landslides, overflowing rivers, and at least 15 reported fatalities. Over the past month, both Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh have repeatedly experienced destructive weather events, including cloudbursts, flash floods, mudslides, and disruptions to communication infrastructure. Although such occurrences are common during the monsoon season, their increasing frequency and severity in recent years have raised significant alarm regarding the vulnerability and preparedness of the Himalayan region.

Topographical Reasons for Heavy Rainfall in Hilly Regions

·       This monsoon season has seen unusually high rainfall in northwestern India, with precipitation levels 34% above average in August and surging to over 67% above normal during early September. This anomaly has been driven by consecutive low-pressure systems originating in the Bay of Bengal, which have moved further north than usual, bringing intensified rains. In mountainous regions such as the western Himalayas, the topography plays a crucial role in amplifying rainfall. As moist air rises and cools rapidly, it forms massive, vertically developed clouds that result in highly concentrated and heavy precipitation over localized areas. While such rainfall volumes may be manageable in coastal regions like Goa or Kerala, they tend to cause severe destruction in the hills. For instance, Udhampur in Jammu and Kashmir recorded an astonishing 630 mm of rainfall within 24 hours — equivalent to the annual rainfall of Rajkot — and Leh experienced 59 mm of rain in just two days, marking its highest two-day rainfall since 1973.

Why Mountainous Areas Face Greater Risks from Heavy Rain

·       In the plains, heavy rainwater typically drains into nearby rivers or is absorbed into wetlands and local water bodies. However, in hilly terrains, the steep slopes and shallow soil structure often result in rapid surface runoff, which triggers landslides, mudslides, and flash floods. Water racing downhill picks up loose debris, soil, and rocks, compounding its destructive potential. This phenomenon has been observed recently in areas such as Mandi, Kullu, Dharali, Tharali, and Jammu. Moreover, when rivers become blocked by debris, the resulting overflow can inundate downstream settlements, destroying critical infrastructure such as roads and bridges. It is important to note, however, that not every cloudburst leads to disaster — the outcome depends heavily on localized factors, including the stability of slopes and whether the debris falls into river channels.

·       Emerging climatic patterns point to a southward shift in western disturbances — weather systems originating from the Mediterranean that bring rain and snow to northern India. These disturbances are now interacting more frequently with southwest monsoon currents, a trend attributed to global warming. This interaction has made rainfall behavior over the Himalayas more unpredictable, contributing to a rise in extreme rainfall events interspersed with prolonged dry spells. Additionally, the accelerated melting of Arctic sea ice is believed to influence monsoon dynamics, suggesting that the Himalayas could face increasing climatic instability and risk.

Why Cloudbursts Are So Common in the Himalayas

·       The Himalayas lie at the intersection of two powerful atmospheric systems: moist, tropical monsoon winds from the south and mid-latitude westerlies from the north. This unique geographic positioning creates significant atmospheric uplift and instability, conditions that are ideal for cloudbursts. Warm, moisture-laden air is forced up the steep slopes, where it cools rapidly, condenses, and results in highly localized and intense rainfall. The region’s vulnerability is being exacerbated by climate change. Arctic warming is weakening the polar jet stream, which leads to more frequent interactions between westerly troughs and the monsoon.

·       Simultaneously, warmer air masses can hold more moisture, thereby intensifying rainfall. A slower, more erratic jet stream causes storm systems to linger, leading to extended periods of heavy rain and increased risk of flooding. These trends have already played out in other regions of the world, such as the catastrophic floods in Germany (2021), Pakistan (2010), and West Asia (2024).

Challenges in Forecasting Cloudbursts and the Limits of Current Tools

·       The prediction of cloudbursts relies on a range of technologies, including Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs), satellites, ground-based rain gauges, GPS-based moisture monitoring systems, and high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. While DWRs offer detailed insights into cloud formation and rainfall intensity, their effectiveness is limited in mountainous regions due to restricted coverage. Rain gauges and automatic weather stations provide accurate point-specific data but lack the spatial density needed to detect rapidly developing weather systems.

·       Satellites such as INSAT-3D/3DR, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, and Himawari contribute valuable data on cloud development and rainfall trends, but their relatively coarse resolution and susceptibility to errors in complex topography pose significant limitations. NWP models attempt to simulate storm formation and convective processes, yet their accuracy depends on ultra-fine resolution (less than 1 km), high-quality initial data, and realistic representation of physical processes, making the sudden onset of cloudbursts difficult to predict. To enhance forecasting capabilities, the deployment of denser observational networks, more sophisticated modelling systems, and integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for advanced data assimilation are urgently needed.

Enforcement Directorate and Narcotics Control Bureau

The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has recently reported a conviction rate exceeding 94% under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) across 53 adjudicated cases. Additionally, the agency has successfully facilitated the return of over ₹34,000 crore to victims of financial crimes. These figures highlight not just the punitive function of the ED but also its role in restoring financial justice to aggrieved parties.

