India’s New Geothermal Energy Policy: Potential, Benefits, and Challenges

India has introduced a national geothermal energy policy aimed at testing the commercial viability of geothermal technology. This initiative has already attracted interest from companies based in the United States, Iceland, and Norway, which are undertaking research and development as well as pilot projects in regions such as the Gulf of Cambay, Arunachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.

Understanding Geothermal Energy

·       Geothermal energy is derived from the Earth’s internal heat, typically accessed through hot springs or underground reservoirs. This heat is used to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity. Beyond electricity generation, geothermal energy offers additional applications such as space heating, cooling, greenhouse cultivation, and aquaculture.

·       The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified 381 hot springs across the country, with surface temperatures ranging between 35°C and 89°C, highlighting the presence of significant hydrothermal resources.

·       The process of tapping geothermal energy involves several steps. First, deep wells are drilled to reach hydrothermal reservoirs. In dry steam plants, steam is directly extracted and used to rotate turbines. Alternatively, in flash steam plants, high-pressure hot water is brought to the surface and rapidly depressurized in a flash tank to produce steam, which then drives the turbine.

·       Once mechanical energy is generated by the turbine, it is converted into electricity via a generator. The cooled water or condensed steam is then reinjected into the reservoir, an essential measure to maintain reservoir pressure and ensure the sustainability of the system.

·       India’s geothermal potential is estimated at 10.6 GW, with key geothermal zones located in the Himalayan Geothermal Province—including Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Arunachal Pradesh—as well as in the Cambay Graben of Gujarat and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Abandoned oil wells, particularly in Cambay and Gandhar (operated by ONGC in Gujarat), are also under evaluation for geothermal adaptation.

·       At the global level, installed geothermal capacity stands below 17 GW, with the United States, Indonesia, and the Philippines accounting for the majority. However, countries like Iceland and Norway are leading technological innovation in the field. According to the US International Trade Administration, the Puga and Chumathang geothermal fields in Ladakh are India’s most promising sites. The International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that China, the United States, and India will together account for 75% of next-generation geothermal development, with India’s installed capacity expected to reach 4.2 GW by 2035 and potentially approach 100 GW by 2045.

Policy Drive and International Collaborations

·       The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has launched the geothermal energy policy to accelerate exploration and development. Companies from Norway and Iceland have initiated pilot studies in locations such as the Gulf of Cambay, Arunachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Collaborative ventures with the United States and Indonesia are also being explored, with a focus on enhanced geothermal systems that are better suited for large-scale power generation.

·       The policy highlights the potential for geothermal energy to revolutionize energy access in remote regions. For example, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, where electricity costs range from ₹30 to ₹32 per unit, geothermal power could bring the cost down to ₹10 to ₹11 per unit. In Ladakh, geothermal systems could provide essential heating and electricity during the region’s harsh winters, thereby significantly improving living conditions and energy security.

·       India possesses thousands of decommissioned oil wells, particularly in the Gulf of Cambay, which are being considered for conversion into geothermal wells. Interest from the oil and gas sector is growing, with IIT Madras currently piloting a 450 kWh geothermal project in Barmer, Rajasthan. This initiative is supported by the MNRE in collaboration with Vedanta’s Cairn Oil & Gas. Similarly, Reliance Industries is exploring geothermal energy integration within its oil and gas portfolio.

Challenges and the Need for Policy Support

Despite its promise, geothermal development faces significant barriers, particularly high initial capital costs and exploration risks. On average, it costs an estimated ₹36 crore to establish one megawatt of geothermal capacity. To address these challenges, the national geothermal policy includes provisions for research and development, pilot projects, and enhanced coordination between stakeholders such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and various state governments. A viability gap funding (VGF) mechanism is also under consideration to offset financial risks and attract private investment.

Ongoing Initiatives and Future Outlook

The MNRE has already approved five geothermal pilot projects, including one led by Vedanta. With the rollout of the new policy, the ministry anticipates expanding this portfolio. This initiative follows the formation of a dedicated MNRE task force on geothermal energy in August 2024. The overarching goal is to establish the commercial feasibility of geothermal power in India and to create both technical and financial frameworks that will enable large-scale deployment in the future.

Ageing Dams in India: A Growing Structural and Policy Challenge

India is currently facing a significant infrastructure challenge due to its ageing dams. As of 2023, over 1,065 dams in the country are between 50 to 100 years old, while 224 dams have exceeded the 100-year mark. Experts have raised concerns that many of these structures are approaching the end of their original design life, with potential consequences for safety, irrigation, and hydropower generation. This growing issue demands urgent attention to ensure structural integrity, operational efficiency, and public safety.

Historical Development of Dams in India

·       India''s relationship with dams stretches back centuries. The Kallanai Dam, built in the 2nd century CE, remains one of the oldest functioning irrigation structures in the world. The Mettur Dam (1934) and Nizam Sagar Dam (1931) were among the first large-scale modern reservoirs constructed before independence. During the British colonial period, important irrigation infrastructure such as the Krishna and Godavari anicuts was developed, and the idea of the Damodar Valley Corporation was conceptualized, inspired by the Tennessee Valley model in the United States.

·       Following independence, the construction of monumental projects like Bhakra-Nangal (1963), Hirakud (1957), Rihand, Tungabhadra, and Koyna dams marked a new era. These projects were celebrated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the "temples of modern India," instrumental in propelling the Green Revolution by providing water for agriculture and hydroelectric power.

·       Between 1951 and 1971, India launched an ambitious infrastructure program, initiating construction on 418 large dams within two decades. These efforts aimed to enhance irrigation, generate electricity, and provide flood control. In more recent decades, dam projects have become increasingly multipurpose, integrating components like tourism, navigation, and inland fisheries to support comprehensive water resource development.

·       Currently, the focus has shifted toward rehabilitating and modernizing ageing dams to enhance safety and climate resilience, with a long-term vision of prolonging their operational lifespan.

Legal and Policy Framework Governing Dam Safety

• India has developed a legal and institutional framework to regulate dam safety, culminating in the Dam Safety Act of 2021. This legislation provides a formal structure for monitoring, surveillance, and maintenance of dams. It also establishes key bodies such as the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA), the National Committee on Dam Safety, and State Dam Safety Organisations (SDSOs).
• The Act mandates pre- and post-monsoon safety inspections, the preparation of Emergency Action Plans, and the creation of inundation maps to improve disaster preparedness. These measures are aimed at ensuring operational safety and rapid response during emergencies.
• In addition, the Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP)—phased across DRIP I, II, and III—has covered 736 dams across 19 states. Supported by the World Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the program focuses on structural upgrades, gate replacements, installation of monitoring equipment, and capacity-building for dam personnel.
• The Central Water Commission (CWC) plays a key technical role, issuing periodic safety protocols, conducting risk assessments, and recommending corrective actions. Despite these efforts, India lacks a structured decommissioning policy for obsolete or unsafe dams and continues to emphasize lifespan extension rather than safe retirement.

