CAG Report on States’ Macro-Fiscal Health – An In-Depth Analysis

Introduction

India’s States collectively manage vast public finances, with individual budgets that often surpass those of entire nations. In this context, the decadal assessment of States’ macro-fiscal health released by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) offers critical insights into how reforms, economic growth, and disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic have shaped their fiscal trajectories over the past decade. The report uncovers a landscape marked by wide disparities—while some States have maintained revenue surpluses, others grapple with escalating debt, exposing the uneven nature of fiscal sustainability and policy decision-making across the country.

The Macro-Fiscal Landscape of Indian States

·       During the early 2000s, Indian States were plagued by persistent fiscal deficits. Over time, structural reforms in tax administration, the rollout of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), and a period of robust economic growth during the 2010s allowed many States to stabilise their finances. Some even began posting surpluses. However, the pandemic significantly derailed this progress. As revenue collections collapsed and emergency spending surged, most States were once again pushed into fiscal stress.

·       Presently, India’s States exhibit a mixed fiscal profile. Wealthier States like Maharashtra finance a substantial portion of their budgets through internal revenues, whereas resource-constrained States such as Arunachal Pradesh remain heavily reliant on fiscal transfers from the Union government. This vertical imbalance—where States’ expenditure responsibilities outpace their revenue-generating capabilities—continues to expose the structural weaknesses of India’s federal fiscal system.

Dependence on Volatile Revenue Sources

·       One of the CAG report’s key observations is the growing reliance of States on unpredictable revenue streams. Kerala, for example, earned nearly ₹12,000 crore in 2022–23 from lottery proceeds. Odisha derived a staggering 90% of its non-tax revenue from mining royalties. Meanwhile, Telangana raised close to ₹9,800 crore by monetising public land assets. Although these inflows provide temporary relief, they are fundamentally unstable. Lottery income depends on public participation, mining revenues fluctuate with global commodity markets, and land sales are inherently non-recurring.

·       Even States that report fiscal surpluses often remain dependent on central transfers. Uttar Pradesh, for instance, despite being among the larger States, generates only 42% of its total receipts internally. This overreliance on volatile and external sources of funding limits their capacity for sustainable, autonomous fiscal planning.

Debt Accumulation and Borrowing Trends

·       Rising levels of public debt represent another worrying trend. The borrowing patterns of States have diverged significantly, with some showing restraint and others expanding their liabilities rapidly. Andhra Pradesh, for example, tripled its borrowings by 2022–23, touching ₹1.86 lakh crore and pushing its debt-to-GSDP ratio to 35%. Bihar’s debt reached close to 39% of GSDP after it doubled its borrowings in the same period. Kerala’s debt stood at 37% of GSDP, even after post-pandemic efforts to limit borrowing. Punjab remains under severe fiscal pressure, with total liabilities touching 45% of its GSDP.

·       On the other hand, Odisha presents a rare case of fiscal prudence. By reducing its borrowings, the State has brought down its debt-to-GSDP ratio to just 15%, the lowest in the country. The pandemic served as a fiscal watershed. States such as Karnataka and Maharashtra scaled back borrowings after 2021, but others—including Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Telangana—continued to expand their fiscal footprint, revealing stark differences in strategic outlook.

The Paradox of Welfare Spending

·       One of the most striking insights from the CAG report is the emergence of a welfare paradox. Even as some States report stable or surplus budgets, critical social sectors such as health, education, and rural infrastructure remain underfunded. This illusion of fiscal health is often sustained by off-budget borrowings, pending GST compensation, and increased central transfers.

·       Populist political measures further compound the issue. Policies like free electricity, farm loan waivers, and cash disbursements frequently bypass standard budgetary channels and are instead financed through indirect means such as government guarantees and the use of special purpose vehicles (SPVs). These approaches obscure the true extent of fiscal obligations, creating the appearance of sustainability while deferring real financial liabilities to the future.

Structural Challenges in Fiscal Federalism

·       The CAG’s findings expose systemic issues embedded in the country’s model of fiscal federalism. First, the dependency on unstable revenue sources impairs the States’ ability to plan for long-term developmental goals. Second, the rising debt burdens—especially among smaller and economically weaker States—risk leading to a debt overhang, where future borrowing becomes constrained due to existing liabilities. Third, the persistent vertical fiscal imbalance continues to erode the financial autonomy of States, as they are forced to rely on Union transfers to meet basic expenditure needs.