Significance of High Conviction and Recovery Rates

The high conviction rate under PMLA serves as a strong indicator of the robustness of the ED’s investigative processes and the effectiveness of the legal framework underpinning money laundering prosecutions. Importantly, the ability to recover and return significant sums to victims showcases the ED’s role not just in prosecution, but in victim compensation and asset restitution, a critical but often overlooked aspect of economic justice.

Challenges Facing the Enforcement Directorate

However, the apparent success is tempered by several persistent challenges:

• Limited Case Base: The conviction rate is derived from a relatively small number of completed cases. With a vast backlog still pending, concerns remain over the overall pace and efficiency of case disposal.
• Legal Conflicts: Procedural overlaps and jurisdictional conflicts with the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) create challenges in asset attachment and liquidation, often leading to delays and legal ambiguity.
• Evolving Nature of Crime: The ED must constantly upgrade its capabilities to tackle technologically sophisticated financial crimes, such as cyber-fraud, online betting, and digital asset laundering, which demand cutting-edge expertise in forensic finance and cyber law.

About the Enforcement Directorate

Established in 1956, and headquartered in New Delhi, the ED operates under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. It enforces the following key legislations:

• Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA): A criminal statute to investigate and prevent money laundering and to seize proceeds of crime.
• Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA): A civil law focused on foreign exchange regulation compliance.
• Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA): Targets economic offenders who attempt to evade Indian law by staying outside the country''s jurisdiction.

The ED is empowered to conduct searches, seizures, arrests, and prosecutions, and has the authority to summon individuals, ensuring it operates with wide-ranging investigative and enforcement powers.

Drug Trafficking in India: Insights from the NCB Annual Report 2024

·       The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), operating under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is the national agency tasked with combating drug trafficking and abuse under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985. Its headquarters is also located in New Delhi.

·       According to the 2024 Annual Report, India faces increasing challenges due to its geopolitical location—situated between two major narcotics-producing zones: the Death Crescent (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran) and the Death Triangle (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos).

Drug Trafficking Landscape in India

India’s vulnerability to drug trafficking stems from both land and maritime routes:

• Northern Routes: States like Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir are particularly susceptible to heroin trafficking from Pakistan via land borders.
• North-Eastern Routes: Proximity to Myanmar exposes states like Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland to trafficking in methamphetamine and opium.
• Coastal Smuggling: Ports and coastlines in Mumbai, Gujarat, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu are increasingly being used to smuggle synthetic drugs and precursors, facilitated by India’s vast coastline.

Emerging Trends in Narcotics Trade

The evolving dynamics of drug trafficking reveal several alarming trends:

• Shift Toward Synthetic Drugs: Use and production of drugs like Methamphetamine, LSD, Mephedrone, and others are rising sharply.
• Secret Laboratories: Clandestine drug manufacturing units have been unearthed in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, and the North-Eastern States.
• Darknet and Cryptocurrencies: The use of anonymised digital platforms and cryptocurrency-based transactions is facilitating cross-border drug sales while making enforcement more complex.
• Maritime Routes and Drone Use: Drug shipments via ports like Chabahar, Gwadar, and Karachi, as well as drones used along the India-Pakistan border, are the latest tactics employed by traffickers.

India’s Counter-Narcotics Initiatives

To address the growing menace, India has launched multiple strategic and technological interventions:

• Legal Frameworks: Implementation of the Prevention of Illicit Traffic in NDPS Act, 1988 enhances cross-border and domestic enforcement capabilities.
• Technological Tools: Platforms such as the National Narcotics Coordination Portal (NCORD) and National Integrated Database on Arrested Narco Offenders (NIDAAN) help centralise intelligence and track offenders.
• Public Outreach and Helplines: Campaigns like Drug-Free India, the MANAS helpline, and school-level awareness drives are integral to demand-side reduction and early intervention.

Strategic Recommendations for Curbing Drug Trafficking

To dismantle drug trafficking networks and adapt to their complex, transnational operations, a multi-layered strategy is essential:

• State-Level Strategies: Each state must develop a dedicated framework targeting three key layers of narcotic cartels: entry-level traffickers, interstate distributors, and local-level peddlers.
• Inter-Agency Collaboration: A joint enforcement mechanism involving the NCB, CBI, and state police forces should be institutionalised to bring fugitives and foreign-based operatives within reach of Indian law enforcement.
• Financial Trail Surveillance: Every state should establish specialised squads capable of following the financial trail, especially those linked to hawala operations, cryptocurrency transactions, and cyber-enabled money flows.
• Technology Integration: Use of AI, blockchain analytics, and advanced surveillance tools must be enhanced to monitor darknet activities and drone-enabled cross-border smuggling.