Critical Challenges Facing India’s Ageing Dams

Several pressing challenges arise from the deteriorating condition of dams in India:

·       Ageing Infrastructure: By 2050, more than 4,200 dams will surpass 50 years of age, increasing the likelihood of structural fatigue and mechanical failure. Many of these dams were built with outdated spillway designs that are insufficient to manage today’s increasingly severe floods, thereby heightening the risk of overtopping.

·       Sedimentation and Storage Loss: Key reservoirs like Bhakra, Hirakud, and Lower Bhavani have already lost 20–30% of their storage capacity due to sedimentation. This reduction in live storage compromises the effectiveness of these dams in irrigation, hydropower generation, and drinking water supply.

·       Climate Change and Extreme Weather Event: Recent events such as cloudbursts, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), and intensified monsoon patterns are exerting tremendous stress on old dam infrastructure. The 2023 GLOF in Sikkim is a stark reminder of the vulnerability of high-altitude dams. Many dams have flood routing capacities that fall short of handling the probable maximum flood (PMF), increasing flood risks downstream.

·       Seismic and Geotechnical Threats: Some of India’s major dams, such as Mullaperiyar and Koyna, are located in seismically active zones. Issues such as recurring cracks, seepage, and foundation erosion are critical threats, particularly to earth-fill dams, where internal piping and geotechnical instability could result in catastrophic failure.

·       Institutional and Governance Gaps: There is a noticeable lack of transparency in dam data, limited public engagement, and slow progress in implementing rehabilitation measures. Furthermore, the absence of a decommissioning framework leaves outdated dams in operation, posing long-term safety hazards.

Notable Case Studies

·       The Mullaperiyar Dam, constructed in 1895, remains at the center of an inter-state dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. At over 120 years old, its location in a seismic zone and vulnerability to structural stress have raised serious safety concerns.

·       The Hirakud Dam, completed in 1957, experienced a near-overtopping incident in 1982, which led to the addition of an auxiliary spillway. The dam has also lost around 25% of its storage due to sedimentation.

·       At the Bhakra Nangal Dam, sedimentation has reduced reservoir capacity by 23%. Authorities are currently undertaking seismic reassessment to evaluate risks under new climate and tectonic models.

·       The Tiware Dam failure in 2019 resulted in the deaths of 19 people, exposing critical lapses in inspection protocols and the urgent need for a robust and accountable safety regime.

Path Forward: A Comprehensive Strategy for Dam Management

To address the looming crisis of ageing dams, India needs a science-based, multi-pronged strategy:

·       Risk-Based Prioritization: Priority should be given to high-consequence dams—those located near large downstream populations or critical infrastructure. Independent, third-party safety audits must become standard to ensure unbiased risk assessments.

·       Strengthening Physical Infrastructure: Dams should be retrofitted with updated spillways and structural reinforcements that meet current seismic and climatic standards. Catchment area treatment programs are essential to reduce silt inflow and preserve reservoir capacity.

·       Policy for Decommissioning and Repurposing: India must establish a formal decommissioning framework to safely retire dams where risks outweigh benefits. Simultaneously, alternative water storage solutions such as aquifer recharge systems and check dams should be explored.

·       Community Engagement and Public Transparency: Greater community involvement is crucial for safety. This includes creating downstream hazard maps, setting up early warning systems, conducting regular mock drills, and making dam safety data publicly accessible to enhance citizen oversight.

·       Climate-Resilient Dam Design and Management: Future dam management strategies must integrate modelling for glacial retreat, GLOF risks, and PMF projections. Resilience to climate-induced extremes should become a central criterion in all dam-related planning and rehabilitation.

Conclusion

India''s ageing dams represent a dual reality: while they have served as critical instruments for development and water security, they now pose growing safety and environmental risks. A risk-informed, science-backed, and climate-conscious approach to dam management is not only urgent but essential. The goal should not be limited to preserving the physical structures, but to safeguarding lives, ensuring intergenerational equity in water access, and upholding the sustainability of India’s hydraulic infrastructure.

Technology-Driven Disaster Management Strategy: A Future-Ready Framework for the Himalayas

The devastating Himalayan floods of 2025, which struck Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttarakhand, resulted in severe loss of life and property. These events exposed significant shortcomings in the region’s disaster preparedness and highlighted the urgent need for a forward-looking, technology-driven disaster management approach. Experts are now calling for a comprehensive strategy tailored specifically to the Himalayan context, integrating cutting-edge technologies, improved governance, and community engagement.

The Himalayan Disaster Profile

• The Himalayan region, being geologically young and still rising, is inherently fragile. This geological volatility renders it highly susceptible to natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, and slope instability. The steep terrain, combined with intense monsoon rainfall, leads to frequent hydro-meteorological hazards, including cloudbursts, flash floods, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
• Human activities are compounding these risks. Infrastructure projects such as road widening, tunneling for hydropower, deforestation, and unregulated tourism continue to exert anthropogenic stress on the region’s already fragile slopes. Furthermore, climate change is acting as a force multiplier—rising temperatures accelerate glacial melt and disrupt rainfall patterns, increasing the frequency and intensity of floods and landslides. The risk is further heightened by the location of towns, pilgrimage routes, and critical infrastructure on floodplains and unstable slopes, placing large populations in harm’s way.

Current Disaster Management Strengths

·       India has established a multi-tiered institutional framework for disaster management. At the national level, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) plays a central role, while State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs) function at the state level.

·       Response times are generally quick, with the Indian Army, Air Force, and Border Roads Organisation (BRO) deploying rescue teams, helicopters, and temporary bridges to restore connectivity and save lives. Technology is increasingly being leveraged—drones are deployed for aerial surveys, Doppler radars monitor weather systems, and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides real-time alerts through nowcasting systems and satellite-based communication.

·       Efficient coordination among various agencies—the civil administration, armed forces, paramilitary units, and disaster response teams—ensures a unified response during emergencies. Community participation also plays a vital role; local volunteers, panchayats, and NGOs often carry out initial evacuations and distribute relief supplies before formal teams arrive.

Persistent Gaps and Challenges

·       Despite these strengths, critical challenges remain. Forecasting capabilities are still limited, especially for hyper-local weather events like cloudbursts and GLOFs. The inability to provide accurate, short-notice warnings reduces the window for evacuation and preparedness. Moreover, unplanned infrastructure development, including road cutting and encroachments, increases exposure to hazards and magnifies the impact of disasters.

