Indian Air Force Restructures Fighter Fleet Following MiG-21 Retirement

On September 26, the Indian Air Force (IAF) formally decommissioned its iconic MiG-21 fighter jets, marking a significant shift in the force''s composition and capability. The retirement of the last two squadrons — No. 23 “Panthers” and No. 3 “Cobras” — operating a total of 36 jets from Chandigarh, not only closes the chapter on a pivotal Soviet-era platform but also underscores a critical moment of transition for the IAF. With this move, the Air Force grapples with a visible reduction in its squadron strength and growing concerns over its ability to modernise at the pace required by regional security demands.

MiG-21: A Legacy of Strength and Controversy

Initially inducted in 1963 as state-of-the-art interceptors, MiG-21s quickly became the backbone of the IAF, playing vital roles in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars, as well as in the 1999 Kargil conflict. India acquired more than 700 aircraft across different variants, and many were later upgraded to the Bison standard — which featured modern avionics, advanced radar systems, and air-to-air missile capabilities. However, the MiG-21’s single-engine configuration proved problematic, leading to persistent engine issues and over 500 recorded crashes over six decades. These incidents resulted in the deaths of approximately 170 pilots, with more than 20 fatalities reported since 2010 alone. Despite its controversial safety record, many IAF veterans maintain that the aircraft’s long service life and successful combat performance have often been undervalued in public discourse.

Shrinking Squadron Strength and Strategic Vulnerabilities

• The retirement of the MiG-21 has left the IAF with only 29 active fighter squadrons — far below the government-sanctioned target of 42. This shortfall is not a new development but has become increasingly concerning in the context of potential two-front conflict scenarios involving both Pakistan and China. While Pakistan reportedly fields 20–25 squadrons, China’s inventory exceeds 60 squadrons, granting both countries a significant numerical advantage over India. Given that each squadron comprises between 16 and 18 aircraft, the deficit is substantial and increasingly difficult to overlook.
• Compounding the challenge is the scheduled retirement of several legacy platforms by 2035, including MiG-29s, Jaguars, and Mirage 2000s. Without timely induction of replacements, the IAF could see its already stretched air power diminish further, compromising operational readiness and regional deterrence.

Enhanced Focus on Air Defence Capabilities

In light of the shrinking fighter fleet, Indian military planners are placing greater emphasis on strengthening air defence infrastructure as a compensatory measure. This includes the deployment of advanced surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems such as the Russian-made S-400, which have entered service despite geopolitical friction with the United States. Additionally, India has deployed its indigenous Akashteer system, developed to provide real-time, automated command and control of air defence operations. These platforms demonstrated their operational effectiveness during Operation Sindoor, serving as vital interim solutions to protect Indian airspace while the fighter shortfall is addressed.

Rebuilding the Fighter Fleet: Indigenous Efforts Gain Momentum

• To counter the reduction in squadron numbers, the IAF is placing significant emphasis on domestic aircraft production. At present, it operates two squadrons of the indigenous Tejas Mk1 fighter, with plans to induct 180 Tejas Mk1A variants from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The upgraded Mk1A model offers a host of modern capabilities, including an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, a state-of-the-art electronic warfare suite, and beyond-visual-range (BVR) missile systems such as the Derby and the indigenously developed ASTRA.
• HAL is concurrently developing the Tejas Mk2 and the fifth-generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), both of which are expected to significantly enhance IAF’s capabilities in the coming decade. These programs aim to provide a long-term, indigenous solution to India’s air power deficit.

Global Fighter Acquisition and Strategic Partnerships

In addition to domestic initiatives, the IAF is actively pursuing international procurement to rapidly bolster its capabilities. A major acquisition plan for 114 fighter aircraft is underway, with France’s Dassault Rafale currently seen as the leading contender. The plan includes acquiring a portion of these jets in flyaway condition to ensure immediate deployment, while the remaining aircraft would be manufactured in India under a proposed collaboration between Dassault and local defence firms. This arrangement is expected to contribute to the growth of India’s domestic defence ecosystem while accelerating fleet replenishment.

Modernising Existing Assets: Su-30MKI Super-30 Program

As part of its broader strategy, India also intends to upgrade its existing fleet of 84 Su-30MKI fighters through the “Super-30” program. This modernization effort aims to enhance combat effectiveness and extend the service life of these aircraft, ensuring they continue to serve as a central pillar of the IAF until next-generation platforms are fully inducted.

Persistent Delays Undermining Modernisation

Despite these efforts, persistent delays in aircraft development and procurement continue to hamper the IAF’s modernisation trajectory. The MiG-21 remained in service far beyond its intended operational lifespan due to a lack of viable replacements — a situation emblematic of the broader issues facing India’s defence procurement apparatus.

Setbacks in Tejas Mk1A and LCA Program

The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) program, conceptualised in the 1980s, has suffered multiple setbacks over the decades. Of the 40 Tejas Mk1 jets ordered in 2006 and 2010, only 38 have been delivered to date. The upgraded Tejas Mk1A variant, originally scheduled for earlier induction, has faced a two-year delay primarily due to late delivery of F404 engines from GE Aerospace and complications with radar and weapons integration. HAL now aims to produce 16 Mk1A jets annually, but this pace may push full delivery into the mid-2030s, well beyond the original 2030 target.

Delays in Engine Development and Technology Transfer

Progress on the Tejas Mk2 program has also been hampered by stalled negotiations between HAL and GE over the co-production of F414 engines. Although an agreement promising 80% technology transfer was signed two years ago, the slow pace of implementation continues to hinder advancement. These delays not only affect timelines but also impede the development of critical engineering and manufacturing capabilities within India.

AMCA and Foreign Fighter Deal: No Clear Timeline

The AMCA, India’s ambitious fifth-generation stealth fighter project, remains in its developmental phase, with a prototype still several years from completion. Meanwhile, the much-anticipated deal to acquire 114 foreign fighters remains unsigned, leaving a significant gap in the IAF’s reinforcement plans. The absence of definitive timelines for either program casts further uncertainty over the future readiness of India’s air power.

Conclusion: A Fleet in Transition Amid Strategic Pressures

The retirement of the MiG-21 marks a pivotal moment in the Indian Air Force’s evolution. As legacy platforms are phased out, the IAF finds itself in a critical period of transition, striving to rebuild its fleet through a combination of indigenous development, global procurement, and interim reliance on advanced air defence systems. However, unless delays in aircraft induction are urgently addressed and procurement timelines are streamlined, the IAF risks falling behind its regional adversaries, both in terms of numbers and technological edge.

India–EU Strategic Agenda: Deepening Ties in Trade, Technology, Defence, and Connectivity

Amid shifting global alliances and growing uncertainty in U.S. foreign policy under President Trump, Europe is positioning itself as a stable and dependable partner for India. This recalibration of strategic alignments is set to gain further momentum at the upcoming India–EU leaders’ summit scheduled for February 2026, building upon European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s previous visit to India. In anticipation of this, the European Union has released a strategic agenda that outlines its comprehensive vision for EU–India relations. Anchored in five core pillars, the framework signals Europe’s intent to emerge as India’s “all-weather” partner, offering a steady counterbalance to the volatility seen in transatlantic relations.

A Comprehensive Five-Pillar Framework

The new India–EU Strategic Agenda is structured around five key pillars that together reflect a holistic approach to long-term bilateral engagement. These include:

·       Prosperity and Sustainability, covering trade, investment, supply chain resilience, and sustainable development;

·       Technology and Innovation, with a focus on emerging technologies, digital infrastructure, and research collaboration;

·       Security and Defence, addressing regional stability, hybrid threats, and institutional partnerships;

·       Connectivity and Global Issues, aimed at enhancing cooperation in third countries and reforming global governance structures;

·       Cross-Cutting Enablers, which include skill mobility, cultural exchange, stronger institutional ties, and business collaboration mechanisms that support the first four pillars.