·       Additionally, the growing trend of welfare populism undermines fiscal discipline. While these measures are politically attractive, they rarely yield long-term developmental gains and frequently divert funds from capital expenditure and public services that could provide broader economic benefits. The report stresses that unless States refocus on productive investments, diversify their revenue base, and institutionalise fiscal transparency, they risk maintaining one of the world’s largest welfare regimes on an increasingly fragile fiscal foundation.

Conclusion

·       The CAG’s decade-long assessment of States’ macro-fiscal health lays bare the complex challenges facing sub-national public finance in India. While States like Odisha demonstrate that careful fiscal management is possible even within existing constraints, others such as Punjab and Kerala remain exposed to structural vulnerabilities stemming from high debt and uncertain revenues. The welfare paradox—lavish spending amidst weak financial capacity—symbolises the tension between political imperatives and fiscal sustainability.

·       To ensure that India’s federal structure remains robust and resilient, States must adopt balanced fiscal strategies that simultaneously address the need for growth, social welfare, and long-term economic stability. Fiscal sustainability can no longer be deferred; it must be embedded into the very framework of governance at the State level.

Delhi’s Loudspeaker Use Extended for Festivals: Legal Framework, Court Judgments, and Public Concerns

·       Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta recently declared that loudspeakers will be permitted until midnight during cultural events such as Ramlila and Durga Puja. This decision effectively extends the current 10 pm limit by two hours and comes within the scope of legal provisions that allow for relaxation of noise restrictions during religious and cultural festivities. However, it also reignites the ongoing debate between cultural freedom and public health concerns.

·       Under the existing legal regime, the use of loudspeakers in India is governed by the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Rule 5(1) of these rules mandates that written permission must be obtained from competent authorities prior to using loudspeakers. Rule 5(2) strictly prohibits their use between 10 pm and 6 am, except within soundproof venues like auditoriums and conference halls.

·       Noise limits under these rules vary by area type. In residential zones, noise should not exceed 55 decibels (dB) during the day (6 am to 10 pm) and must remain below 45 dB at night. For context, a whisper is around 30 dB, whereas normal human conversation reaches approximately 60 dB. Crucially, Rule 5(3) grants state governments the authority to relax time restrictions during festivals and public celebrations. This rule allows up to 15 days per year where loudspeaker use is permitted until midnight, provided the exemptions apply to the entire state and do not infringe upon designated silence zones.

·       Delhi’s recent decision to extend the permissible hours for loudspeakers during festivals falls squarely within this exception. However, the broader legal and judicial interpretations surrounding noise pollution in India highlight a nuanced and often contentious balance between cultural practices and fundamental rights.

·       Over the last two decades, Indian courts have played a critical role in shaping the legal discourse around loudspeaker usage, especially where religious freedoms intersect with the right to a peaceful living environment.

·       The Supreme Court of India has issued several landmark rulings on this subject. In a 2000 judgment, it clarified that no religion requires prayers or rituals to be performed through sound amplification that disturbs others, rejecting the notion that loudspeakers are protected under Article 25 (freedom of religion). Later, in 2005, the Court underscored that the right to a noise-free environment is embedded within Article 21 (right to life), stating that “aural aggression” cannot be shielded under the banner of free speech. These rulings were pivotal in cementing the 10 pm to 6 am ban on loudspeaker use.

·       Though Rule 5(3)’s exemption was upheld, the Supreme Court imposed stringent conditions for its implementation. It ruled that only state governments have the authority to invoke the exemption, it must apply uniformly across the state, and silence zones must remain unaffected.

·       Subsequently, various High Courts have echoed and reinforced these principles. In 2016, the Bombay High Court ruled that loudspeakers are not integral to any religion and reprimanded the government for failing to implement noise control laws effectively. The Karnataka High Court in 2018 allowed indoor concerts during restricted hours, provided boundary noise did not breach legal limits. In 2019, the Punjab & Haryana High Court made it compulsory to obtain prior written approval for any religious loudspeaker use and initiated a grievance redressal mechanism. A notable ruling in 2020 by the Allahabad High Court stated that while Azaan is an essential religious practice, loudspeakers are not a historical requirement for its performance.

·       Most recently, in 2025, the Bombay High Court introduced a tiered penalty system to address violations of loudspeaker norms. First-time offenders would receive a warning, repeated violations would result in fines, and continued breaches could lead to the seizure of the sound equipment. The court further recommended evaluating the cumulative impact of multiple noise sources and urged the deployment of modern enforcement technologies, such as mobile-based decibel monitoring apps and auto-limiters in loudspeakers, to maintain compliance.