·       There is a widespread lack of public awareness. Many individuals ignore early warning alerts or are unfamiliar with evacuation procedures, leading to avoidable casualties. At the institutional level, many SDMAs face operational constraints due to inadequate manpower, outdated disaster management plans, and insufficient funding. Post-disaster recovery often falls short—damaged roads and bridges are rebuilt without addressing underlying slope stability, and compensation disbursements are frequently delayed, prolonging the rehabilitation process.

Technology’s Role in Risk Reduction

·       Technology offers transformative solutions to address these challenges. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing tools can be used to map hazard-prone areas, enabling better land-use planning, zoning regulations, and safe infrastructure development. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning can analyse historical and real-time rainfall data to predict flash floods and debris flows with greater accuracy.

·       A 24×7 monitoring network comprising sensors for glacial lakes, soil moisture, and slope movement, along with Doppler radars, can provide early warnings of potential slope failures or flooding. Drones can serve multiple roles—from continuous surveillance of vulnerable areas to real-time delivery of supplies and providing live imagery for decision-makers during a disaster.

·       Digital communication tools, including mobile apps, SMS alerts, sirens, and public announcement systems, are essential to disseminate warnings quickly and ensure timely evacuations, especially in remote and high-risk zones.

Governance and Community Engagement

·       Building a resilient disaster management ecosystem requires active community participation and strong governance. Initiatives such as the Aapda Mitra programme are aimed at training community volunteers to act as first responders in their localities. These trained individuals can be invaluable in the immediate aftermath of a disaster.

·       Strict regulatory frameworks must be enforced to prevent construction in ecologically sensitive areas, with mandatory compliance to seismic and safety standards. Regular mock drills, especially along pilgrimage routes and in schools, can familiarise people with evacuation protocols and reduce panic during real events. Decentralised disaster management plans should empower District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) with adequate resources and autonomy to implement localised and timely actions.

Way Forward: Building a Resilient Future

·       Moving ahead, disaster management must shift from reactive responses to preventive strategies. Hazard mapping should be integrated into the planning of urban expansion, hydropower development, and tourism infrastructure, avoiding high-risk zones altogether.

·       Technological advancements must be embraced, including Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled sensors, AI-driven forecasting models, and blockchain systems for transparent tracking of relief distribution. Climate-resilient infrastructure is also essential—bio-engineered retaining walls, climate-adapted roads, and robust slope stabilisation measures can significantly reduce vulnerability.

·       Investments in capacity building are crucial. This includes training disaster management professionals, ensuring dedicated budget allocations for SDMAs, and promoting grassroots disaster literacy. Public engagement must become a cornerstone of preparedness—civic education curricula should incorporate disaster readiness, encouraging every citizen to treat preparedness not as an option but as a responsibility.

Conclusion

The Himalayan floods of 2025 serve as a stark reminder of the region’s vulnerability and the limitations of current disaster management practices. India must transition from a relief-centric approach to a proactive, risk-reduction model that is grounded in technology, informed governance, and empowered communities. Creating a resilient, tech-enabled, and citizen-aware disaster management system is vital for protecting lives, livelihoods, and ecosystems in the fragile Himalayan landscape.

World Trade Report 2025 Highlights Transformative Role of AI in Trade and Inclusive Growth

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has released its World Trade Report 2025, focusing on the far-reaching impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on global trade dynamics and the pursuit of inclusive economic growth. The report frames AI as a general-purpose technology—a category reserved for innovations with the capacity to transform entire economies. With its pervasive influence across sectors and borders, AI is expected to reshape patterns of wealth distribution, income, and labor on a global scale.

AI as a Catalyst for Trade Expansion and Inclusive Growth

The report outlines several key mechanisms through which AI can significantly enhance global trade while also promoting broader economic inclusion:

·       AI holds the potential to lower trade costs and increase productivity across supply chains. Through enhanced logistics optimization, streamlined regulatory compliance, automated contract enforcement, and real-time translation that mitigates language barriers, AI could contribute to a 34–37% increase in global trade volumes by 2040. These efficiency gains are expected to particularly benefit developing economies by improving market access and competitiveness.

·       A notable impact of AI lies in its influence on the ‘skill premium’—the wage gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers. Unlike previous technological waves, AI is projected to substitute more tasks performed by medium- and high-skilled workers than those done by low-skilled workers. As a result, the relative demand for high-skilled labor may decline, causing the global skill premium to drop by an estimated 3–4%. This trend could help reduce income inequality, especially in countries where technological advances have disproportionately favored skilled professionals.

·       The report also emphasizes the role of AI in accelerating knowledge diffusion through international trade. Countries more open to trade experience stronger innovation spillovers, with empirical data indicating that a 10% rise in digitally deliverable services trade corresponds with a 2.6% increase in cross-border citations of AI-related patents. This trend highlights how international trade can amplify innovation by spreading cutting-edge technologies beyond their points of origin.

·       AI also opens up new development pathways for countries, particularly those endowed with critical minerals or renewable energy resources. Such nations could position themselves as key suppliers of upstream components like semiconductors or energy inputs, as well as become destinations for labor-intensive services such as data collection, annotation, and digital processing. This diversification of economic roles offers emerging economies a unique opportunity to integrate into high-value segments of the global AI-driven economy.

Policy Concerns and Areas Requiring Immediate Attention

·       Despite its transformative potential, the rise of AI presents significant challenges that demand urgent and coordinated policy responses.

·       A primary concern is the concentration of AI capabilities within a limited number of firms and countries. The report warns that this concentration could lead to unequal access to AI technologies, reinforcing existing global inequalities and undermining the potential for inclusive development.

·       In parallel, the disruption of labor markets remains a critical issue. As AI automates routine and cognitive tasks, some segments of the workforce are likely to face displacement. To mitigate this, the WTO calls for investments in education, re-skilling, and active labor market policies aimed at helping workers transition into new roles shaped by digital technologies.

Conclusion: Enabling Inclusive AI and Trade Integration

·       The WTO concludes that realizing the inclusive potential of AI in global trade will require proactive, coordinated, and forward-looking policies. These include strategic investments in digital infrastructure and digital literacy, efforts to promote regulatory coherence across borders, and measures to ensure competitive markets that prevent monopolistic control over AI technologies.

·       Equally important is the role of international cooperation, with the WTO positioning itself as a central platform for policy dialogue, norm-setting, and cross-border collaboration. By fostering a global environment of trust, equity, and shared responsibility, the report envisions a future where AI not only boosts trade volumes but also contributes meaningfully to equitable and sustainable economic growth across all regions.