Economic Integration: Enhancing Trade, Investment, and Sustainable Growth

·       The EU remains India’s largest trading partner, while India ranks as the EU’s top partner in the Global South. In 2024, bilateral trade in goods surged to €120 billion — a 90% increase over the past decade — complemented by an additional €60 billion in services. Nearly 6,000 European companies currently operate in India, directly employing 3 million people and indirectly sustaining millions more. Moreover, EU foreign direct investment in India reached €140 billion in 2023, nearly double the figure from five years prior.

·       However, despite this progress, India still accounts for less than 2.5% of the EU’s total trade volume, and Indian investment in the EU remains modest at around €10 billion. To unlock greater economic potential, both sides are accelerating efforts to conclude a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) by 2025. This would reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers and provide a framework for smoother market access. Parallel negotiations are also underway for an Investment Protection Agreement, a bilateral macroeconomic dialogue, a Geographical Indications agreement, and a comprehensive air transport accord — all aimed at creating a more seamless and mutually beneficial economic partnership.

Collaborating on Critical Technologies and Innovation

·       India and the EU are drawing on their respective strengths to drive technological innovation. While Europe brings regulatory expertise, cutting-edge research capabilities, and leadership in green and digital transformation, India contributes a robust tech workforce, expansive datasets, a vibrant startup ecosystem, and cost-effective innovation models.

·       Joint initiatives include the planned creation of EU-India Innovation Hubs focused on key emerging technologies, as well as an EU-India Startup Partnership involving the European Innovation Council and Start-up India. The collaboration will place particular emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI), with shared priorities including large language models, multilingual datasets, and AI applications across sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, and climate change mitigation.

·       At the same time, both partners are working to establish safeguards to prevent the misuse or unauthorised transfer of sensitive technologies, aligning these efforts with broader commitments to democratic values and global security. A notable development in the science and technology domain is the expansion of cooperation under the Euratom-India agreement, which covers peaceful uses of nuclear energy — including safety protocols, waste disposal, nuclear security, and advanced research in nuclear fusion.

Strategic Connectivity: Building Global Corridors and Infrastructure

·       India and the EU are intensifying their connectivity initiatives under the EU’s Global Gateway programme (€300 billion) and India’s MAHASAGAR initiative. Their 2021 Connectivity Partnership has provided a structured approach to joint work in energy, transport, and digital infrastructure, reflecting a shared commitment to transparent and sustainable development models.

·       One of the most ambitious projects under this framework is the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), which aims to revive ancient Eurasian trade routes by integrating maritime, rail, digital, and energy networks — including clean hydrogen infrastructure. Within this broader vision, the EU-Africa-India Digital Corridor is making tangible progress through the development of the 11,700-km Blue Raman submarine cable system. This high-capacity network will connect Europe and India via the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and East Africa, providing fast, secure, and resilient data transfer channels.

·       India and the EU are also collaborating on the development of Green Shipping Corridors, designed to decarbonise maritime trade routes. These sustainable corridors will reduce dependence on fossil fuel-intensive transport and open new commercial opportunities while enhancing environmental and strategic outcomes.

Security and Defence Cooperation: Institutionalising Strategic Convergence

·       Security and defence cooperation between India and the EU is entering a more structured and formalised phase. The two sides are deepening engagement through the Strategic Dialogue on Foreign and Security Policy, scheduled for 2025, with thematic discussions covering maritime security, cybersecurity, counterterrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

·       A formal EU–India Security and Defence Partnership is under active consideration, and both parties are negotiating a Security of Information Agreement to enable the secure exchange of classified intelligence. Regional collaboration in the Indo-Pacific is also expected to increase, with proposals for operational coordination between the EU Naval Force and the Indian Navy in the western Indian Ocean.

·       Joint initiatives are expanding to tackle terrorism, illicit financing, propaganda dissemination, drug trafficking, and the misuse of emerging technologies. On the industrial front, India and the EU are fostering collaboration between their respective defence sectors to enhance supply chain resilience, stimulate innovation, and scale up production capabilities. Plans are underway to establish an EU–India Defence Industry Forum to facilitate industry linkages, share best practices, and explore future cooperation avenues.

Deepening Societal Ties: Mobility, Education, and Cultural Exchange

·       Beyond economic and strategic realms, the India–EU partnership is also advancing people-to-people connections. As of 2023, over 825,000 Indian nationals resided in the EU, making them the largest group of recipients for both Blue Cards and intra-corporate transfer permits within the bloc. Travel has become increasingly accessible, with nearly one million Schengen visas issued in 2024 — many of which were for multiple entries.

·       The educational landscape is also evolving. Programmes such as Erasmus and the Union of Skills are facilitating greater academic and vocational exchange, making the EU a more attractive destination for Indian students. This appeal has grown particularly strong amid heightened immigration restrictions in the United States under the Trump administration. Cultural diplomacy, skills partnerships, and youth exchange programmes continue to bolster mutual understanding, complementing the broader strategic agenda.

Conclusion: A Forward-Looking, Multi-Dimensional Partnership

The India–EU Strategic Agenda represents a comprehensive and future-oriented framework for bilateral relations in a rapidly evolving global order. Built on shared democratic values, mutual economic interests, and a commitment to sustainable development, the agenda outlines a multi-pronged engagement strategy encompassing trade, technology, security, connectivity, and social ties. As the geopolitical landscape continues to shift, this partnership holds the potential to emerge as a cornerstone of global stability and cooperation — one that transcends traditional alliances and prioritises resilience, inclusivity, and shared growth.

Chero Archers: Celebrating Jharkhand’s Warrior Heritage through Sport

In a significant and symbolic gesture, the Jharkhand archery team has been named the “Chero Archers” in the inaugural Archery Premier League (APL). This naming pays homage to the legendary Chero warrior clan, known for their fearless resistance against both the Mughal and British empires. By adopting this historical identity, the team not only acknowledges a proud martial legacy but also redefines it within a modern sporting framework.

The Chero Warrior Clan: A Legacy of Resistance and Resilience

The Cheros were a prominent warrior community who rose to prominence during the medieval era. Primarily concentrated in Palamu (Jharkhand), as well as in Shahabad (Bihar) and parts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, the Cheros gained recognition for their exceptional courage, expertise in archery, and unwavering defence of their territories against external aggressors. Their history is marked by a continuous thread of defiance, first against the Mughals and later against British colonial forces.

Resistance Against Mughal Expansion

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Cheros emerged as formidable opponents to Mughal authority in eastern India. Palamu, under the leadership of Chero King Medini Rai, became a symbol of this resistance. Medini Rai is credited with fortifying the Palamu forts and standing firm against repeated assaults from Mughal forces dispatched by Emperor Aurangzeb. Although the forts eventually fell to the Mughals, the determined resistance mounted by the Cheros demonstrated their martial prowess and their deep-seated desire to retain independence.

Opposition to British Colonial Rule

The Cheros continued to display their combative spirit during the colonial period. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, they actively participated in uprisings against British land revenue policies and forest exploitation. Aligning with other tribal communities such as the Santhals, Mundas, and Oraons, the Cheros leveraged their knowledge of Jharkhand’s rugged terrain and their skill in guerrilla tactics to oppose British expansion. Archery remained a central tool of resistance, reinforcing their reputation as skilled and strategic warriors.