·       In light of this judicial backdrop, Delhi’s extension of the loudspeaker deadline has sparked criticism from environmentalists and public health experts. They argue that the move represents a regressive step, undermining the very purpose of the Noise Pollution Rules, which are designed to protect vulnerable groups such as children, patients, and the elderly from excessive noise exposure. Activists have cautioned that public health is being compromised for the sake of short-term celebratory convenience.

·       Data from 2024 underlines these concerns. The Delhi Police received over 40,000 noise-related complaints, with a significant 82% attributed to DJs and loudspeakers. In response, new guidelines were issued in March, tightening the regulatory framework. These guidelines mandated that written permission must be secured for using loudspeakers, and violators would be booked under Sections 270, 292, and 293 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS). Furthermore, the permissible deviation above ambient noise levels was reduced from 10 dBA to 5 dBA for private sound systems, significantly narrowing the allowance for elevated sound levels.

·       In sum, while Delhi’s extension of loudspeaker timings for festivals is legally permissible, it also reignites longstanding concerns about the adverse health and environmental impacts of noise pollution. The debate continues to revolve around the challenge of balancing cultural expression with constitutional rights to a peaceful environment, amidst rising urban noise levels and judicial insistence on strict compliance.

Stampedes in India – A Recurring Yet Preventable Tragedy

Context

The recent stampede at a political gathering in Karur, Tamil Nadu—triggered during a public meeting led by actor-turned-politician Vijay—once again brings national attention to India’s vulnerability in managing large-scale crowds. This tragic incident, resulting in multiple deaths, is not an isolated event but part of a troubling pattern that underscores systemic failures in crowd control, infrastructure, and administrative preparedness.

Legal and Constitutional Dimensions

Under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the Right to Life, the State holds an obligation to ensure the safety of citizens during mass gatherings. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 categorises stampedes as “man-made disasters,” thereby requiring State and local authorities to put in place robust preventive and mitigation mechanisms. Furthermore, the Supreme Court, in its 2009 judgment in Destruction of Public & Private Properties v. State of Andhra Pradesh, emphasised the accountability of event organisers and law enforcement in maintaining order and safety during large public events.

Underlying Causes of Stampedes in India

·       Stampedes in the country often result from a combination of systemic shortcomings and unpredictable crowd behaviour. One primary factor is overcrowding that exceeds the venue''s capacity, often due to poor planning in political rallies, religious events, and sports celebrations. The 2013 stampede during the Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj is a stark reminder of the perils of inadequate logistical preparation.

·       Trigger events—such as a sudden fall, a structural collapse, or even a rumour—can create panic, causing massive crowd surges. In the Karur rally, for instance, chaos erupted when individuals fell from a tree into the densely packed audience. Similarly, poor infrastructure is another persistent issue. Narrow entry and exit points, insufficient barricading, and lack of emergency dispersal routes frequently turn crowded venues into death traps, as seen in the February 2025 stampede at New Delhi Railway Station’s foot overbridge.

·       Administrative failures further exacerbate the crisis. Weak coordination between police, organisers, and civic bodies, along with the absence of early warning systems, often leads to delayed and ineffective responses. The RCB IPL victory parade in Bengaluru (2025) highlighted this, where inadequate crowd control led to serious safety breaches. Additionally, sociocultural dynamics in India, where religious devotion and political loyalty run deep, often make crowd behaviour emotionally driven and difficult to regulate.

Consequences of Stampedes

·       Stampedes inflict devastating human loss—resulting in fatalities, severe crush injuries, and lasting psychological trauma for survivors and families. Beyond the human toll, they also expose significant governance lapses, shaking public confidence in the State''s ability to protect its citizens during public events. The economic implications are equally severe: emergency medical care, rehabilitation, and compensation impose heavy financial burdens on government resources already stretched thin.

·       On the international front, recurrent crowd disasters tarnish India’s global image, especially at a time when the nation aspires to be recognised as a capable and responsible emerging power. Repeated failures in managing mass gatherings signal institutional complacency and erode credibility.

Comparative Global Experiences

Globally, incidents like the 2022 Halloween stampede in South Korea and the 2010 Love Parade tragedy in Germany prompted widespread public outcry and swift reforms in event management and crowd safety. In contrast, India’s repeated incidents reflect a lack of institutional learning and a failure to adopt effective crowd management practices consistently across States.