EU–India Strategic Roadmap: Trade, Technology, and Defence

The European Union has officially launched a comprehensive new EU–India Strategic Roadmap aimed at deepening cooperation across multiple critical sectors—trade, technology, defence, connectivity, and climate action. This initiative, unveiled against the backdrop of evolving global geopolitics, signals a clear recognition of India’s rising stature and its importance as a strategic partner for Europe. The roadmap represents a concerted effort to elevate bilateral relations, providing a long-term framework for collaborative engagement and mutual growth.

Strategic Vision and Background

·       The new roadmap was introduced by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen as part of a broader joint communication on the New Strategic EU–India Agenda. It reflects the European Union’s intent to significantly deepen its ties with India, leveraging shared values and mutual interests as the foundation of this partnership. The European Commission underscored the fact that the EU is already India’s largest trading partner, and it reiterated its commitment to concluding the long-anticipated Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with India by the end of the year. This agreement, if finalised, would become the largest trade deal ever signed by the EU.

·       While the roadmap demonstrates strong alignment between both parties, EU officials also acknowledged potential points of friction—most notably, India’s ongoing purchases of Russian oil and its participation in Russian military exercises. These issues could present hurdles in fully realising the roadmap’s ambitions, though both sides remain committed to navigating these challenges through dialogue and shared interests.

Pillars of Cooperation

·       Trade and Economic Relations: Central to the roadmap is the deepening of trade and economic engagement. The EU continues to view the Free Trade Agreement as a pivotal component of the overall strategy. Alongside this, the roadmap highlights the importance of diversifying global supply chains, increasing investment flows, and creating a business-friendly environment that encourages bilateral commerce. A notable proposal includes the establishment of an EU–India Business Forum to facilitate direct business-to-business interactions and foster private sector collaboration.

·       Technology and Innovation: Technology is a cornerstone of the strategic partnership. The roadmap outlines initiatives focused on emerging technologies and digital transformation, including the strengthening of the existing EU–India Trade and Technology Council (TTC). It proposes intensified digital cooperation, enhanced startup ecosystems, and India''s participation in the Horizon Europe programme, a flagship EU research and innovation initiative. These efforts aim to bolster technological innovation and scientific collaboration between the two regions.

·       Defence and Security Cooperation: A key advancement in the strategic roadmap is the proposed EU–India Security and Defence Partnership. This includes joint efforts in areas such as maritime security, cyber defence, counterterrorism, and crisis management. The roadmap proposes initiating negotiations for a Security of Information Agreement, which would allow for the exchange of classified data. It also stresses the importance of enhanced defence-industrial collaboration to foster innovation and strengthen technological capabilities in the security domain.

·       Connectivity and Global Governance: Connectivity remains a priority area, with the roadmap placing emphasis on regional initiatives like the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) and trilateral cooperation through the EU’s Global Gateway strategy. The plan also focuses on global governance, with commitments to multilateralism, adherence to international law, and support for reforms in global institutions. Additionally, mobility and migration are addressed through the proposed European Legal Gateway Office and a broader framework for cooperation on study, research, and professional exchanges.

·       Climate Change and Sustainability: Climate action forms a vital pillar of the partnership. Both the EU and India have reaffirmed their commitment to clean energy cooperation and sustainable development. The roadmap outlines joint initiatives in green technologies and reiterates the shared responsibility to combat climate change. This includes collaborative efforts on sustainable energy transition and environmental innovation to meet global climate targets.

India’s Response and Strategic Implications

·       Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomed the launch of the roadmap, expressing India’s strong commitment to reinforcing its partnership with the European Union. He also emphasised India''s support for a peaceful resolution to the Ukraine conflict and extended an invitation for the upcoming India–EU Summit to be held in India. The roadmap not only affirms India’s growing influence on the world stage but also underscores the EU’s recognition of India as a central actor in shaping future global economic and security dynamics.

·       Despite existing differences, both the EU and India remain focused on the broader convergence of their strategic interests. The roadmap highlights a mutual determination to uphold a rules-based international order and to collaborate closely in addressing shared global challenges—from economic resilience and technological advancement to climate action and global governance reforms.

Lessons from the Octopus

Introduction

• A recent study published in Scientific Reports by researchers at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole (USA) has shed light on the intriguing and highly organised behaviour of the octopus. Far from being a chaotic mass of limbs, the octopus demonstrates a sophisticated system of limb coordination, assigning distinct roles to different arms depending on context and need.
• This study reflects nature’s deep intelligence, showcasing principles of compartmentalisation, cooperation, and adaptability. The findings offer not just biological insights, but profound implications for fields ranging from robotics and cognitive science to philosophy, public policy, and ethical thinking.

Key Findings of the Study

Division of Labour Among Limbs

·       Each of the octopus’s eight limbs performs a unique function, based on its position and the situation.

·       The front arms act like diplomats — highly flexible, far-reaching, and capable of navigating complex environments.

·       In contrast, the rear arms serve more practical purposes such as locomotion, propulsion, and escape, ensuring swift reaction in unpredictable situations.

·       This form of functional specialisation and cooperation equips the octopus with remarkable adaptability across diverse habitats.

Parallels in Nature

This division of labour mirrors other natural systems:

• The human brain divides linguistic and spatial tasks between hemispheres but relies on constant inter-hemispheric communication.
• Bird wings, though symmetrical, each make micro-adjustments for stability, lift, and thrust.
• Social insects like ants and bees operate on decentralised specialisation, combining individual roles into collective efficiency.

Core Principle: Specialisation + Cooperation = Resilience

The underlying lesson is that diversity in roles, combined with harmonious functioning, contributes to survival, flexibility, and system resilience.

Cross-Disciplinary Implications

·       Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: In robotics, the octopus provides a bio-inspired blueprint. Rather than designing machines with monolithic, uniform programming, engineers can develop systems composed of specialised, flexible modules that work collaboratively. For example, soft robotics based on octopus limbs are already being explored in areas like minimally invasive surgery, underwater exploration, and disaster rescue. In AI systems, the idea of distributed intelligence—where decision-making is decentralised—offers models for systems that are more adaptive and less prone to single points of failure.

·       Cognitive Science and Neuroscience: The octopus’s neural structure suggests a model of distributed cognition: its arms possess localised decision-making ability, independent of the central brain. This challenges traditional concepts of intelligence as a top-down process. It prompts inquiry into whether cooperation between semi-autonomous agents might better explain learning, creativity, and even mental well-being. This decentralised model could reshape how we understand both artificial cognition and the human brain.