Cultural Symbolism and Tribal Identity

Over time, the Chero legacy evolved into a broader symbol of tribal identity, resistance, and valor for the people of Jharkhand. Their stories have been preserved through oral traditions, folk songs, and regional folklore, passing down memories of their courage through generations. In many ways, the Cheros became a touchstone for indigenous pride and defiance, representing the unyielding spirit of Jharkhand’s tribal communities.

Archery in Jharkhand: An Inherited Tradition

·       Archery has long held a unique place in the cultural fabric of Jharkhand. Far from being merely a sport, it has historically functioned as a way of life, a survival mechanism, and a cultural ritual. For centuries, bows and arrows have been integral tools for hunting, self-defence, and daily life in forested regions. This traditional skillset continues to shape modern aspirations in the state.

·       Jharkhand has produced world-class archers such as Deepika Kumari and Komalika Bari, who emerged from modest tribal backgrounds to achieve international acclaim. Their journeys reflect the region’s deep-rooted connection with archery and highlight how ancient practices can evolve into professional excellence. Across numerous villages, young children continue to train with bamboo bows, keeping alive a tradition that fuses heritage with ambition.

The Chero Archers: Bridging Heritage and Modern Sports

The decision to name the APL team “Chero Archers” is a powerful act of cultural reclamation and modern reinvention. It repositions a centuries-old martial tradition within the contemporary world of competitive sports. This symbolic move intertwines the warrior ethos of the Chero clan with Jharkhand’s ongoing dominance in archery, turning historical memory into a living narrative of excellence and resilience.

Reviving Identity and Inspiring a Generation

·       This initiative carries profound implications beyond sport. It represents a deliberate effort to revive indigenous cultural identity and bring it into national consciousness. By elevating the Cheros from historical obscurity into the limelight of a high-profile sports league, Jharkhand has ensured that their legacy resonates with newer generations.

·       The “Chero Archers” name also functions as an inspirational symbol for young athletes, especially from tribal communities, by reminding them of their ancestors’ strength, resolve, and commitment to sovereignty. It reinforces the message that archery is not only a professional pursuit but also an inheritance of pride and purpose.

A Cultural Statement in the National Arena

·       By grounding its archery team in local history, Jharkhand has set a compelling precedent for other Indian states to celebrate their own regional heroes and cultural icons through sports. The initiative brings a nuanced layer to national sports representation, one that integrates historical depth with contemporary relevance.

·       In essence, the “Chero Archers” embody a unique synthesis of past and present, tradition and modernity, resistance and aspiration — transforming the legacy of a warrior clan into a powerful emblem for the future of Indian archery and tribal pride.

Maternity Reintegration in India: A Critical Test of Workplace Inclusion

A recent article draws attention to a pressing but often overlooked issue in India’s gender-inclusion landscape — that maternity reintegration, not merely maternity leave, is the true litmus test of inclusive workplace practices. As women increasingly join India’s organised workforce, their seamless return after maternity leave remains a fragile and under-addressed process. Reintegration encompasses not only legal entitlements but also the broader ecosystem — policies, workplace culture, managerial support, and long-term career planning — that determines whether women remain and thrive in their careers post-childbirth.

Understanding Maternity Reintegration

Maternity reintegration refers to the smooth transition of women employees from maternity leave back into active roles in the workforce. It is far more than a matter of returning to work — it involves supportive organisational policies, flexible job roles, access to childcare, empathetic leadership, and a culture that values the dual roles women play. This reintegration process is pivotal in ensuring that maternity does not become a career roadblock.

Pressures Faced by New Mothers in India

·       The challenges that new mothers face are complex and multifaceted, rooted in societal expectations, institutional gaps, and psychological strains. At the family level, caregiving continues to be viewed as the primary responsibility of women, reinforcing gender norms that discourage professional ambition. For instance, NSSO data from 2019 reveals that Indian women spend approximately seven hours a day on unpaid care work, compared to just 2.5 hours for men.

·       Societal pressures add to this burden. Across urban and rural settings, the dominant narrative suggests that a “good mother” must prioritise her family over her career, triggering guilt and self-doubt among women who wish to return to work. Cultural attitudes often equate career-oriented mothers with being neglectful, leading to internalised guilt and emotional stress. This internal pressure is compounded by psychological challenges such as fatigue, anxiety, and the growing phenomenon of post-maternity imposter syndrome, as reported in recent corporate surveys.

·       Organisational structures are frequently unsupportive, further complicating the return. Many companies continue to offer inflexible job roles, lack on-site childcare, and display a general indifference toward the unique needs of returning mothers. As a result, many women exit the workforce permanently after maternity leave. Deloitte’s 2022 survey confirmed that post-maternity attrition rates are highest among Indian corporates, reflecting a systemic failure to accommodate motherhood within professional life.

Ripple Effects of Maternity-Related Dropouts

·       The consequences of losing women post-maternity extend far beyond the individual. At the organisational level, there is a significant talent loss, as women who leave take with them years of experience and institutional knowledge. Deloitte estimates that mid-level attrition costs companies 150–200% of the employee’s annual salary. Furthermore, when capable women exit before reaching leadership positions, the pipeline to senior management weakens, undermining diversity goals and strategic decision-making. According to the Marching Sheep Inclusion Index (2025), 63% of listed Indian firms lack even a single woman in Key Managerial Positions (KMPs).

·       Culturally, the repeated exit of new mothers fosters a perception that workplaces are inherently hostile to women’s life choices, harming employee morale and creating barriers for future female talent. The NASSCOM 2023 survey confirms that inclusivity remains a key retention driver in the Indian tech sector, making reintegration practices crucial to competitiveness.

·       The economic repercussions are even more profound. India’s female labour force participation stands at just ~37% (PLFS 2024), placing it among the lowest in the G20 and trailing behind countries like Bangladesh (~41%) and China (~61%). McKinsey Global Institute estimates that equal participation by women could raise India’s GDP by 27%, or approximately $770 billion. Japan’s “womenomics” policy has demonstrated the strong correlation between gender participation and economic growth, a lesson India cannot afford to ignore.

·       Innovation is also compromised. The loss of women from sectors such as R&D, STEM, and corporate leadership reduces diversity of thought, limiting creativity and problem-solving. A World Bank (2022) report found that firms with gender-diverse management teams had 20% higher innovation revenues, underscoring the economic cost of talent loss through poor reintegration.

·       Socially, the exit of women after maternity perpetuates damaging stereotypes. Each dropout strengthens the perception that women cannot balance work and family, a bias already held by a majority in India. The Pew Research Center (2021) found that 70% of Indians believe men are better suited for paid work. This mindset delays progress on gender parity goals, particularly SDG-5 (Gender Equality). India’s 127th ranking out of 146 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index 2024 reflects the urgency of addressing these systemic exclusions.

·       The absence of women in visible leadership roles also deprives younger generations of role models. As of 2023, only 18% of board directors in NIFTY-500 companies are women (SEBI), limiting aspirational pathways for emerging female talent. A cycle of underrepresentation and discouragement ensues, stalling progress on both economic and social fronts.

Pathways to Effective Reintegration

·       To bridge this gap, policy reforms and cultural shifts are essential. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, though progressive in offering extended leave, must now be expanded to include reintegration norms, ensuring that return-to-work is as structured and protected as the leave itself.

·       Workplace policies must include mandatory crèches, subsidised childcare, and paternity leave, to redistribute caregiving responsibilities and support shared parenting. These are not merely perks but essential structures to retain talent.