Conclusion

• The ED’s high conviction and recovery rates under PMLA signal encouraging progress in tackling white-collar financial crime. Simultaneously, the NCB’s report underscores the growing sophistication and geographical spread of drug trafficking networks in India.
• While both agencies demonstrate increasing effectiveness, they face challenges that require systemic reforms, technological modernisation, and inter-agency collaboration. Ensuring judicial efficiency, statutory alignment, and cross-border cooperation will be essential for sustained success in both financial crime enforcement and narcotics control.

Integrity in Public Office: Reaffirming Ethical Governance in Light of the Nupur Bora Case

Context

The recent arrest of Assam Civil Service officer Nupur Bora on charges of amassing assets allegedly 400 times her known sources of income has cast a spotlight on the deep fissures in public accountability. Following a six-month investigation by the Chief Minister’s Vigilance Cell, authorities recovered more than ₹2 crore in cash and jewellery, signalling a profound breach of ethical and legal norms within the public administration. This incident underscores the critical need to uphold integrity in public office as a cornerstone of good governance.

Understanding Integrity in Public Office

Integrity in public office refers to the steadfast adherence to moral, ethical, and legal principles while discharging official duties. It entails using public power solely in pursuit of public interest, with no room for private enrichment or misuse of authority. Integrity is not merely about the absence of wrongdoing—it is about a proactive commitment to honesty, fairness, and accountability in all administrative actions.

Core Dimensions of Integrity

Integrity in public administration is defined by several interrelated elements:

• Probity and Honesty involve an unwavering commitment to ethical conduct and a refusal to accept bribes or favours, thereby fostering a culture of zero tolerance for corruption.
• Accountability requires that public officials be answerable for their decisions and actions, subjecting them to audits, public scrutiny, and legal oversight to ensure responsible governance.
• Impartiality demands that all actions be free from bias or conflict of interest, ensuring equal treatment of citizens irrespective of background or influence.
• Transparency in processes, finances, and decision-making enhances public trust by making information openly accessible and reducing opportunities for misconduct.
• Adherence to the Rule of Law ensures that all actions are grounded in constitutional and legal frameworks, guaranteeing justice, equity, and procedural fairness.

Ethical Foundations of Integrity

Several ethical theories underpin the concept of integrity in public life:

• Deontological Ethics, particularly Kantian philosophy, focuses on duty and moral obligation. It holds that public officials must act rightly regardless of the consequences, prioritising rules and responsibilities over outcomes.
• Utilitarian Ethics emphasizes decision-making that maximizes societal benefit and minimizes harm, ensuring that policies serve the greater good.
• Virtue Ethics centres on the character of public servants, stressing the cultivation of personal virtues such as honesty, courage, humility, and fairness.
• Social Contract Theory posits that the legitimacy of public authority rests on its service to collective interests; officeholders must justify their power by aligning with the public good.

Why Integrity Matters in Public Office

·       Integrity is essential to the health and efficacy of democratic institutions. It builds public trust, encouraging citizens to engage more positively with the state and comply with laws and policies. Clean governance also results in efficient service delivery, reducing leakages, misuse of funds, and bureaucratic red tape, which directly enhances welfare outcomes.

·       In the economic sphere, integrity attracts both domestic and foreign investment by lowering the costs associated with corruption. It reinforces the rule of law, discouraging practices like favouritism and the creation of patronage networks, which often undermine fair competition. Moreover, ethical public servants serve as moral leaders, setting examples for broader societal behaviour.

Challenges to Upholding Integrity

Despite its importance, integrity in public office faces multiple systemic and institutional challenges:

• Weak enforcement mechanisms allow unethical behaviour to persist, especially when vigilance inquiries and departmental proceedings are delayed or ineffective.
• Opaque procedures, such as failure to disclose assets or explain decisions in a timely manner, create breeding grounds for corruption and misuse of authority.
• Political patronage can shield corrupt officials from accountability through strategic transfers or interference in investigations.
• Low deterrence levels—owing to slow judicial processes and low conviction rates—fail to instil sufficient fear of consequences among wrongdoers.
• Organised corruption networks, often involving officials, contractors, and intermediaries, make corruption more systematic and harder to dismantle.

The Role of the Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018

The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018 represents a key legal tool in addressing these challenges. It introduces several critical reforms:

• It broadens the scope of “undue advantage” to include not just cash but also gifts, favours, and non-monetary benefits, closing previous legal loopholes.
• It holds bribe givers accountable, while also protecting individuals who are coerced into giving bribes and later come forward as whistleblowers.
• It introduces corporate liability, making companies responsible for acts of bribery committed by employees unless they can demonstrate effective preventive systems.
• The Act mandates time-bound trials, ensuring that corruption cases are concluded within two years (extendable to four), thereby enhancing the speed of justice.
• It allows for the attachment and confiscation of illicit assets, ensuring that those who benefit from corruption are deprived of their illegal gains.