·       Philosophical and Social Dimensions: The octopus teaches us that resilience arises from diversity, not uniformity. Each arm knows when to take charge and when to play a supportive role — a profound metaphor for human societies and institutions. Just like the octopus, social systems thrive when different arms—legislature, executive, judiciary, media, and civil society—coordinate without overstepping. This aligns with the ethical and philosophical concept of pluralism, where progress and harmony are achieved through balanced diversity, not centralised domination.

·       Governance and Public Policy: The octopus provides an analogy for federal governance. Its model suggests that local, state, and central bodies should be empowered according to their capacities and contexts. Just as the rear arms handle propulsion and the front ones navigate complexity, policy implementation and vision-setting must be contextually divided. This insight supports models like cooperative federalism, which balance autonomy with coordination.

·       Environmental and Evolutionary Perspective: From an ecological standpoint, the octopus exemplifies how adaptability, decentralisation, and diversity enhance survival. As humanity grapples with climate change, resilience strategies must reflect this logic: local solutions, global cooperation, and diverse approaches are essential. Nature, through evolution, has shown that survival favours specialisation combined with effective communication—not rigid structures.

Broader Ethical Insights

·       Plurality and Innovation: Innovation is more likely to emerge in diverse ecosystems where unique roles and ideas can coexist. Uniform systems may be efficient temporarily but prove fragile in the face of crisis.

·       Leadership and Flexibility: The octopus model implies that not all limbs (or individuals or institutions) need to lead at once. Effective systems require the wisdom to adapt roles according to circumstances, rotating leadership as needed.

·       Resilience in Complexity: The adaptive complexity of the octopus arms serves as a metaphor for systems—social, political, or technological—that embrace diversity and decentralisation. These are the systems that withstand shocks, evolve, and recover.

·       Ethical and Humanistic Dimensions: The octopus provides a compelling ethical parable for human life. It shows that patience, intuition, adaptability, and balance offer more long-term strength than conformity or force. In polarised times, the capacity to respect differences—of identity, opinion, and culture—is not a weakness but a moral strength. Ethics rooted in pluralism, not uniformity, make societies more humane and more sustainable.

Way Forward: Research and Application

• Biomimicry and Technology: Further research into cephalopod-inspired robotics can revolutionise healthcare, defence, and marine engineering.
• AI and Cognitive Models: Study of distributed intelligence in natural organisms can lead to smarter, safer, and more adaptive AI systems.
• Governance Innovation: Use decentralised frameworks to tackle global issues such as pandemics, climate change, and conflict resolution.
• Ethical Paradigms: Build ethical systems and social structures that value diversity, cooperation, and context-based leadership.

Conclusion

·       The octopus, with its elegant coordination of limbs and decentralised intelligence, teaches a timeless lesson: resilience stems from diversity, adaptability, and shared leadership.

·       In a world facing increasing complexity—from technological disruption to climate threats and social fragmentation—this lesson is more relevant than ever.

·       To build lasting systems—whether in governance, technology, or ethics—humanity must embrace the octopus’s way: flexible, decentralised, and deeply cooperative. Knowing when to lead, when to follow, and when to adapt is the essence of ethical survival.

Hathei Chilli: Indigenous Pride and Economic Lifeline of Manipur

The 14th Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival was recently inaugurated in Manipur with the objective of promoting the GI-tagged Hathei Chilli, a unique agricultural product that holds cultural, economic, and ecological significance in the state.

Origin and Cultivation

Hathei Chilli, also known as the Sirarakhong Chilli, is a distinctive variety that flourishes exclusively in the unique climatic conditions of Sirarakhong village, located approximately 66 kilometres from Imphal in Manipur. This indigenous chilli is cultivated on the sloped terrains using the traditional jhum (shifting cultivation) method, which is still widely practiced in the region. The chilli received its Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2021, which affirms its origin-linked qualities and distinguishes it from other varieties in the market.

Characteristics and Significance

·       Hathei Chilli is celebrated for its deep red colour, unique flavour profile, and characteristic size and shape, which are exclusive to the variety grown in Sirarakhong. It is regarded as one of the finest chillies in the world, with a high market demand both within Manipur and across other states. Its high American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) colour value of 164 indicates its strong pigment and suitability for culinary and commercial use. The ASTA value is a globally recognized metric used to measure the extractable colour of chillies.

·       The chilli is not only valued for its taste and colour but also for its nutritional and health benefits. Rich in antioxidants, it contains high levels of calcium and Vitamin C, making it a functional food product that contributes to health and immunity.

·       Economically, the cultivation of Hathei Chilli serves as the main source of livelihood for the villagers of Sirarakhong, who are predominantly from the Tangkhul Naga community. The annual festival has become a platform for cultural celebration, market access, and the empowerment of local farmers, helping to boost rural incomes through sustainable agriculture.

Understanding Geographical Indications (GI) Tag

·       A Geographical Indication (GI) tag is a form of intellectual property that signifies that a particular product originates from a specific geographical area and possesses qualities or a reputation that are inherently linked to its origin. GI tags are applicable to a broad range of products including agricultural produce, foodstuffs, wine and spirits, handicrafts, and industrial goods.

·       In India, GI tags are governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, and are granted by the Geographical Indication Registry operating under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The objective is to protect the cultural heritage, ensure economic benefits to local producers, and preserve the unique identity of the product.

PM MITRA Parks: Building a Textile Revolution in India

The Prime Minister recently laid the foundation stone for India’s first Pradhan Mantri Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (PM MITRA) Park in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, marking a transformative step toward positioning India as a global textile hub.

Concept and Vision

·       The PM MITRA scheme envisions the creation of mega textile parks that integrate all stages of textile production—from spinning and weaving to dyeing, printing, and garment-making—within a single, coordinated industrial ecosystem. Each park is spread over 1,000 acres or more and is designed to function as a self-sustained textile manufacturing cluster. These parks can be established either as Greenfield projects (new developments) or Brownfield projects (upgrading existing infrastructure).

·       Inspired by the integrated supply chain model, the initiative aligns with the vision of “Farm to Fibre to Factory to Fashion to Foreign,” aiming to make Indian textiles more competitive in terms of cost, quality, and speed to market.

Infrastructure and Economic Impact

·       Each PM MITRA Park will house modern infrastructure, including robust road and utility networks, reliable power and water supply, housing for workers, logistical support, and plug-and-play factory units. Additionally, the parks will include space for research and development, skill training centres, and commercial activity, enabling a holistic development approach.

·       The land within each park will be allocated based on the following model: 50% for core manufacturing, 20% for utilities and logistics, and 10% for commercial development. The remaining area will support allied services and green spaces.

·       These parks are projected to generate 1 lakh direct and 2 lakh indirect jobs per location and attract investments of over ₹70,000 crore nationwide. Each park will be developed through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), jointly owned by the State Government and the Government of India, operating under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.