·       Equally vital are awareness campaigns that challenge outdated notions and normalise the dual identity of a working mother. CSR initiatives, employer-led discussions, and media representations can help build a more accepting societal narrative around work–motherhood balance.

·       Data-driven monitoring is also key. Companies must be required to report gender representation at KMP levels, not just for compliance but to track meaningful progress. This transparency would enable benchmarking and hold firms accountable for diversity outcomes.

·       Learning from global models can accelerate progress. “Returnships,” structured re-entry programmes already successful in the UK and US, can offer returning mothers targeted mentorship, upskilling opportunities, and transitional roles that ease their path back into the workforce.

Conclusion: Reintegration as a Strategic Imperative

·       Maternity reintegration is not an act of benevolence; it is a strategic investment in human capital. For a country like India, where female workforce participation is among the lowest globally, retaining and reintegrating skilled mothers is not just desirable — it is essential. Doing so will strengthen the economy, accelerate progress on gender equity, and foster a more inclusive and dynamic workplace culture.

·       A truly inclusive organisation does not view maternity as a pause in a woman’s career but as a natural, supported phase in her professional journey. Until reintegration becomes the norm, maternity will continue to act as a silent off-ramp for many talented women — a loss India can no longer afford.

UNICEF Report Highlights Decline in Child Marriages in India and Calls for Continued Reform

·       A recent UNICEF report has highlighted a notable reduction in child marriages across India, particularly in states such as Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. According to the data drawn from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), child marriage prevalence in Andhra Pradesh has declined from 33% (NFHS-4) to 29.3% (NFHS-5), while Rajasthan has seen a more significant drop from 35.4% to 25.4% over the same period. These trends reflect measurable progress, bolstered by a combination of state-level innovations and national policy interventions.

·       The report underscores the impact of collective, multi-sectoral approaches that have propelled India closer to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5) on gender equality. It highlights how coordinated efforts across departments, communities, and development agencies have contributed to curbing early marriages and promoting the rights and well-being of adolescent girls.

Learning from State-Level Interventions: Case Studies and Local Innovations

·       Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have taken proactive steps to address the issue, guided by evidence-based advocacy from UNICEF that utilized NFHS-5 data. This led the Women Development and Child Welfare (WDCW) Department to launch targeted child marriage reduction initiatives in high-burden districts.

·       In Assam, a unique model was introduced that focuses on engaging boys and men in transforming gender attitudes and behaviors, encouraging sustainable change in community norms. This male-inclusive approach emphasizes the role of men as allies in advancing gender equality.

·       In Chhattisgarh’s Jashpur district, the “Jay-HO” campaign emerged as a successful example of a volunteer-driven, multi-sectoral convergence model. It demonstrated how localized activism, when aligned with systemic support, can be instrumental in driving behavioral change.

·       Odisha has successfully scaled its “Child Marriage Free Village” initiative, with 12,407 villages declaring themselves free of child marriage as of January 2022. This model has become a replicable strategy, showing how community ownership and public declarations can shift social norms.

National Initiatives to Eliminate Child Marriage

·       India’s legal and policy framework to prevent child marriage is anchored in the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006, which explicitly prohibits the marriage of girls under 18 and boys under 21 years of age. Complementing this, the National Action Plan to Prevent Child Marriage offers a comprehensive roadmap aimed at safeguarding girls who are at risk, through education, protection, and empowerment.

·       The Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat campaign adds momentum to the legislative and policy push by advocating for uniform legal provisions that set 18 as the minimum age of marriage for all individuals, without exceptions. This initiative emphasizes the importance of legal clarity and equal protection for children under the law.

·       At the international level, India is also engaged with the UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme to End Child Marriage (GPECM), launched in March 2016. This global initiative promotes the rights of adolescent girls and works to eliminate child, early, and forced marriages through advocacy, education, and community engagement.

US President Announces 100% Tariffs on Branded Pharmaceutical Drug Imports

The President of the United States has declared that, effective 1 October, a 100% tariff will be imposed on all branded or patented pharmaceutical drug imports, unless the exporting companies are actively setting up manufacturing operations within the United States. This move is expected to have significant implications for global pharmaceutical trade.

India’s Role and Exposure in the Global Pharmaceutical Market

India, widely regarded as the “Pharmacy of the World,” is among the largest pharmaceutical exporters globally, commanding a 5.71% share in the international market. The US, being India’s largest pharmaceutical market, accounts for approximately 35% of its pharma exports, estimated at $10 billion for FY25.

Impact of US Tariffs on India’s Pharmaceutical Exports

·       Although the announced tariffs specifically target branded or patented drugs, India’s pharmaceutical exports are predominantly composed of low-cost generics and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), which currently fall outside the scope of the proposed tariff. However, the situation is not without complications.

·       There is concern regarding the interpretation of the term “branded pharmaceutical drug” by US authorities. Generic medicines, while not patented, are often labeled by manufacturers, which could potentially place them under scrutiny if a broad or inconsistent definition is applied. Such ambiguity may lead to increased inspections, delays in customs clearance, and unforeseen compliance costs for Indian exporters.

·       Moreover, India boasts the largest number of USFDA-compliant pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities located outside the United States. If the new tariff policy incentivizes companies to shift production to the US, it could adversely affect India’s domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing sector.

·       On the other hand, there may be short-term advantages for Indian suppliers. The increased cost of imported branded drugs in the US market could drive higher demand for cost-effective generic alternatives, thereby potentially boosting India’s exports in that segment.

Overview of India’s Pharmaceutical Sector

·       India currently ranks third globally in terms of pharmaceutical production volume and eleventh by value. The sector is on a strong growth trajectory, with projections indicating a market size of USD 130 billion by 2030 and USD 450 billion by 2047.

·       In terms of exports, India primarily ships drug formulations and biologicals, which constitute approximately 75% of its total pharmaceutical exports. Additionally, India contributes an impressive 60% to the global vaccine supply, underscoring its pivotal role in the international pharmaceutical ecosystem.

The Weakening Rupee: Causes, Implications, and Policy Pathways

Context

The recent depreciation of the Indian Rupee (INR) against the US dollar is rooted in a persistent trade imbalance and sluggish investment inflows. These domestic challenges have been exacerbated by global financial tightening, which has heightened pressure on emerging market currencies, including the rupee.

Trends in the Rupee''s Decline

Since January 2025, the rupee has depreciated by more than 3% against the US dollar, a sharper decline than that experienced by several other emerging economies. This depreciation is not limited to the dollar; the rupee has also weakened against other major currencies such as the euro and the pound, indicating a broader decline in currency strength. In regional terms, the rupee’s performance mirrors that of currencies in Bangladesh and Pakistan, although the pace of India’s decline has been notably steeper. In the short term, the rupee has seen a depreciation of over 1.3% within just one month, highlighting heightened currency volatility.

Underlying Causes of Rupee Weakness

·       A key driver of the rupee’s depreciation is the persistent trade imbalance. Exports remain stagnant amid rising global protectionism, while imports — particularly of crude oil and electronics — remain high, exacerbating the Current Account Deficit (CAD). Notably, India imports nearly 85% of its crude oil needs, which are priced in dollars, making the currency particularly vulnerable.

·       Investment inflows have also weakened. Amid global economic uncertainty and underwhelming domestic corporate earnings, both Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have become sluggish or even negative. For instance, recent net FPI outflows of $1.5 billion have reduced dollar availability in Indian markets.

·       Further weakening the rupee is the relative global demand for the dollar. As international investors seek safer assets, the rupee loses attractiveness in comparison to the dollar. Subdued GDP growth, recorded at approximately 6.1% in the first quarter of FY26, has also eroded investor confidence, dissuading capital retention in India.