Way Forward: Strengthening the Integrity Ecosystem

To institutionalise integrity in public administration, several strategic interventions are necessary:

• Enhancing internal vigilance by granting greater autonomy, resources, and legal backing to watchdog bodies like the Lokayuktas, Central Vigilance Commission (CVC), and departmental vigilance units can lead to more proactive detection and deterrence.
• Leveraging digital transparency through online declaration of assets, real-time public dashboards on postings and transfers, and open access to administrative decisions will foster greater public oversight.
• Building capacity among civil servants through regular training programmes on ethics, conflict of interest, and public accountability will help internalise the values of integrity.
• Expediting justice by setting up dedicated special courts for corruption trials and disproportionate asset cases will enhance public confidence and deter future violations.
• Protecting whistleblowers by effectively implementing the Whistleblower Protection Act will encourage more individuals to report wrongdoing without fear of retaliation.

Conclusion

·       Integrity is the soul of public service. When compromised, it corrodes governance from within, undermining public faith and institutional credibility. The case of Nupur Bora stands as a stark reminder of the urgent need to reinforce ethical conduct in public life. It highlights not only the weaknesses in our current systems but also the possibilities for reform.

To realise the vision of a transparent, citizen-centric, and corruption-free administration, India must foster a culture rooted in values, backed by robust legal frameworks like the PCA 2018 and vigilant institutional mechanisms. Only through sustained commitment to ethical governance can the bureaucracy regain its rightful place as a pillar of democratic accountability and public trust.

ASI to Revise Sarnath Plaque, Acknowledging Benares Ruler’s Family over British Officials

·       In a significant move aimed at correcting historical narratives, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is set to revise the existing plaque at Sarnath to officially credit the family of the Benares ruler—specifically Jagat Singh—for the site''s rediscovery and preservation. This revision comes ahead of a visit by a UNESCO team evaluating Sarnath for inclusion in the World Heritage List.

·       Sarnath, located approximately 10 kilometers from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, is among the most sacred and historically rich locations in the Buddhist world. It is the revered site where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment in Bodh Gaya. This event, known as the Dharmachakra Pravartana or the Turning of the Wheel of Dharma, marks the formal beginning of the Buddhist Sangha (community), making Sarnath a foundational landmark in the history of Buddhism.

Historical Importance

·       Around 528 BCE, Buddha addressed his first five disciples at Sarnath, preaching the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path—principles that became the core philosophy of Buddhism. Emperor Ashoka, after adopting Buddhism in the 3rd century BCE, played a crucial role in transforming Sarnath into a Buddhist hub by erecting stupas, monasteries, and the iconic Lion Capital, which is now India''s national emblem. The site further flourished under the Gupta dynasty (4th–6th century CE), known for its patronage of Buddhist art and architecture.

·       Over time, especially with the decline of Buddhism in India around the 12th century CE and successive invasions, Sarnath fell into disrepair and was nearly forgotten. It was only during the colonial period that the site was brought back to public attention, although the mainstream historical narrative long attributed this rediscovery to British efforts.

Key Monuments and Features at Sarnath

·       Among Sarnath’s most prominent structures is the Dhamek Stupa, originally built by Ashoka and later expanded. This massive cylindrical structure—standing 43.6 meters tall and 28 meters wide—marks the exact location of Buddha’s first sermon. Its lower portion is adorned with intricate floral and geometric carvings typical of Gupta art.

·       Another important monument is the Chaukhandi Stupa, which commemorates Buddha’s initial meeting with his disciples and features a Mughal-era pavilion added much later.

·       The Ashokan Pillar, topped with the Lion Capital now housed in the Sarnath Archaeological Museum, is one of the most iconic relics from the Mauryan period. This four-lion sculpture serves as the national emblem of India and is also featured on Indian currency.

·       Modern additions include the Mulagandha Kuti Vihar, a monastery built in 1931 by the Mahabodhi Society. It showcases frescoes that vividly depict scenes from Buddha’s life. The site also contains extensive monastic ruins, evidence of Sarnath’s status as a thriving centre of Buddhist education and monastic life in ancient India.

Debate Over Historical Attribution

·       For decades, the rediscovery and preservation of Sarnath have been widely attributed to British figures such as Jonathan Duncan and Colin Mackenzie in 1798, and later, to archaeologist Alexander Cunningham. However, recent scholarly research and archival evidence have challenged this version of history, pointing instead to Jagat Singh, a descendant of the Benares ruler Chait Singh, as the first to excavate the site in 1787–88—more than a decade earlier than the British interventions.

·       Singh’s excavation, initially undertaken for construction purposes, unexpectedly revealed a trove of Buddhist relics. Some of these items are still preserved at the Asiatic Society in Kolkata. This discovery laid the foundation for Sarnath’s re-identification as a major Buddhist site. Yet, his role has largely been overshadowed by colonial narratives that positioned British officials as the primary preservers of Indian heritage.

Revisiting the Narrative: ASI’s Recent Moves

·       The current revision of the Sarnath plaque follows an earlier amendment made by the ASI at the Dharmarajika Stupa, prompted by a petition from Jagat Singh’s descendants. The earlier version of that plaque had controversially described Singh as a “destroyer” of ancient monuments. The updated plaque now acknowledges that the stupa came to light due to Singh’s actions, marking a shift towards a more balanced representation of history.