Persistent Challenges to Prevention

·       Preventing stampedes remains an enormous challenge due to the sheer scale and unpredictability of Indian public events—be it spontaneous gatherings following cricket victories, religious yatras, or large political rallies. Compliance with safety norms remains weak; despite the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)’s 2014 guidelines covering crowd flow, exit routes, and barricading, enforcement is inconsistent and often neglected at the local level.

·       Fragmented responsibilities among stakeholders—police, event organisers, municipal authorities—lead to poor planning and disorganised emergency response. Additionally, while technology exists to aid real-time monitoring, such as drone surveillance and AI-based analytics, these tools are underutilised. Another major hurdle is public behaviour itself: disregard for advisories, impatience, and emotional surges often result in panic situations, amplifying the risk of stampedes.

The Way Forward

·       Scientific and proactive crowd management must be made central to all mass event planning. Technologies like AI-powered predictive modelling, real-time sensors, and drone-based surveillance should be used to monitor crowd density and detect anomalies early. States should also consider forming specialised Crowd Management Units within their police forces trained in disaster control and emergency response.

·       Infrastructure at mass venues must be redesigned with safety in mind—wider entry and exit points, sturdy crash barriers, elevated monitoring stations, and pre-designated evacuation routes are essential. Accountability should be enforced through the Disaster Management Act, penalising negligence by organisers and mandating real-time audits of event preparedness.

·       Public engagement also plays a vital role. Awareness campaigns on crowd safety protocols and basic training for volunteers in first aid and evacuation drills can foster community participation in prevention efforts. Technology should be better integrated through mobile apps, geo-fencing alerts, and SMS-based advisories to keep the public informed and safe. The 2019 Kumbh Mela stands out as a positive example, where GIS mapping was effectively used for crowd dispersal.

·       India can also adopt global best practices. The “one-way flow” strategy used during the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia significantly reduces collision risks and can be replicated in Indian religious and cultural contexts. Similarly, real-time digital ticketing and capped attendance limits, already employed in sports and cultural events worldwide, can help prevent overcrowding.

Conclusion

Stampedes are not merely unfortunate accidents—they are avoidable disasters resulting from administrative apathy, inadequate infrastructure, and unpredictable human behaviour. As mass gatherings are an intrinsic part of India’s cultural, political, and religious landscape, the country must invest in proactive, technology-enabled, and community-driven crowd management systems. As India marches towards its vision of Viksit Bharat 2047, ensuring the safety of citizens during such events must be recognised not just as a logistical task but as a fundamental expression of the Right to Life and a hallmark of good governance.

Reimagining Green Economy Through Landscapes

·       India''s bioeconomy has expanded significantly over the past decade (2014–2024), multiplying nearly sixteen-fold to reach a valuation of $165.7 billion. It now contributes approximately 4.25% to the nation’s GDP. However, this rapid growth has been uneven, with a growing rural–urban divide highlighting the need to rethink economic models. A landscape-oriented green economy is being proposed as a more inclusive and sustainable alternative.

·       A green economy refers to an economic framework that promotes sustainable development by minimizing ecological degradation and environmental risks. It supports a shift toward low-emission growth, efficient use of resources, and inclusive development that integrates marginalised communities into the green transition.

·       A defining feature of this model is its low carbon footprint. It encourages renewable energy, electric mobility, and energy-efficient technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Resource efficiency is central, with a focus on recycling, waste-to-energy initiatives, sustainable agriculture, and circular economic practices. Equally critical is inclusivity—ensuring that women, rural populations, and MSMEs are integrated into emerging green value chains.

·       The model also prioritizes the restoration of ecosystems through the protection of biodiversity, soil quality, forests, and water bodies. A strong technological backbone supports these initiatives through the application of artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), smart grids, and platforms for carbon trading and monitoring.

Why the Green Economy Matters for India

·       Adopting a green economy enhances climate resilience by reducing India’s exposure to extreme weather events and ensuring long-term food and water security. It also holds the potential to generate approximately 35 million green jobs by 2030, facilitating inclusive economic growth. Reducing fossil fuel dependence through clean energy initiatives strengthens energy security under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat framework.

·       Furthermore, it positions India to maintain global competitiveness by addressing potential trade barriers such as carbon border taxes and tapping into emerging sustainable markets. Equally important, it fosters social equity by narrowing the rural–urban divide through access to clean energy, sustainable agriculture, and gender empowerment.

Constitutional and Policy Framework

·       India’s constitutional provisions, such as Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 48A (Directive Principles on environmental protection), lay the foundation for environmental governance.