·       Moreover, global financial tightening — particularly strong returns on US assets such as bonds and equities — has drawn capital away from emerging markets like India, compounding the rupee’s decline.

Impacts of Rupee Depreciation

The effects of the rupee’s depreciation are mixed, with both negative and positive implications.

·       On the downside, the weakening rupee increases import-driven inflation, particularly for essential goods like crude oil, fertilizers, and electronic components. Companies with unhedged external commercial borrowings also face higher rupee-denominated repayment costs, raising corporate financial stress. The CAD widens further as dollar-denominated imports become costlier, and consumers are burdened by rising expenses for foreign services such as education, tourism, and healthcare.

·       However, there are some beneficial effects. Depreciation improves the price competitiveness of Indian exports, making them more attractive in global markets. It also boosts tourism and remittances, as Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) enjoy better rupee returns on their dollar remittances. Additionally, rising import costs encourage domestic manufacturing, aligning with India’s “Atmanirbhar Bharat” vision for self-reliance.

Policy Landscape and Government Response

·       The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has opted for a calibrated approach to intervention, using its foreign exchange reserves — currently around $570 billion — to smooth excessive volatility, rather than aggressively defending the rupee.

·       On the fiscal side, the government is prioritizing import reduction through initiatives such as the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes and ethanol blending to curb the oil import bill. Structural efforts are also underway to enhance long-term trade infrastructure via the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) and to reduce logistical costs through the National Logistics Policy.

·       Internationally, India is aligning with broader de-dollarisation trends through forums like BRICS+, promoting trade in local currencies with partners such as the UAE and Russia.

Way Forward

·       To ensure a more stable and resilient rupee, India must strengthen its export competitiveness by investing in high-value manufacturing and actively negotiating Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with key global markets. Energy diversification is crucial, with an urgent need to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy, green hydrogen, and ethanol blending to reduce oil dependency.

·       Attracting long-term capital requires greater policy stability and streamlined approval processes to facilitate sustained FDI inflows. India must also deepen its financial markets, particularly the bond market, to better absorb external shocks, while encouraging the use of the rupee in trade invoicing.

·       The RBI’s role will remain critical. A carefully calibrated approach is needed to manage short-term currency volatility without depleting foreign reserves or undermining market confidence.

Conclusion

The rupee’s depreciation reflects deeper structural vulnerabilities — notably, a high trade imbalance, volatile capital flows, and heavy reliance on imports. While a weaker rupee can support exports and encourage domestic production, unchecked depreciation poses inflationary risks and undermines investor trust. True currency resilience lies in addressing these fundamental challenges through diversified exports, a robust investment environment, and improved macroeconomic fundamentals. A rupee that is stable and anchored in sustainable growth will bolster India’s economic stability and global competitiveness.

India’s Urban Definition: An Analysis of Governance Gaps and the Need for Reform

Alongside the progress reported in social sectors, concerns have also been raised about structural limitations in India''s urban governance, particularly concerning the outdated definition of “urban” used by the Census of India. The Registrar General of India (RGI) and Census Commissioner has proposed to retain the current urban classification criteria for the upcoming Census 2027, the same as used in 2011. While this is intended to ensure continuity and comparability in tracking urbanization trends, it also exposes serious shortcomings in how urban settlements are identified and managed.

The Official Definition of ‘Urban’ in India

·       Under the present system, the Census of India classifies a settlement as “urban” through two routes: statutory towns and census towns. Statutory towns are administrative units such as municipal corporations, municipalities, cantonment boards, notified town area committees, town panchayats, and nagar palikas. Any statutory town with a population exceeding 100,000 is further categorized as a city.

·       Census towns, on the other hand, are those that are not legally recognized as urban but fulfill three specific criteria: a minimum population of 5,000; a population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometer; and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.

Critical Issues in the Current Urban Classification System

·       One major concern with the existing criteria is its gender bias. The classification relies exclusively on the “male main working population,” thereby completely overlooking the economic contributions of women, especially in non-agricultural labor. This narrow focus undermines the accurate identification of urban areas and fails to reflect the real socio-economic fabric of many growing settlements.

·       Another key issue is the outdated nature of the standard itself. The core criteria for classifying urban areas have remained virtually unchanged for nearly five decades, during which the country’s demographic and economic landscape has evolved significantly. As a result, settlements that are functionally and economically urban are often denied official urban status simply because they do not meet archaic statistical thresholds.

·       This misclassification creates a mismatch in governance. Many census towns, despite having urban characteristics, are still administered by rural panchayats, which lack the institutional capacity, financial tools, and infrastructure to plan and manage urban growth effectively. Consequently, essential urban services such as waste management, sanitation, roads, and housing remain severely underdeveloped.

A Call for Reform

To address these limitations, there is a growing demand for modernizing the urban classification framework. Making the workforce participation criterion gender-neutral would be a crucial first step in creating a more inclusive and realistic understanding of urban settlements. Additionally, adopting international best practices such as the Degree of Urbanization (DEGURBA) method, supported by the UN Statistical Commission, could offer a more nuanced and functional classification system. This would enable better policy planning, targeted service delivery, and stronger local governance aligned with the actual needs of India’s rapidly urbanizing population.

Ek Din Ek Ghanta Ek Saath Initiative

Context

Over five crore citizens across India took part in the Ek Din Ek Ghanta Ek Saath initiative, held under the Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) 2025 campaign, demonstrating mass commitment to public hygiene and civic responsibility.

About the Initiative

·       This nationwide voluntary cleanliness campaign, launched under the SHS initiative, is spearheaded by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in collaboration with the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The essence of the campaign lies in mobilising citizens to contribute one hour of shramdaan—voluntary physical labour—for cleaning public spaces across cities, towns, and villages.

·       The initiative aims to reinforce the objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) by transforming cleanliness into a true jan andolan, or people’s movement. The focus is on eradicating garbage-vulnerable spots, maintaining cleaner surroundings, and cultivating plastic-free, sustainable practices.

·       A key strength of the campaign is its scale and inclusivity. More than five crore individuals, including municipal workers, school and college students, NGOs, self-help groups, local officials, and community members, came together in a unified act of civic participation. The drive targeted seven lakh Community Toilet Units and three lakh other public areas nationwide. Its outreach extended to political leaders and gram panchayats, embracing India’s demographic and geographic diversity. In alignment with environmental sustainability goals, the initiative also promoted zero-waste celebrations, encouraged eco-friendly decorations, and sought to eliminate single-use plastics.

Prayas Neuro Rehabilitation Centre

Context

The Ministry of Ayush has inaugurated “Prayas,” a pioneering Integrated Neuro-Rehabilitation Centre at the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), Goa. This marks a significant step in combining traditional Indian systems of medicine with modern therapeutic interventions in the domain of paediatric neuro-care.

About Prayas

·       Prayas is a first-of-its-kind centre that blends Ayurveda, Yoga, Physiotherapy, Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy, and contemporary Paediatrics within a unified institutional framework. Situated at AIIA in Goa, it has been developed to deliver integrative, holistic, and patient-focused care, specifically for children suffering from neurological and developmental disorders.

·       The centre aims to be more than just a treatment facility. It serves as a research and innovation hub, promoting evidence-based approaches that fuse India''s rich traditional wisdom with modern rehabilitation sciences. Prayas will also play a pivotal role in training future healthcare providers and scaling Ayush-led innovations in neuro-care across India.