·       The upcoming revised plaque at Sarnath will explicitly credit Jagat Singh for revealing the site''s significance through his excavations in 1787–88—an acknowledgement that precedes any formal British efforts by more than a decade.

Scholarly Backing and Cultural Implications

·       The push to recognise local contributions has been bolstered by the work of scholars like B.R. Mani, former Director of the National Museum, whose excavations revealed that Buddhist activity in Sarnath predates even the Mauryan period. This research adds depth to the case for acknowledging indigenous efforts in heritage preservation.

·       Additionally, Singh’s descendants have urged the ASI to update nearby cultural notice boards to reflect these corrections, suggesting that the initiative should go beyond plaques to encompass the broader interpretive material at the site.

·       This shift in historical attribution is not simply about setting the record straight; it reflects a larger national effort to decolonise India''s historical and cultural narratives. It also aligns with India’s current cultural diplomacy strategy, which places strong emphasis on promoting Buddhist heritage, particularly among international visitors from South and Southeast Asia, who form a significant portion of tourists to Sarnath.

UNESCO World Heritage Bid and Strategic Context

·       As Sarnath awaits UNESCO’s evaluation, the government is eager to bolster its candidacy by presenting a more inclusive and accurate historical account. The revised plaque plays a symbolic role in asserting India''s own cultural and historical agency. By recognising Jagat Singh’s early excavation and contribution to the rediscovery of the site, India aims to demonstrate that the roots of heritage conservation run deep within the local traditions and rulers—long before colonial interventions began.

·       Sarnath has long featured on UNESCO’s tentative list. With the revised narrative and the government’s renewed focus, it is now considered a strong contender for full inclusion.

Almatti Dam

·       To facilitate the long-delayed Phase III of the Upper Krishna Project (UKP), the Karnataka Cabinet has recently approved the acquisition of 1,33,867 lakh acres of land. This clearance is essential to enable the elevation of the Almatti Dam’s height from its current level of 519.16 metres to the proposed 524.256 metres.

·       The Almatti Dam is a prominent hydroelectric project located on the Krishna River in northern Karnataka. Completed in July 2005, it was constructed with multiple objectives, including the provision of irrigation and potable water to nearby regions, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control.

·       The dam has an annual electricity production capacity of 713 million kilowatts (KW) and holds a gross water storage capacity of 123.08 TMC at 519 metres above mean sea level. Measuring 52.5 metres in height and 3.5 kilometres in length, the Almatti Dam serves as the primary reservoir for the Upper Krishna Irrigation Project. The power generation facility, located on the dam’s right flank, boasts a 290 MW capacity and operates with vertical Kaplan turbines, comprising five 55 MW units and one 15 MW unit.

·       Electricity is generated at two separate facilities—Almatti I Powerhouse and Almatti II Powerhouse—positioned at a distance from each other. After power generation, the discharged water flows into the Narayanpur reservoir to meet downstream irrigation demands. Additionally, approximately 77 acres surrounding the dam have been transformed into carefully curated gardens, such as the Japanese Garden, Rock Garden, Mughal Garden, Gopal Krishna Garden, and Lavakush Garden.

Penna River

·       In a recent incident, eighteen individuals trapped in the floodwaters of the Penna River in Andhra Pradesh’s Nellore district were rescued after a challenging seven-hour operation.

·       The Penna River—alternatively known as the Pennar, Pinakini, or Penneru—is a key river flowing through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in southern India. Its origin lies in the Nandi Hills located in Karnataka’s Chikkaballapur district. The river flows north into Andhra Pradesh before turning east and then southeast. Upon traversing the Eastern Ghats, it bends eastward again, ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal near Nellore.

·       Stretching approximately 597 kilometres in length, the Penna River basin lies within a rain shadow region of the Eastern Ghats. As a result, it is seasonal, with heavy flows during the monsoon and reduced flow during dry periods. Its major tributaries—mostly seasonal—include the Chitravati, Papagni, Cheyyeru, and Kunderu rivers.

·       The Penna River is critical to the agricultural economy of Andhra Pradesh, especially the drought-prone Rayalaseema region. To harness its waters, multiple irrigation projects have been developed, including the Somasila, Mylavaram, and Gandikota projects, which support both farming and drinking water supply.

Saunders’s Tern

·       A recent sighting of Saunders’s Tern has been reported at the Adyar Estuary in Chennai.

·       Saunders’s Tern (Sternula saundersi) is a small, ground-nesting seabird belonging to the Laridae family. This species resides primarily along the shores of the north-western Indian Ocean and is known for breeding in regions ranging from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf to islands between India and Sri Lanka. It is believed to winter in the Seychelles, Maldives, and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

·       These birds inhabit a range of coastal environments, including tidal lagoons, estuaries, harbours, and shallow tropical or subtropical waters. Their diet consists of marine life such as small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. Saunders’s Terns typically nest on exposed sandy shores, gravel beds, or dried mud, often up to two kilometres inland.