Financial Assistance and Geographic Spread

·       The Ministry of Textiles will provide financial assistance of up to ₹800 crore for Greenfield projects and up to ₹500 crore for Brownfield projects. State governments are responsible for providing the necessary land and augmenting utility infrastructure.

Seven states have been selected to host these mega parks:

• Tamil Nadu (Virudhunagar)
• Telangana
• Gujarat
• Karnataka
• Madhya Pradesh
• Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow district)
• Maharashtra

Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI): India''s Apex Anti-Smuggling Agency

As part of the ongoing "Operation Weed Out", the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) recently seized 39.2 kg of hydroponic weed at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai, reinforcing its position as India''s leading anti-smuggling agency.

Mandate and Structure

·       Established in 1957, the DRI functions as the premier intelligence and investigative agency against smuggling and related economic offences. It operates under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), which is part of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

·       The agency enforces provisions under the Customs Act, 1962, and over 50 other allied laws, including the NDPS Act, Wildlife Protection Act, Arms Act, COFEPOSA, and the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, among others.

Functions and Operations

The DRI is tasked with combating:

• Drug trafficking
• Illicit trade in wildlife and endangered species
• Smuggling of gold, arms, and counterfeit currency
• Evasion of customs duties and commercial frauds

The DRI has a nationwide network of zonal and regional units, including sub-regional intelligence cells. It collects and analyzes intelligence, supports field operations, maintains seizure statistics, and recommends policy changes to plug legal and procedural loopholes. DRI also leads S-CORD, the national anti-smuggling coordination centre, and plays an active role in international customs cooperation, under Customs Mutual Assistance Agreements with over 60 countries, focusing on intelligence-sharing and adopting best practices.

Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) to Feature Colour Photographs for Greater Clarity

The Election Commission of India (ECI) has updated the guidelines for Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) ballot papers under Rule 49B of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961. Starting with the Bihar Assembly elections, ballot papers on EVMs will now feature colour photographs of candidates, larger serial numbers, and a cleaner layout to enhance voter clarity.

Objective and Scope of the Reform

·       This initiative is intended to improve the transparency and user-friendliness of the voting process. The inclusion of colour photos aims to minimize voter confusion, especially in constituencies with multiple candidates having similar names or symbols. The reform aligns with the ECI’s commitment to conducting free and fair elections.

·       Chief Electoral Officers (CEOs) across all States and Union Territories have been directed to adopt the new format. Printing will primarily occur at government or semi-government presses, with private facilities allowed only under strict safety protocols when necessary.

·       The redesigned ballot paper includes candidate photos occupying 75% of their allocated space for better visibility. Serial numbers, including that of the NOTA option, will be printed in bold international numerals (size 30). Pink paper with standardized RGB values will be used for Assembly elections. Each sheet will accommodate a maximum of 15 candidates, with unused space left blank if the number of candidates is fewer. Names will be printed in a uniform bold font for ease of reading.

·       The reform enhances the voting experience, particularly for first-time voters, the elderly, and visually challenged individuals. It also boosts electoral transparency by reducing the risk of impersonation or mistaken identity, thereby reinforcing public trust in democratic processes.

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): Guardian of India''s Big Cats

·       The Supreme Court recently sought responses from the Centre and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) on a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) that demands a CBI investigation into an alleged organized tiger poaching and illegal wildlife trade racket in states like Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

·       The NTCA was established in 2006 as a statutory body under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC). It provides a formal legal framework to oversee Project Tiger, a flagship conservation initiative launched in 1973.

Objectives and Governance

·       NTCA was created to ensure effective implementation of Project Tiger, legal compliance, and transparent coordination between the Centre and states. It also acts as a monitoring and oversight body, with accountability to Parliament.

·       The authority is chaired by the Union Environment Minister, with the Minister of State as Vice-Chairperson, supported by members of Parliament, ministry officials, and wildlife experts.

Powers and Responsibilities

NTCA’s functions include:

• Approving state-prepared Tiger Conservation Plans
• Prohibiting unsustainable land use, like mining, within tiger reserves
• Regulating and standardizing tourism activities in core and buffer zones
• Monitoring tiger populations, prey density, and habitat health
• Mitigating human-wildlife conflicts and supporting eco-development
• Conducting mortality surveys and maintaining data on threats and conservation outcomes
• Providing technological, legal, and scientific support to states
• Facilitating international collaboration and research
• Building institutional capacity through training of forest personnel
• NTCA can issue binding directives to any person or authority to ensure the protection of tigers and their ecosystems.

Periyar Tiger Reserve: Flagged for Financial Irregularities Despite Ecological Achievements

A recent report by Kerala’s Finance Inspection Wing has raised concerns about financial mismanagement at the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR), particularly the diversion of tourism revenues to a non-sanctioned “Park Welfare Fund” without official approval.

About Periyar Tiger Reserve

·       Located in the Cardamom and Pandalam Hills of the Southern Western Ghats, spanning Idukki, Kottayam, and Pathanamthitta districts, the PTR is a prominent protected area under India’s Project Tiger initiative. Originally designated as a wildlife sanctuary in 1950, it became India’s 10th Tiger Reserve in 1978 and is also recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

·       The reserve is home to a diverse range of species, including Bengal Tigers, Indian Elephants, Gaur, Leopards, and Wild Dogs. Its aquatic biodiversity includes seven endemic fish species, and the flora features three plant species found nowhere else.

·       PTR is also known for its participatory conservation model, the “Periyar Model,” which transformed former poachers into forest protectors. It involves 81 Ecodevelopment Committees (EDCs), including Vasanthasena, a women-led group engaged in patrolling and environmental clean-up. The Urali tribal community participates in organic pepper cultivation, which has gained international export value.

·       The reserve employs modern tools such as the M-STrIPES app for ecological monitoring and maintains a trained dog squad (“Periyar Sniffers”) and VIPER task force for anti-poaching activities. Educational facilities include interpretation centres, nature awareness halls, and an amphitheatre. Nature education and community training programmes have been active since 1989, reaching schools, NGOs, and media organisations. Additionally, climate-resilient farming initiatives support sustainable livelihoods for tribal populations.

·       Despite these achievements, the flagged financial issues underscore the need for greater fiscal oversight and transparency in managing one of India’s most celebrated conservation areas.

Japanese Encephalitis and Its Emerging Implications

·       Recent research has revealed a concerning link between waning immunity to the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) and increased susceptibility to severe dengue infections. This has prompted renewed attention to both the prevention and epidemiological management of JEV in regions where multiple flaviviruses coexist.

·       Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the Japanese Encephalitis (B) virus, a member of the Flavivirus genus. It is closely related to other significant pathogens such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus. The disease primarily affects the brain and can lead to serious neurological complications or death in severe cases.