·       The initiative aligns with India''s National Health Policy and reflects a commitment to affordable, inclusive, and multi-disciplinary healthcare. It also provides emotional and therapeutic support to families, ensuring a comprehensive caregiving ecosystem for children in need of long-term rehabilitation.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Context

The Union Home Minister paid homage to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in Kolkata on the occasion of his 205th birth anniversary, celebrating the enduring legacy of one of India’s greatest social reformers.

About Vidyasagar

·       Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a 19th-century scholar, reformist, and pioneer in education, widely regarded as the “Father of Modern Bengali Prose.” Known affectionately as Vidyasagar (Ocean of Knowledge) and Dayar Sagar (Ocean of Kindness), he was a central figure of the Bengal Renaissance.

·       Born on 26 September 1820 in Birsingha village, Midnapore district (then part of Bengal Presidency), Vidyasagar rose from a life of poverty to academic excellence, mastering Sanskrit and English. He passed the Law Examination in 1839 and went on to serve as Head of the Sanskrit Department at Fort William College. He later became Principal of Sanskrit College in Calcutta, where he broke barriers by extending education to non-Brahmins and women. His 1855 publication Borno Porichoy remains the foundational Bengali alphabet primer.

·       Vidyasagar’s reform work significantly impacted Indian society. He was instrumental in the passing of the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, and led campaigns against child marriage and polygamy. He advocated for women’s education by establishing several girls’ schools and was a staunch supporter of progressive educational movements, including the Bethune School. By modernising the Bengali language, he fostered cultural unity that would later feed into the broader nationalist awakening.

·       He spent his later years in Karmatanr (present-day Jamtara, Jharkhand), working among the Santhal communities, where he founded schools, adult literacy centres, and free healthcare clinics. His reformist zeal influenced the Brahmo Samaj and carried forward the progressive legacy initiated by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Soilification Technology

Context

Researchers at the Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR) have successfully cultivated wheat on arid desert land in Ajmer using a breakthrough method called soilification technology.

About Soilification Technology

·       Soilification is a cutting-edge biotechnology technique that converts loose desert sand into a soil-like medium conducive to agriculture. This process relies on indigenous bioformulations and naturally derived polymers to enhance soil structure, improve fertility, and significantly increase water retention.

·       The technology involves binding sand particles using polymers, which creates a cohesive structure resembling fertile soil. Simultaneously, microbial bioformulations are introduced to stimulate nutrient cycling and improve overall soil health. This dual-action approach also enhances plant resilience to heat and arid conditions. In field trials, crops such as wheat, bajra, chickpeas, and guar gum have demonstrated remarkable adaptability and productivity.

·       Wheat cultivation using this method yielded a seed-to-harvest ratio of 1:20—double that of traditional desert farming. Moreover, irrigation frequency was reduced from 5–6 cycles to just 3–4, preserving groundwater in one of India’s most water-scarce regions. The process is cost-effective, uses locally available materials, and requires no heavy machinery, making it ideal for widespread adoption.

·       This innovation has significant implications for combating desertification, particularly in the Thar Desert region. It also addresses pressing concerns around food and water security by enabling sustainable agriculture in previously non-arable zones.

Sustainable Mountain Development Summit (SMDS)

Context

The 12th edition of the Sustainable Mountain Development Summit (SMDS-XII) commenced at Doon University, Dehradun, focusing on preserving the ecological and cultural integrity of India’s Himalayan region.

About SMDS

·       The SMDS is an annual summit dedicated to addressing the pressing ecological, social, and economic challenges of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). Organised by the Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI), a civil society-led platform, the summit brings together diverse stakeholders for policy dialogue, research exchange, and community engagement.

·       The summit was first launched in 2011 in Nainital, Uttarakhand, and has since grown into a major forum that mainstreams mountain concerns into India’s national development discourse. Its primary aim is to foster sustainable growth that respects the fragile ecosystems of the Himalayas while empowering local communities in governance and resilience-building.

·       Key features include the Mountain Legislators’ Meet (MLM), where lawmakers from Himalayan states deliberate on regional policy matters; and the Indian Himalayan Youth Summit, a platform for young voices to contribute to problem-solving. The summit hosts thematic knowledge sessions on agroecology, climate adaptation, sustainable tourism, and disaster preparedness.

·       Its significance lies in its ability to shape policy outcomes. Recommendations from SMDS summits have influenced both state-level and central government strategies. The summit also plays a vital role in promoting traditional farming methods, organic agriculture, and climate-resilient infrastructure, making it a cornerstone of India''s mountain-focused environmental agenda.

Recent Incident and Overview of the Tungabhadra River

·       In a recent tragic incident, police recovered the bodies of three young individuals from Karnataka in the Tungabhadra River near Mantralayam, located in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. This event has drawn renewed public attention to the significance of the Tungabhadra River, a vital watercourse in southern India, revered both for its religious importance and ecological role.

·       The Tungabhadra River is one of the major rivers of peninsular India, flowing primarily through the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It serves as the principal tributary of the Krishna River, one of India’s major river systems. Considered sacred by Hindus, the Tungabhadra finds mention in the ancient epic Ramayana, where it is referred to as “Pampa.”

·       The river originates at Koodli in Karnataka''s Shimoga district, at the confluence of two rivers—Tunga and Bhadra. Both these rivers begin on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, and their merger marks the formation of the Tungabhadra. From its origin, the river flows for a total length of 531 kilometers before it merges with the Krishna River at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River, into which it drains, eventually empties into the Bay of Bengal.

·       Geographically, the Tungabhadra traverses 382 kilometers through Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for another 58 kilometers, and continues for 91 kilometers in Andhra Pradesh. The river''s catchment area up to its confluence with the Krishna River spans approximately 69,552 square kilometers.

·       The surrounding landscape is characterized by striking granite formations in various shades of grey, ochre, and pink. One notable region between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers is the "Raichur Doab," a fertile and historically significant tract of land. The river’s flow is heavily influenced by the southwest monsoon, which governs much of peninsular India’s hydrological patterns.

·       Important tributaries of the Tungabhadra include the Varada River and the Hagari (also known as Vedathy) River. The river is also harnessed through several significant dams and reservoirs, such as the Tunga Anicut Dam, Bhadra Dam, Hemavathy Dam, and the Tungabhadra Dam, which are critical for irrigation, water supply, and hydroelectric power generation.

·       Historically, the Tungabhadra River has played a crucial role in shaping the civilizations along its banks. The ancient city of Hampi, once the flourishing capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located along its course, further underlining the river’s cultural and historical importance.

Planetary Health Check 2025: Seven of Nine Planetary Boundaries Crossed

·       The Planetary Health Check (PHC) 2025 offers a sobering scientific assessment of Earth’s ecological balance, warning that human activity has pushed the planet beyond its stable operating limits. This report highlights the urgent need for transformative environmental action on a global scale.

·       Planetary Boundaries (PBs) are ecological thresholds that define the "safe operating space" within which humanity can continue to thrive. These boundaries are linked to nine critical Earth system processes that sustain life and global stability. They include climate change, freshwater use, ocean acidification, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, land system change, novel entities, atmospheric aerosol loading, and stratospheric ozone depletion.

·       These boundaries are determined based on scientific criteria such as the historical variability of the Holocene epoch, resilience of ecosystems, outputs of Earth system models, and potential tipping points.

·       According to the 2025 report, seven of these nine boundaries have already been transgressed. Only atmospheric aerosol loading and stratospheric ozone depletion remain within the safe limits. Alarmingly, ocean acidification has now crossed its threshold for the first time, endangering marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs and mollusks.