·       The breeding season spans from March to June. Despite their scattered populations, their conservation status remains stable, classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN.

·       The Adyar Estuary, where the sighting was made, is formed at the point where the Adyar River meets the Bay of Bengal. It is situated between Santhome Beach in the north and Elliots Beach in the south, providing a rich habitat for coastal and migratory bird species.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

·       A rapid spread of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease has been reported among children in Delhi and nearby regions of Haryana. This has prompted advisories from healthcare professionals and educational institutions.

·       Understanding HFMD: Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral illness, named for the blister-like rash on the hands and feet, and painful sores in the mouth. Although the rash may appear anywhere on the body—including the back, chest, genitals, arms, and buttocks—it typically affects children under the age of five. Adult cases are rare but not impossible. This disease often spreads quickly in daycare settings and schools. Caused by several viruses, HFMD can recur in the same individual. It should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease in livestock, as the two are unrelated and caused by entirely different viruses. Humans cannot contract the animal disease, nor can animals contract HFMD from humans.

·       Transmission and Symptoms: HFMD spreads easily via contact with contaminated surfaces or fluids—such as saliva, nasal mucus, blister fluid, feces, or unwashed hands. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, blistering mouth sores, and a rash on the hands and feet. Although complications are rare, the disease can cause discomfort and inconvenience.

·       Treatment and Recovery: There is no specific cure or vaccine for HFMD. Most people recover within 7 to 10 days with minimal medical intervention. However, children under two may take slightly longer to clear the infection.

Ion Chromatography

·       Scientists have recently developed a method for conducting ion chromatography in field settings, marking a significant step forward in real-time analysis.

·       Ion Chromatography (IC), also known as ion exchange chromatography, is a highly precise analytical technique used for separating and quantifying ions in a sample. It works by exploiting the varying affinities of ions to an ion-exchange resin. The technique can be divided into two primary types: cation exchange and anion exchange.

·       IC enables the detection of major anions such as fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, and chloride, as well as cations like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, and ammonium, often at parts-per-billion levels. It can also be used to identify concentrations of organic acids.

·       Ion chromatography involves passing a sample through a pressurized column containing a resin. Ions in the sample bind to the resin, and as an eluent is introduced, they are separated based on their individual retention times. These measurements reveal the concentrations of specific ions in the sample.

·       This technology is widely used in environmental science, particularly for analyzing drinking water and aquatic ecosystems. It also has applications in food chemistry—such as determining sugar or salt content—and in the isolation of specific proteins for biomedical research.

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

·       In recent developments, the Bureau of Indian Standards has issued 84 Quality Control Orders (QCOs) based on inputs from various ministries and departments.

·       Established under the BIS Act of 2016, the Bureau of Indian Standards functions as India''s national standards body. It is tasked with the development of standards, certification, and quality assurance of goods. BIS succeeded the Indian Standards Institution (ISI), which was founded in 1947 to promote industrial quality and efficiency.

·       Operating under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, BIS is headquartered in New Delhi with multiple regional and branch offices across the country. Internationally, BIS represents India at both the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

·       BIS plays a critical role in ensuring safe and reliable products for consumers. It minimizes health risks, fosters import substitution, and enhances exports through standardization, testing, and certification. BIS issues product licenses across various sectors, from agriculture to electronics, thereby contributing tangibly to the national economy.

Draft Civil Drone (Promotion and Regulation) Bill, 2025

·       The Ministry of Civil Aviation has released the Draft Civil Drone (Promotion and Regulation) Bill, 2025 for public feedback. This proposed legislation aims to provide a more comprehensive legal framework for the regulation and promotion of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in India, replacing the earlier Drone Rules, 2021.

·       The bill, spearheaded by the Ministry of Civil Aviation with the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) as the chief regulatory authority, seeks to ensure the safe, secure, and responsible deployment of drones. It also aims to encourage innovation, expand the drone industry, and facilitate the integration of drones into India’s civil airspace. A central goal is to enhance public safety and privacy by introducing stricter compliance mechanisms and more severe penalties for violations.

Key Provisions and Features:

The bill mandates the registration of all drones with a Unique Identification Number (UIN) and requires type certification from the DGCA before manufacturing, selling, or operating any drone. Operators must hold a valid remote pilot certificate. Airspace management will be governed by the “Digital Sky” framework, classifying zones as:

• Green Zone: Open for general operations without clearance.
• Yellow Zone: Requires Air Traffic Control (ATC) approval.
• Red Zone: Demands prior permission from the central government.