·       JE is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes, specifically those of the Vishnui subgroup. Unlike some viral infections, JE does not spread from person to person. The virus is predominantly found in rural parts of Asia, especially during the monsoon season when mosquito breeding conditions are optimal. The overlap in geographic distribution and viral lineage with dengue virus highlights the potential for immune system interactions between the two.

·       Once the virus infects the human body, it typically targets the central nervous system. Initial symptoms may include fever, headache, and vomiting, which can rapidly escalate to neurological signs such as confusion, seizures, and paralysis. While many infected individuals may experience only mild or asymptomatic cases, severe infections can result in long-term brain damage or death, especially in children and the elderly.

·       Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment available for Japanese Encephalitis. Management is supportive in nature, focusing on symptom relief and patient stabilization. Vaccination remains the most effective method of prevention. In India, two doses of the JE vaccine have been integrated into the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) since 2013, targeting children in endemic areas to reduce disease incidence.

Meta Display Smart Glasses: Redefining Wearable AR Technology

Context:

·       At the Meta Connect 2025 event, Meta unveiled the first-ever Ray-Ban smart glasses with an integrated augmented reality (AR) display, marking a significant leap in wearable technology and mainstream AR adoption.

·       Meta’s latest innovation is a wearable AR device embedded within stylish eyeglasses. The glasses project digital content—including text, images, and videos—directly onto the lens, allowing users to see virtual information overlaid on their real-world environment. This makes the Ray-Ban Display the first widely available AR glasses with a built-in display since the days of Google Glass.

·       These glasses operate via a micro-display system that beams a bright, compact image onto the inside of the right lens, positioned just below the user''s line of sight. An array of sensors and cameras captures environmental data, enabling context-aware AR overlays. Built-in processors render content in real time, while Bluetooth connectivity allows seamless linking with smartphones for access to data, messaging, and calls. The device is controlled through a touch-sensitive panel on the temple arms, voice commands, and an innovative neural wristband that detects finger gestures for intuitive input.

·       The smart glasses boast a Heads-Up Display (HUD) that presents floating text and images for directions, live translations, and call notifications. Integrated with Meta AI, users can ask questions and receive multimodal responses—both visual and textual. Real-time features include conversation captioning, translation, video calling, and AR navigation guidance. Media functionality includes photo and video capture, with seamless sharing across WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger. Battery performance supports up to 6 hours of active use, extendable to 30 hours via the portable charging case. Privacy safeguards include a visible LED indicator whenever the camera is active.

·       Meta Display Smart Glasses offer practical utility across various domains:
In navigation and travel, users receive turn-by-turn walking directions and contextual landmark information. For communication, features like live captions and hands-free video calls enhance accessibility. In education and training, AR overlays provide real-time guidance and immersive learning environments. Enterprise users can leverage the glasses for field service, technical assistance, and remote collaboration. The fitness and sports segment benefits from integrations with Garmin, offering real-time pace tracking, heart rate monitoring, and data logging. Entertainment applications include AR gaming and virtual screen content viewing.

·       Despite their innovation, these glasses face several constraints. The battery life, capped at roughly 6 hours for active use, necessitates frequent recharging for continuous performance. Privacy concerns are prevalent, especially around public camera use and surveillance implications. Functionality is heavily reliant on constant connectivity to a smartphone and internet access. Furthermore, there are distraction risks, particularly while driving or in situations requiring full cognitive attention.

Jungle Warfare School in Karreguta Hills: Enhancing Counter-Insurgency Capabilities

The government has announced the establishment of a Jungle Warfare School in Karreguta Hills, located in Bijapur, Chhattisgarh—a region previously dominated by Maoist activities. This move aims to strengthen the preparedness and operational capabilities of security forces deployed in Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)-affected zones.

Purpose and Scope of the Institution

Jungle Warfare Schools are specialized military and police training centres designed to equip personnel with the skills required for survival, movement, and combat in dense forest and hilly environments. They offer training in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism tactics, particularly those suited for asymmetric warfare scenarios.

Training Objectives and Features

·       The new school will focus on enhancing the operational effectiveness of units such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), District Reserve Guard (DRG), Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA), Special Task Force (STF), and state police. Training modules will include jungle navigation, survival techniques, counter-ambush procedures, cave-clearing operations, night combat, intelligence gathering, and IED detection.

·       Built within an actual operational setting in Karreguta Hills, the school will offer a realistic training environment, including caves, narrow valleys, and waterfalls, to simulate real combat conditions. This facility aims to foster inter-force coordination and readiness for anti-insurgency missions in challenging terrain.

De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs/NTs/SNTs): A Call for Structural Reform

Members of the Development and Welfare Board for De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities (DWBDNC) have written to the Prime Minister, requesting permanent commission status along with dedicated staff, funding, and financial autonomy.

Who Are These Communities?

·       De-notified Tribes (DNTs) are communities that were once labelled as “criminal tribes” under the British-era Criminal Tribes Act of 1871. The law was repealed in 1952, and the communities were officially de-notified. Nomadic Tribes (NTs) engage in continuous or seasonal migration for their livelihood—such as salt trading, animal rearing, and traditional folk entertainment. Semi-Nomadic Tribes (SNTs) follow more infrequent or shorter patterns of migration compared to NTs.

·       Between 1871 and 1947, nearly 200 communities were notified as “born criminals.” Although de-notified post-Independence, they continue to suffer from social stigma and marginalisation. The 2008 Renke Commission highlighted their deprivation, and the 2017 Idate Commission identified nearly 1,200 such groups across India—some included in Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), or Other Backward Classes (OBC), while 269 remain unclassified.

·       These communities comprise nearly 10% of India’s population, with over 13 crore individuals spread across approximately 150 de-notified groups and 500 nomadic communities. They possess rich cultural traditions, including unique oral literature, indigenous deities, seasonal festivals, and community-based conflict resolution systems. Traditionally, they travel in clusters of 5 to 20 families, convening at annual camps for social and economic exchanges.

About DWBDNC and Its Role

·       Established on 21 February 2019 under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, the Development and Welfare Board for DNTs/NTs/SNTs functions as an advisory and facilitating body. It was conceived as an alternative to a permanent commission, to prevent overlap with existing SC/ST/OBC bodies.

·       The Board includes the Ministry Secretary as Chairperson (ex-officio), two nominated members, and officials from related ministries and departments. Its responsibilities include recommending legal recognition of communities, implementing schemes such as the SEED programme and educational scholarships, addressing grievances, facilitating data collection for evidence-based policymaking, and coordinating with state governments on land rights, housing, and education access.

Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan: Empowering Tribal Grassroots Governance

Context:

·       Launched from Madhya Pradesh by the Prime Minister, the Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan marks a transformative initiative to decentralize tribal leadership and foster responsive governance in tribal areas.

·       This flagship mission of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs aims to build the world’s largest tribal grassroots leadership ecosystem, directly impacting 11 crore tribal citizens across 1 lakh villages. The initiative is designed to empower 20 lakh officials, SHG women, and tribal youth to serve as Adi Karmayogis—local leaders driving last-mile governance and service delivery.

Three Pillars of Leadership:

1. Adi Karmayogi (Government Officers): These include state, district, block, and panchayat-level officials ensuring institutional convergence and efficient scheme delivery.
2. Adi Sahyogi (Educated Tribal Youth & Professionals): Teachers, doctors, and youth volunteers bridge critical service gaps in health, education, awareness, and innovation.
3. Adi Saathi (Community Members): SHG members, tribal elders, and villagers serve as anchors of cultural wisdom and local mobilization.

Implementation Mechanism:

The program will foster a Tribal Village Action Plan, enabling co-creation of a "Tribal Village Vision 2030" aligned with national priorities and Sustainable Development Goals. It integrates major tribal welfare programs, including PM JANMAN and DAJGUA 2.0, under a unified convergence framework.

Tech and Outreach Tools:

Key digital enablers include:

• Adi Vaani App: An AI-driven language interface to facilitate communication in native dialects between government personnel and tribal communities.
• Adi Karmayogi Portal: A real-time platform for registration, dashboard monitoring, and role-based tracking of leadership participants. Adi Sewa Kendras will serve as single-window grievance redressal centers.

Progress on Gender Equality: UN Women’s Gender Snapshot 2025

Context

The "Gender Snapshot 2025", jointly published by UN Women and the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), provides a sweeping overview of global gender equality across all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Key Findings

·       Globally, 376 million women live in extreme poverty (9.2%), and anaemia prevalence is projected to reach 33% by 2030. Despite a 39% reduction in maternal mortality between 2000 and 2023, women continue to experience three additional years of poor health compared to men.

·       While girls often outperform boys in enrollment rates, they continue to lag in secondary school completion in regions like Africa and Asia, and are rarely found in leadership roles within education systems.

·       In leadership and the workforce, women occupy 27% of parliamentary seats and 30% of management roles. 12.5% of women suffer from intimate partner violence, and 19% of girls are married before the age of 18. The digital divide persists, with only 65% of women online compared to 70% of men, and women’s jobs remain disproportionately vulnerable to AI-related automation.

·       Climate impacts are also gendered: 158 million women may fall into poverty due to climate change, and 896 million women lack access to clean cooking fuels. In terms of security, 676 million women lived near conflict zones in 2024. Women with disabilities face compounded exclusion from reproductive rights, internet access, and political participation.

Beijing+30 Priority Actions

The report urges immediate global action in six core areas:

1. Close the gender digital divide through inclusive tech policies.
2. Eradicate poverty by investing in health, education, social protection, and care systems.
3. Eliminate gender-based violence through enforceable laws and robust services.
4. Ensure equal decision-making power in politics and governance.
5. Fully implement the Women, Peace, and Security agenda, ensuring funding and participation.
6. Integrate gender into climate justice and resource access frameworks.

United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC): Promoting Global Rights

·       India recently defended Qatar’s sovereignty during a session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), underscoring its support for non-interference in internal affairs.

·       The UNHRC was established on 15 March 2006, replacing the Commission on Human Rights. It is an inter-governmental body within the UN system, tasked with promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms globally.

·       The Council seeks to uphold universal respect for human rights and investigates systematic violations. It is composed of 47 member states, elected by the UN General Assembly via secret ballot, with equitable geographical representation. Members serve three-year terms and are not eligible for immediate re-election after two consecutive terms.

Core Functions

The UNHRC:

• Investigates human rights violations in member states
• Addresses issues such as freedom of expression, gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and minority rights
• Collaborates with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

Bima Sugam Portal: A Unified Digital Insurance Marketplace

·       The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has officially launched the Bima Sugam portal, a comprehensive digital platform aimed at simplifying and expanding access to insurance products.

·       Bima Sugam is a centralized online marketplace that connects insurers, intermediaries, and customers on a single digital interface. It is supported by the Life Insurance Council and the General Insurance Council.

Key Features and Services

The platform allows users to:

• Buy, sell, renew, and manage insurance policies
• Access transparent and centralized insurance-related information
• File and track claims digitally
• Navigate and compare various life and health insurance products, including term plans, annuities, pensions, ULIPs, and comprehensive medical coverage

Bima Sugam is designed to support innovation, including sandbox products, and will be flexible enough to accommodate future insurance offerings. It leverages advanced digital technologies to automate workflows and enhance operational efficiency across stakeholders.

Machu Picchu: Cultural Icon Amid Disruption

Context

Peru recently evacuated 1,600 tourists from Machu Picchu after protestors blocked the main train route, demanding fair participation in the bidding process for a new bus operator.

About Machu Picchu

·       Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel, recognized globally as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. As Peru’s most iconic landmark, it attracts around 4,500 visitors daily and stands as a testament to the architectural and engineering ingenuity of the Inca civilization. The site includes ceremonial, agricultural, and residential zones that remain remarkably preserved.

·       Located approximately 80 kilometers northwest of Cusco, Machu Picchu lies in the Andes Mountains’ Cordillera de Vilcabamba, perched at an altitude of 2,350 meters (7,710 feet) above sea level. It overlooks the Urubamba River Valley and is nestled between two peaks—Machu Picchu ("Old Peak") and Huayna Picchu ("New Peak").

·       Constructed during the reign of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (c. 1438–1471) as a royal retreat, Machu Picchu was later abandoned in the 16th century, likely due to the Spanish conquest and limited water availability. The site remained hidden until its rediscovery in 1911 by Yale historian Hiram Bingham, guided by local farmer Melchor Arteaga.

·       The complex is segmented into ceremonial, residential, and agricultural areas interconnected by thousands of stone-cut steps. Key structures include the Temple of the Sun (a sacred ceremonial center), the Temple of the Three Windows (showcasing trapezoidal Inca architecture), and the Intihuatana Stone, believed to serve as a ceremonial sundial. Royal tombs and palaces further suggest its use as an elite estate. Access to the site is primarily via train to Aguas Calientes, followed by a bus or a multi-day hike on the Inca Trail.

·       Machu Picchu remains a powerful symbol of Inca heritage and is central to Peru’s tourism economy, generating substantial foreign exchange. Its ongoing preservation and accessibility are pivotal to sustaining both cultural pride and national revenue.