·       Article 243G empowers Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to participate in local natural resource planning.

·       Various policy instruments and missions—such as the National Bio-Energy Mission, the 2024 BioE3 Policy, the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), the Bharat 6G Vision, and the environmentally oriented components of MGNREGA—serve to institutionalize green economic practices.

Emerging Trends in India’s Green Economy

·       India’s bioeconomy now contributes 4.25% to GDP, with biofuels, bioplastics, and pharmaceuticals emerging as leading sectors. The nation has achieved 20% ethanol blending and witnessed a 250% rise in renewable energy capacity between 2015 and 2021. While projections estimate 35 million green jobs by 2030, only 11% of rooftop solar roles are held by women, reflecting a persistent gender disparity. Urban centres continue to attract most green investments, from electric vehicles to green buildings, whereas rural areas lag in infrastructure and access.

·       Similarly, western and southern states such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Telangana dominate the green economy landscape, while resource-rich eastern and tribal-dominated regions remain underrepresented.

Challenges and Trade-Offs

·       The transition to a green economy faces multiple structural and socio-economic hurdles. Access to green resources and technology is skewed in favour of urban areas, which continue to attract disproportionate investments. Rural areas struggle with inadequate irrigation efficiency, poor adoption of renewables, and minimal clean-tech penetration. Despite being resource-rich, northeastern states contribute less than 6% to the national bioeconomy.

·       Energy transition efforts are undermined by conflicting policies—while renewable energy is aggressively promoted, fossil fuel subsidies still account for up to 40% of total energy support, reducing the net impact. The widespread distribution of solar pumps, though beneficial, raises concerns about over-extraction of groundwater. Heavy industries such as steel, cement, and thermal power, which are hard to decarbonise, contribute around 23% of national greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning these sectors to green alternatives remains expensive, with costs often exceeding traditional methods by more than four times.

·       Socio-economic risks are also significant. A rapid green shift threatens the livelihoods of coal workers, MSMEs, and small-scale manufacturers. Given that agriculture supports nearly 58% of rural households, these populations remain especially vulnerable to the uncertainties of climate change. The gender and social equity dimensions of the transition are similarly skewed—women occupy just 1–3% of technical roles in green jobs, and tribal and marginalised communities are often treated as passive recipients rather than active agents of change.

·       Policy fragmentation further exacerbates these issues. Despite promising missions like BioE3 and national renewable targets, weak inter-ministerial coordination and poor on-ground enforcement reduce their overall effectiveness.

A Landscape-Based Strategy: The Way Forward

·       To address these systemic challenges, a landscape-based approach is proposed. This model views landscapes as integrated systems comprising land, water, biodiversity, energy, and local markets. It emphasises participatory ecosystem valuation, with assessments conducted from village-level planning to macroeconomic scaling.

·       Institutional frameworks such as the 2.5 lakh Panchayati Raj Institutions and 12 million women-led self-help groups should be leveraged for co-designing, monitoring, and owning the green transition. Building circular and locally-rooted economies is crucial, particularly by promoting tribal-led models involving non-timber forest produce and agri-waste reuse.

·       Gender mainstreaming should be a priority, with focused training, leadership opportunities, and financial incentives for women to take up roles in solar energy, biofuels, and waste-to-energy sectors. Investment in green infrastructure and innovation must also expand, including green budgeting, targeted fiscal incentives, and government procurement of sustainable products. The creation and strengthening of over 100 labs for 5G and 6G technologies can help in making digital infrastructure greener.

·       Waste and resource management require urgent attention. While urban centres are responsible for 75% of the country’s solid waste, rural regions struggle with unsegregated organic and plastic waste. Standard operating procedures (SOPs), decentralised finance mechanisms, and circular economy models need to be developed to manage this efficiently.

Conclusion

India''s green transition must evolve beyond an urban-industrial focus and embrace a landscape-oriented, community-centric model. By integrating local ecological knowledge, women’s leadership, and tribal bioeconomic potential with cutting-edge technology, India can build a resilient, equitable, and globally competitive green economy. The vision for 2047 should not be confined to GDP growth alone but must reflect ecological regeneration, social equity, and climate leadership on the global stage.