·       Indicators of climate change continue to worsen. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have reached 423 parts per million (ppm) in 2025, bringing the Earth dangerously close to the high-risk threshold of 450 ppm. Biosphere integrity also remains under severe threat, with extinction rates far exceeding sustainable levels.

·       In response to these ecological breaches, the scientific community is spearheading the Planetary Boundaries Initiative (PBI). This global platform aims to monitor planetary health in near-real-time, develop actionable solutions, and improve communication through advanced modeling, artificial intelligence, and multi-source datasets. The initiative envisions a "Planetary Mission Control Center" that will provide continuous assessments to support evidence-based decision-making by policymakers worldwide.

Santorini and Kolumbo Volcanoes: Shared Magma Reservoir

·       A recent seismic event comprising over 1,200 earthquakes near Santorini has revealed a groundbreaking discovery: the Santorini and Kolumbo volcanoes are connected by a shared underground magma reservoir.

·       Located in the southern Aegean Sea, approximately 200 km southeast of mainland Greece, Santorini forms part of a volcanic archipelago and is a remnant of a massive caldera. It belongs to the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, and its most famous eruption, the Minoan or Thera eruption around 1600 BCE, had catastrophic effects on the ancient Minoan civilisation and may have contributed to climatic disturbances, including a volcanic winter.

·       Situated about 7 km northeast of Santorini, Kolumbo is a submarine volcano and part of the Christiana-Santorini-Kolumbo (CSK) volcanic field. Its last major eruption occurred in 1650 AD, producing tsunamis and toxic gas emissions that caused destruction across Santorini and surrounding islands.

·       For the first time, scientists have confirmed a magmatic connection between the two volcanoes. GPS and seismic data from 2024–2025 show Santorini swelling due to magma accumulation, while earthquakes migrated from Santorini toward Kolumbo. The simultaneous deflation of both volcanoes provides compelling evidence of a shared reservoir, complicating eruption forecasts and necessitating real-time, high-resolution monitoring. These findings are vital for understanding interconnected volcanic systems, similar to those found in Hawaii, Iceland, and Kamchatka.

India’s Dugong Conservation Reserve

·       The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently acknowledged India’s first Dugong Conservation Reserve, situated in Palk Bay, underlining its ecological importance.

·       Established on September 21, 2022, by the Tamil Nadu government, the reserve spans 448.34 sq. km in northern Palk Bay, encompassing over 12,250 hectares of seagrass meadows, which serve as vital habitats for dugongs and numerous other marine species.

·       The Dugong (Dugong dugon) is the only herbivorous marine mammal found in Indian waters. Often referred to as the "sea cow," it inhabits shallow, warm coastal areas including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, and Gulf of Kutch.

·       Dugongs rely on seagrass species like Cymodocea, Halophila, Thalassia, and Halodule for sustenance. They reproduce slowly, with maturity reached around 9–10 years and births occurring every 3–5 years, limiting their population growth rate to about 5% annually.

Conservation Status:

• IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
• CITES: Appendix I
• Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Schedule I

Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary

·       Herpetologists recently conducted a biodiversity survey in the Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, documenting 16 species of lizards across its varied ecosystems.

·       Located on the western slopes of the Western Ghats, Aralam is the northernmost wildlife sanctuary of Kerala, declared in 1984. Its elevation ranges from 650 to 1150 metres, and it is drained by rivers such as Cheenkannipuzha, Narikkadavu thodu, Kurukkathodu, and Meenumuttithodu.

·       Aralam hosts a diverse mix of forest types, including West Coast tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, and hilltop evergreen forests. Common tree species include Artocarpus heterophyllus, Dipterocarpus, and Cannarium strictum. It is also home to key wildlife such as elephants, tigers, panthers, Nilgiri langurs, wild dogs, and Malabar giant squirrels.

Coffee Board of India and EU Deforestation Regulation Compliance

• The Coffee Board of India has recently initiated capacity-building programmes to encourage more growers to register on its mobile application, aimed at ensuring compliance with the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).
• About the Coffee Board: Established under the Coffee Act, 1942, the Board comprises 33 government-nominated members serving three-year terms and operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Headquartered in Bangalore, the Board undertakes research, extension, development, marketing, and grower welfare activities.
• Coffee Cultivation in India: India cultivates two main species: Coffea Arabica (Arabica) and Coffea Canephora (Robusta), primarily across Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha, with Karnataka producing over 70% of the national output.
• Climatic Requirements: Coffee thrives in hot and humid climates, with temperatures between 15°C and 28°C, annual rainfall of 150–250 cm, and well-drained loamy soil rich in humus and minerals. Dry conditions are essential during the ripening phase.

The Grue Jay: A Rare Bird Hybrid

·       In 2025, researchers from the University of Texas at Austin identified a rare avian hybrid, nicknamed the "Grue Jay," marking the first confirmed cross between a Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) and a Green Jay (Cyanocorax yncas).

·       Discovery and Characteristics: First sighted in San Antonio, Texas in 2023, the bird features turquoise-blue plumage with black facial markings, blending visual traits from both parent species. Its body and tail resemble a Blue Jay, while the face mask mirrors that of a Green Jay. Its vocalisations and solitary behaviour also reflect a hybrid nature. Though the Grue Jay was identified as a male, its reproductive capability remains uncertain, as hybrid sterility is common.

·       Ecological Significance: Like other hybrids such as the “Pizzly Bear” (polar bear–grizzly) and the “Zonkey” (zebra–donkey), the Grue Jay serves as an indicator of species interactions under ecological stress, highlighting how environmental pressures influence wildlife genetics.

Discovery of Natural Gas in the Andaman Basin: A Strategic Milestone for India''s Energy Security

·       The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has announced the discovery of natural gas in the Andaman Basin, marking a significant step in India''s pursuit of energy self-sufficiency. The gas was found in the Sri Vijayapuram-2 well, located approximately 17 kilometers from the shoreline on the eastern coast of the Andaman Islands.

·       According to India’s Hydrocarbon Resource Assessment Study (HRAS), the Andaman-Nicobar (AN) Basin holds an estimated 371 million Metric Tons of Oil Equivalent (MMTOE) in hydrocarbon resources. Geologically, the basin lies at the intersection of the Andaman and Nicobar basins, forming a part of the Bengal-Arakan sedimentary system. The tectonic setting at the junction of the Indian and Burmese plates has resulted in the formation of several stratigraphic traps, which are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation.

·       Similar gas reserves have been identified in nearby basins, such as North Sumatra in Indonesia and the Irrawaddy-Margui basin in Myanmar, reinforcing the strategic significance of the region for exploration activities.

·       This discovery aligns with India’s broader vision of transitioning to a Gas-Based Economy by 2030. The government aims to raise the share of natural gas in the country''s primary energy mix to 15% by 2030, from its current level of around 6.5%. At present, domestic production meets only about 50% of India’s natural gas demand, with the remainder fulfilled through imports from countries such as Qatar, the United States, and the UAE.

·       To accelerate domestic exploration and production, several initiatives have been launched. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) introduced in 2016 established a uniform licensing framework and enabled the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP). The National Deep Water Exploration Mission seeks to unlock offshore resources through extensive deepwater drilling. Other efforts include the creation of the National Data Repository, the National Seismic Program, and the allowance of 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the natural gas sector.

·       This latest find in the Andaman Basin represents a significant development that not only enhances India’s energy security but also strengthens its positioning in the evolving global energy landscape.

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958

Context

The Government of India has extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) in select districts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh for another six months, citing continued security concerns.

About AFSPA

·       The AFSPA, enacted in 1958, provides special powers to the armed forces in regions declared as “disturbed areas.” Its main purpose is to facilitate swift and decisive action in areas facing insurgency, where normal law and order mechanisms are deemed inadequate.