In addition, drone operators will be required to have third-party liability insurance. The legislation introduces essential safety mechanisms including anti-tampering features, compliance with airworthiness standards, and traceability systems. Violations attract stringent penalties: imprisonment from 3 months to 3 years, fines up to ₹1 lakh, and the classification of restricted zone breaches as cognisable offences. Enforcement authorities, including DGCA and police, will have the power to confiscate drones, relevant electronic devices, and associated data. In case of accidents, victims are entitled to compensation — ₹2.5 lakh for fatalities and ₹1 lakh for grievous injuries — with claims to be handled through the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal.

Central Information Commission (CIC)

·       Context: The Central Information Commission (CIC) has once again become headless — the seventh such instance in the past eleven years — following the retirement of Chief Information Commissioner Heeralal Samariya.

·       About the CIC: The CIC is the apex appellate authority under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. Established by a central notification on October 12, 2005, under Section 12 of the Act, the CIC plays a critical role in ensuring transparency in governance by adjudicating second appeals and complaints related to public access to information. It is headquartered in New Delhi.

·       Structure and Appointment: The Commission comprises a Chief Information Commissioner and up to ten Information Commissioners. Appointments are made by a committee led by the Prime Minister, along with the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM.

·       Mandate and Powers: The CIC’s responsibilities include hearing second appeals against Central Public Information Officers (CPIOs), handling complaints regarding denial or delay in information, and ensuring public authorities comply with proactive disclosure obligations. It can impose penalties on non-compliant officials and must submit an annual report to Parliament.

·       Quasi-judicial in nature, the CIC holds powers to summon witnesses, enforce attendance, collect evidence under oath, and examine public records. It may also issue directives to improve information dissemination systems across government bodies.

Operation Weed Out

·       Context: The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) has seized over 108.67 kg of hydroponic cannabis in just 20 days under its ongoing nationwide crackdown titled “Operation Weed Out.”

·       About the Operation: Launched by the DRI under the Ministry of Finance’s Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), Operation Weed Out is a targeted anti-drug mission designed to intercept high-potency hydroponic cannabis entering India from Southeast Asia. The operation supports the government’s broader Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (Drug-Free India campaign).

·       Salient Features: The campaign involves intelligence-based raids across major airports and urban hubs, in close coordination with customs, local police, and airport security. The DRI also investigates financial trails, seizing proceeds from drug trafficking and identifying the masterminds. Legal proceedings are carried out under the stringent provisions of the NDPS Act, 1985.

·       Impact and Importance: The operation protects public health, especially the youth, by curbing the spread of potent synthetic narcotics. It also plays a vital role in national security by dismantling international drug networks that use India as a trafficking hub, and it disrupts the flow of illicit funds that often fuel organized crime.

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

·       In a recent development, India’s Union Minister for Labour and Employment signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the International Labour Organisation to jointly develop the ‘International Reference Classification of Occupations’.

·       The International Labour Organisation is a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to promoting improved labour conditions and living standards globally. Established in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles and later becoming a specialized UN agency in 1946, the ILO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

·       With 187 member states—including all UN member countries except seven, plus the Cook Islands—the ILO is the only tripartite UN agency. It brings together governments, employer organizations, and worker representatives in the formulation of labour policies. For its work, the ILO was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.

·       The ILO creates international labour standards and monitors their implementation through a unique supervisory system. It also undertakes technical cooperation projects in collaboration with member states and provides education, training, and research to support its global initiatives. As a member of the UN Development Group, it actively contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Major U.S.-Led Military Exercises Around India

Context:

In 2025, Bangladesh and the United States will jointly conduct three military exercises — Tiger Lightning, Tiger Shark, and Pacific Angel — and officially launch the RQ-21 Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) program. These developments aim to enhance regional security and interoperability.

Details of U.S.-Led Exercises:

• Exercise Tiger Lightning 2025 will be hosted by Bangladesh, with participation from its Army and the U.S. Army Pacific. It will focus on counter-terrorism, peacekeeping, jungle warfare, and medical evacuation. Training includes practical simulations to prepare soldiers for real-world scenarios.
• Exercise Tiger Shark 2025, part of the Flash Bengal Series, involves elite units from both countries such as the Bangladesh Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Unit, Para Commando Brigade, and U.S. Special Forces. This drill focuses on maritime security and special operations preparedness, featuring hands-on training in patrol boat operations and small-arms use with U.S. gear.
• Exercise Pacific Angel 2025 will be held in Bangladesh (its fourth iteration) and Sri Lanka (the largest regional host). It involves the U.S. Pacific Air Forces, Bangladesh and Sri Lankan Air Forces, and counterparts from Australia, Japan, and the Maldives. The focus will be on humanitarian assistance, disaster response, and aeromedical evacuation, with drills including airdrops, search and rescue, jungle survival, and mass casualty management.
• The RQ-21 Blackjack UAS Program will be jointly implemented by the U.S. Army and Navy alongside Bangladesh’s armed forces. A joint Army-Navy regiment will operate the surveillance drones to enhance maritime domain awareness, border surveillance, and support for UN peacekeeping deployments.