Sonam Wangchuk Detained Under NSA: Spotlight on India''s Preventive Detention Framework

·       Prominent climate activist Sonam Wangchuk, who has been at the forefront of the movement demanding statehood for Ladakh and the inclusion of the region under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, was recently detained under the National Security Act (NSA). Following his arrest, he was transferred to Jodhpur jail. The central government has accused Wangchuk of allegedly inciting violent protests in Leh, during which four individuals lost their lives in police firing and 50 others sustained injuries.

·       The case has reignited national debate on the NSA, one of India’s most stringent preventive detention laws. Originally designed to combat threats to national security, public order, and the availability of essential supplies and services, the law has often been invoked against separatists, gang leaders, radical preachers, and protestors. Its use in Wangchuk’s case, however, has raised serious concerns about its potential for overreach and suppression of dissent.

Understanding Preventive Detention and Its Legal Foundation

·       Preventive detention refers to the detention of a person not because they have committed a crime, but because authorities believe that their future actions could pose a threat to public order, national security, or the delivery of essential services. The core idea is anticipatory — to prevent harm before it occurs, as opposed to punishing someone for a past offence.

·       This concept stands in contrast to punitive detention, where an individual is detained following a judicial trial and conviction for an established offence. Preventive detention is pre-emptive in nature, based on suspicion rather than evidence proven in a court of law.

·       The legal basis for preventive detention in India is found in Article 22 of the Constitution. The article is divided into two parts — the first pertains to detention under ordinary criminal law and ensures safeguards like legal representation and speedy trial. The second part specifically relates to preventive detention laws, allowing detention without trial under certain conditions.

·       Under Article 22, a person may be preventively detained for up to three months without the approval of an Advisory Board. Detention beyond three months requires review and approval from this Board, which consists of sitting judges of a High Court. The detained individual must be informed of the grounds for detention, although authorities are permitted to withhold certain details if disclosing them is deemed against the public interest.

Evolution and Scope of the National Security Act (NSA)

·       Preventive detention laws in India have colonial roots and were continued after Independence through the Preventive Detention Act of 1950. During the Emergency period (1975–77), the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) was infamously used to suppress political opposition. MISA was repealed, but in 1980, the National Security Act (NSA) was introduced, institutionalising preventive detention with a fresh mandate.

·       Under the NSA, the Central Government, state governments, District Magistrates, and specially empowered Police Commissioners can issue detention orders to prevent individuals from acting in ways that could be considered “prejudicial to the defence of India, public order, foreign relations, national security, or the maintenance of essential supplies and services.”

·       Unlike arrests under criminal law, which require formal charges, trials, and legal defence, NSA detentions can occur without any such process. However, the Act provides limited procedural safeguards: detainees must be informed of the grounds for detention within 5 to 15 days, and they have the right to make a representation to the government. An Advisory Board composed of High Court judges must examine the case within three weeks and determine whether sufficient cause exists for continued detention.

·       The maximum period of detention under the NSA is 12 months, although the government has the authority to revoke the order at any point. Still, the law places significant power in the hands of the executive: the detainee has no right to legal counsel before the Advisory Board, and authorities can withhold critical information from the detainee on grounds of public interest.

Legal Options Available to Sonam Wangchuk

·       As per current legal provisions, Wangchuk can challenge his preventive detention in multiple ways. He may submit a representation to the government against the detention order, a step that must be considered by the authorities and the Advisory Board. If the Advisory Board finds that there is “no sufficient cause” for the detention, it must direct Wangchuk’s release.

·       Alternatively, Wangchuk can approach the High Court under Article 226 or the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution to question the legality and validity of the NSA order. These constitutional remedies are frequently used to seek relief from arbitrary or unlawful detentions. In addition, the government itself retains the authority to revoke the detention order at any stage, without the need for court intervention.

·       Despite these options, Wangchuk remains in custody without formal charges or access to open-court proceedings — a reality permitted under the NSA and one that underscores the discretionary power the law confers upon authorities.

The NSA in Practice: Use and Patterns of Misuse

·       Over the years, the NSA has been invoked in a range of high-profile and controversial cases. In 2023, radical Sikh preacher Amritpal Singh was detained under the NSA and moved to Dibrugarh jail. Earlier, in 2017, Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad was also detained under the Act — a move that was later quashed by the Supreme Court for being arbitrary.

·       During the anti-Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) protests in 2020, multiple protestors were detained under the NSA, particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, the law was invoked against Dr. Kafeel Khan in 2020, whose detention was later struck down by the Allahabad High Court for lacking adequate justification.