·       Under Section 3 of the Act, the Governor of a state, an Administrator of a Union Territory, or the Central Government can notify an area as disturbed, a status that must be reviewed every six months. The official notification is published in the Gazette.

·       Once in effect, the law empowers armed forces personnel to open fire (even fatally) on individuals violating prohibitory orders, arrest individuals without warrant on suspicion of cognisable offences, and search premises without warrant. It also authorises them to destroy arms caches and insurgent hideouts. However, any individual taken into custody must be handed over to the local police at the earliest opportunity.

·       AFSPA also provides legal immunity to armed forces personnel, shielding them from prosecution unless prior approval is granted by the Central Government. The Act continues to be a contentious yet crucial legal instrument for maintaining internal security and supporting civil governance in conflict-prone areas.

Kokrajhar–Gelephu Special Railway Project (SRP)

.       The Kokrajhar–Gelephu railway line, stretching 69 kilometers, has been officially declared a Special Railway Project (SRP) by Indian Railways. This significant infrastructure initiative marks India’s first-ever rail link to Bhutan, opening a new chapter in regional connectivity and diplomacy.

·       The Kokrajhar–Gelephu rail line is a strategic cross-border transportation project that aims to link Kokrajhar in Assam, India, with Gelephu in Bhutan. This will be Bhutan’s first railway connection, enhancing its transport infrastructure and promoting stronger bilateral relations with India.

·       Implementing Agencies and Policy Framework: The project is being developed by the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) and falls under the legislative ambit of the Railways Act, 1989. It enjoys full backing from the Government of India as part of its broader Act East Policy, which seeks to bolster connectivity and cooperation in Northeast India and with neighbouring countries.

·       Primary Objectives: The SRP has multiple aims. Strategically, it is designed to enhance cross-border infrastructure with Bhutan, thereby reinforcing India’s northeastern frontiers. Economically, it is expected to stimulate trade, tourism, and people-to-people contact between the two nations. From a national security standpoint, the project aligns with India’s interest in fortifying border infrastructure in the northeast.

·       Key Features of the Rail Line: The total project cost is estimated at ₹3,500 crore. The route will include six newly planned stations: Balajan, Garubhasa, Runikhata, Shantipur, Dadgiri, and Gelephu. In terms of connectivity infrastructure, the line will feature one Road Over Bridge and 39 Road Under Bridges, ensuring smooth vehicular movement and safety. To navigate difficult terrain, the project also includes the construction of two viaducts, each 11 meters in length.

·       Significance of the Project: This railway line will be Bhutan’s first-ever access to rail transport, marking a historic advancement in the Himalayan nation’s infrastructure. It also strengthens India’s Act East Policy by improving Northeast India''s integration with South and Southeast Asia. The route has the potential to emerge as a regional trade corridor, expediting the movement of goods between India and Bhutan and fostering economic synergy in the region.

Financial Intelligence Unit-India and Its Role in Combating Illicit Financial Activities

·       The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) to enhance data-sharing mechanisms and improve coordination between government agencies. This move is expected to bolster efforts to track and address financial crimes more efficiently.

·       Established by the Government of India in 2004, FIU-IND serves as the central national agency for managing information related to suspect financial transactions. It operates as an independent body reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC), which is chaired by the Finance Minister.

·       The functions of FIU-IND encompass several key areas. It collects a wide range of financial transaction reports from regulated entities, including Cash Transaction Reports (CTRs), Cross Border Wire Transfer Reports (CBWTRs), Suspicious Transaction Reports (STRs), and reports relating to purchases or sales of immovable property (IPRs), as well as transactions involving non-profit organisations (NTRs).

·       Once collected, this data is meticulously analyzed to detect suspicious patterns that may indicate money laundering or other financial crimes. Based on these findings, the FIU shares relevant intelligence with national enforcement and regulatory authorities, as well as with foreign Financial Intelligence Units, facilitating cross-border collaboration.

·       Additionally, FIU-IND acts as a central repository, maintaining a comprehensive national database of financial transactions. It also plays a key role in coordinating national and international responses to financial crimes by strengthening networks for information exchange. Furthermore, the unit conducts strategic research to monitor trends in money laundering and identify emerging threats, which aids in formulating proactive policy responses.

Indian Navy’s Port Call to Kenya

·       The First Training Squadron (1TS) of the Indian Navy, comprising INS Tir, INS Sujata, INS Shardul, and ICGS Sarathi, recently made a port call at Mombasa, Kenya, as part of an extended deployment in the South West Indian Ocean Region. This deployment has previously included visits to Seychelles, Mauritius, La Réunion, and Mozambique.

·       The visit involves multiple engagements including joint training exercises, Maritime Partnership Exercise (MPX), Passage Exercise (PASSEX), as well as professional exchanges, yoga sessions, cultural performances, and community outreach initiatives. These activities underscore India’s growing diplomatic and maritime cooperation with African nations under the umbrella of MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions), reflecting India''s commitment to regional maritime security and shared prosperity.

Kenya: Political and Geographical Profile

·       Located in East Africa, Kenya shares borders with Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, South Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Politically, it holds significance as Nairobi hosts the headquarters of UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and UN-HABITAT.

·       Geographically, Kenya is almost bisected by the Equator and is home to notable water bodies like Lake Victoria and Lake Turkana, and major rivers such as the Athi/Galana, Tana, and Mara. The Aberdare and Mau Escarpment are its major mountain ranges, and Mount Kenya, the country’s highest peak, is Africa’s second-highest after Kilimanjaro.

Gaia Telescope’s 3D Map of Stellar Nurseries

·       The Gaia Space Telescope has produced a new 3D map revealing star-forming regions (stellar nurseries) within 4,000 light-years of the Sun. This map offers unprecedented clarity of glowing hydrogen gas clouds, significantly advancing our understanding of star formation and interstellar dynamics.

·       By integrating Gaia dust maps with the ionising radiation effects from 87 massive O-type stars, scientists created a simulation displaying detailed glowing hydrogen clouds. The map surpasses previous emission charts in precision and helps researchers explore the physics of turbulent interstellar gas.

About the Gaia Mission

·       Launched in 2013 by the European Space Agency (ESA), Gaia is stationed at Lagrange Point 2 (L2), about 1.5 million km from Earth. Originally called the Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics, its mission is to compile the most accurate 3D map of the Milky Way Galaxy.

·       Gaia features twin telescopes, a 1-billion-pixel digital camera, and three core instruments: an Astrometer (for position measurements), a Photometer (for star brightness and temperature), and a Spectrometer (for chemical composition and motion analysis).

Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR)

·       The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR) in Ladakh recently hosted its third annual Star Party, reaffirming its status as India’s leading destination for astronomical observation.

·       Designated in December 2022, HDSR is India’s first International Dark Sky Reserve, located around the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO) at Hanle. It is jointly managed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and supported by the UT Ladakh administration.

·       The reserve serves both scientific and economic purposes, aiming to minimise light pollution while promoting astro-tourism for local livelihood enhancement. Situated at 4,500 metres within the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary, it offers Bortle-1 level skies—the darkest classification possible.

·       The recent Star Party was a collaborative effort by the IIA, the Department of Wildlife Protection of UT Ladakh, and BARC.

·       Recognised by the International Dark Sky Association (IDSA), such reserves must span at least 700 km², contain a core pollution-free area, and be surrounded by a buffer zone. A mandatory Lighting Management Plan (LMP) must cover 80% of the population and area, with annual reporting obligations to IDSA.