The U.S. is strategically increasing its military cooperation with India’s neighbouring countries, such as Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This move reflects Washington’s broader objective of expanding its regional footprint and could signal the foundation of a more permanent military presence near India’s borders — a development with considerable geopolitical significance.

Qatar and India’s Diplomatic Stand

·       Context: At the UN Human Rights Council, India strongly condemned the recent attacks in Doha, asserting that they violated Qatar’s sovereignty. Although it did not explicitly name Israel, which has claimed responsibility, India reaffirmed its commitment to Qatar’s security and regional peace.

·       About Qatar: Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a sovereign Gulf country ruled by the House of Thani since 1868. It became independent in 1971. Situated on a flat, desert peninsula, Qatar shares a land border with Saudi Arabia and is surrounded by the Persian Gulf. Its capital, Doha, houses over 80% of the population.

·       Economic and Strategic Profile: Qatar boasts one of the world’s highest per capita GDPs, thanks to its vast reserves of natural gas and oil, making it one of the largest LNG exporters globally. The Emir holds significant executive, legislative, and judicial authority, while the partially elected Consultative Assembly has limited powers. Qatar is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council and a major non-NATO ally of the U.S., hosting the critical Al Udeid military base. The country also plays a strategic media and diplomatic role through the Al Jazeera network.

Birhor Tribe

·       Residents of Fulwariya hamlet in Koderma district, mostly from the Birhor tribe, are soon expected to receive electricity for the first time in nearly 80 years, marking a major milestone for the community.

·       The Birhor are a forest-dwelling, semi-nomadic tribal group predominantly found in Jharkhand, with smaller populations in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal. Recognized as one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in Jharkhand, the name "Birhor" derives from "Bi" meaning forest and "hor" meaning man—thus translating to “people of the forest.”

·       The Birhor language belongs to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family and shares similarities with Santali, Mundari, and Ho languages. Due to cultural assimilation, many Birhors are bilingual or trilingual, also speaking Hindi, Bengali, or other regional languages. Ethnologically related to the Santals, Mundas, and Hos, the Birhors are of short stature, with long heads, wavy hair, and broad noses. They trace their lineage to the Sun and consider the Kharwars their kin.

·       Birhor society is organized into small, kinship-based communities led by clan heads. They reside in forest settlements known as tandas or bands, which typically consist of cone-shaped huts made of leaves and branches. Traditionally, their subsistence economy revolved around hunting—especially monkeys—and rope-making from specific forest vines, which they sold in nearby markets.

·       Some Birhors have transitioned to settled agriculture. Socially, the tribe is divided into two categories: the nomadic Uthlus and the settled Janghis. The community also retains deep knowledge of traditional medicine, using forest plants to treat ailments.

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML)

·       Context: The World Health Organization has added GLP-1 receptor agonists to its Model List of Essential Medicines, recognizing their effectiveness in managing type-2 diabetes with related conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular issues, and kidney disease.

·       About GLP-1 Drugs: GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) receptor agonists are a class of drugs that mimic the natural GLP-1 hormone. They primarily lower blood glucose levels in patients with type-2 diabetes and also promote weight loss, improve insulin function, slow digestion, and suppress appetite. Most of these drugs are injectable, although some oral versions exist. Their benefits extend to managing obesity and overall metabolic health.

·       About the WHO Model List: First introduced in 1977 and updated biennially, the WHO’s EML identifies medicines that are essential, safe, effective, and cost-efficient. It serves as a global benchmark, guiding over 150 countries in building their National Essential Medicines Lists (NEMLs). The EML supports universal health coverage by prioritizing affordability and access. By encouraging generic production and bulk procurement, it also helps bring down medicine prices globally.

Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025

·       Context: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) released the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025, assessing 139 economies based on technological progress, investments, adoption patterns, and socioeconomic outcomes.

·       India’s Performance: India has climbed to the 38th position, a dramatic improvement from 81st in 2015. Alongside Vietnam, India is among the longest-standing overperformers, exceeding expectations for its development level for 15 consecutive years. Major Indian innovation hubs — Bengaluru (21st), Delhi (26th), Mumbai (46th), and Chennai (84th) — rank among the world’s top 100 clusters.

·       Top Performers: Switzerland leads the rankings, followed by Sweden, the USA, South Korea, and Singapore. Innovation clusters such as Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou, Tokyo–Yokohama, and San Jose–San Francisco dominate globally.

·       India’s Innovation Framework: Flagship initiatives like Startup India, Atal Innovation Mission, NIDHI, and AGNIi are driving grassroots and high-end innovation. These are supported by schemes such as the Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship and NITI Aayog’s tech platforms.

·       Innovation Metrics: India leads the world in ICT services exports and ranks 3rd in domestic market scale, 4th in late-stage VC deals, 8th in intangible asset intensity, and 11th in unicorn valuations. It has improved in creative output (rising from 49th in 2023 to 42nd in 2025) and maintains a high output-to-input efficiency ratio in innovation.