·       States such as Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have increasingly used the NSA in a wide array of cases including communal violence, alleged incidents of "Love Jihad," cow slaughter, and habitual offences. These actions have led to criticism that the definition of “national security” is being expanded beyond its original intent to silence dissent or target minority groups.

·       Courts have at times intervened to curb misuse. In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled the preventive detention of a man accused of kerosene black-marketing as unjustified. Such rulings highlight the tension between state power and individual liberties, as well as the judiciary’s role in upholding constitutional protections.

Conclusion: Balancing Security with Rights

·       The detention of Sonam Wangchuk under the NSA once again brings attention to the delicate balance between national security and civil liberties. While preventive detention laws like the NSA are designed to protect the state from imminent threats, their opaque procedures and expansive scope make them prone to misuse. Wangchuk’s case, particularly given his peaceful activism, raises important questions about the application of such laws in democratic societies.

·       The ongoing legal proceedings and potential judicial scrutiny may provide an opportunity to re-examine the safeguards — or lack thereof — within the NSA, and whether current preventive detention practices are compatible with constitutional values and human rights.

Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) – Overhaul of India’s Vehicle Emissions Framework

India has recently introduced the draft Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) 3 norms, developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). These proposed regulations aim to tighten fuel efficiency standards and curb vehicle emissions, while also incorporating greater flexibility for manufacturers, particularly concerning small cars and electric vehicles (EVs). This marks a significant step in reshaping the country’s vehicle efficiency and environmental policy landscape.

Understanding India’s Current CAFE Framework

·       The Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) framework was first introduced in 2017 by the BEE under the aegis of the Ministry of Power. Its primary objective is to regulate fuel consumption and carbon emissions from passenger vehicles. The norms apply to all vehicles under 3,500 kilograms, including those powered by petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG, hybrid systems, and electric drivetrains.

·       The framework was designed to address India’s increasing oil dependency and rising air pollution, thereby compelling auto manufacturers to lower CO₂ emissions. Additionally, it offers incentives for cleaner technologies like EVs, hybrids, and CNG-powered vehicles.

·       Under the second iteration—CAFE 2, implemented during 2022–23—the efficiency standards were made more stringent. Fuel consumption was capped at 4.78 litres per 100 kilometres, and CO₂ emissions were limited to 113 grams per kilometre, with enhanced penalties for non-compliance.

Rationale for CAFE 3

·       A major critique of the existing Indian CAFE framework is that it inverts global logic. While global regulatory regimes in countries like the United States, the European Union, China, and Japan allow relaxed CO₂ norms for smaller, lighter vehicles, India has so far favoured heavier SUVs with leniency, placing a disproportionate burden on compact cars.

·       This regulatory imbalance has contributed to the decline of the small car segment, with sales falling by 71% over six years. The proposed CAFE 3 norms aim to align India’s policies with global best practices, correct these disparities, and support affordable, efficient mobility.

Salient Features of the Draft CAFE 3 Norms

1. Scope and Applicability: The proposed norms will apply to M1 category passenger vehicles, which include cars designed to carry up to nine persons (including the driver) and weigh a maximum of 3,500 kilograms. Non-compliance will attract penalties under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, thereby giving the framework legal and regulatory teeth.

2. Revised Efficiency Targets and Formula

The CAFE 3 norms propose a new efficiency calculation formula:
[0.002 × (W – 1170) + c], measured in petrol-equivalent litres per 100 km, where:

• W is the average weight of the manufacturer’s fleet.
• 1170 kg is a fixed reference weight.
• 0.002 is a standard multiplier.
• ‘c’ is a dynamic constant that declines each year to make targets stricter.

The constant ‘c’ starts at 3.7264 in FY28, decreasing progressively to 3.0139 by FY32. The structure inherently favors lighter vehicles, which will find it easier to meet compliance standards than heavier SUVs or premium vehicles.

Support for Small Cars and Market Revival Measures

·       In a direct response to the decline in small car sales, the norms include additional relaxations for compact petrol vehicles. Cars with an unladen mass up to 909 kg, engine capacity not exceeding 1200 cc, and a length under 4000 mm will receive a relaxation of 3.0 grams of CO₂/km, with a maximum allowable cap of 9.0 g/km.

·       This initiative is designed to revive consumer interest in the small car segment. It also complements recent GST 2.0 reforms, under which the Goods and Services Tax on small cars has been reduced from 28% to 18%, making them more affordable.

Boost for EVs and Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Super Credits System

To accelerate the transition to cleaner mobility, the proposed norms introduce a "super credits" system. This system allows manufacturers to gain additional credit towards meeting their overall efficiency targets based on the type of alternative vehicle they sell:

• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): counted three times.
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): counted 2.5 times.
• Strong Hybrids: counted twice.
• Flex-fuel ethanol vehicles: counted 1.5 times.

This multiplier mechanism offers manufacturers an incentive to diversify their vehicle portfolio towards low-emission and zero-emission vehicles, helping them meet stringent fleet-level standards with greater flexibility.

Carbon Neutrality Factor (CNF)

The norms also propose a Carbon Neutrality Factor (CNF), offering tailpipe CO₂ reduction credits based on the type of fuel used:

• Vehicles using E20–E30 petrol blends receive an 8% CNF credit.
• Flex-fuel ethanol vehicles and strong hybrids are eligible for a 22.3% CNF credit.

This mechanism further enhances the attractiveness of alternate fuel vehicles, aligning with India’s goal of phased ethanol blending and fuel diversification.

Collaborative Compliance through Emissions Pooling

·       The draft also introduces an emissions pooling mechanism, allowing up to three automakers to form a compliance pool. These pooled entities will be treated as a single manufacturer for the purpose of efficiency targets. A designated pool manager will bear legal responsibility for compliance and penalties.

·       This structure is intended to reduce compliance costs, encourage collaboration, and foster strategic alliances, especially for smaller manufacturers who may struggle to meet the targets independently.

Conclusion: Implications and Future Challenges

·       The proposed CAFE 3 norms represent a transformative shift in India’s approach to vehicular emissions and efficiency. By revamping the regulatory framework, the government seeks to achieve multiple objectives: reviving the small car market, promoting EV adoption, and tightening long-term fuel efficiency standards.

·       If effectively implemented, these measures could substantially reduce India’s dependence on oil imports, accelerate the shift towards green mobility, and bring Indian standards in line with global climate obligations, such as those outlined in the Paris Agreement.

·       However, the transition will not be without challenges. The automotive industry will need to adapt, consumers must be willing to adopt alternate fuel vehicles, and infrastructure for EVs and flex-fuel systems must scale up rapidly. Success will depend not only on regulation but also on coordinated policy implementation, industry readiness, and public acceptance.

Jal Prahar 2025

·       The Indian Navy recently completed the ‘Jal Prahar 2025’ joint exercise in collaboration with the Indian Army, aimed at bolstering amphibious operations along India’s eastern coastline. This biannual joint exercise serves as a platform for enhancing the interoperability, coordination, and synergy between the Indian Navy and the Indian Army, ultimately boosting operational preparedness, maritime security, and the country’s defence capabilities.

·       The exercise unfolded in two distinct phases. The first, known as the Harbour Phase, took place in Visakhapatnam and concentrated on the induction and integration of army personnel aboard the naval vessel INS Gharial. This phase involved extensive onboard training, safety briefings, and an orientation designed to familiarize the soldiers with life at sea. Additionally, sessions focused on sports and interpersonal interactions were conducted to build camaraderie among participants.

·       The second phase, the Sea Phase, involved the execution of amphibious operations, including hard beaching at Kakinada, deployment of Landing Craft Assault (LCA) and BMP infantry fighting vehicles, and the validation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and joint training protocols. The successful conduct of these operations demonstrated enhanced coordination between the two forces, reinforcing their readiness for joint amphibious missions.

Yellow-tailed Ashy Skimmer

·       A recent dragonfly survey at the Yamuna Biodiversity Park in Delhi recorded the Yellow-tailed Ashy Skimmer (Potamarcha congener) for the first time, marking a significant addition to the local biodiversity records.

·       Belonging to the family Libellulidae, the Yellow-tailed Ashy Skimmer is one of only two species in the genus Potamarcha, the other being Potamarcha puella. Commonly referred to as the common chaser or swampwatcher, this medium-sized dragonfly is widely distributed across South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Oceania, including India, Indonesia, China, Australia, and Vietnam.

·       The species exhibits distinct physical features: its body near the head is bluish-black, while its tail is yellow adorned with black markings. The face coloration ranges from yellowish-green to dark brown, with reddish-brown eyes on the upper side and bluish-grey underneath. Male adults are characterized by a powdery bluish coating on their upper body and the initial segment of their abdomen.

·       Females, on the other hand, display yellow and black stripes along their sides, with a black abdomen marked by dull orange patches. Notably, the Yellow-tailed Ashy Skimmer possesses remarkable aerial agility, including the ability to fly backward, a rare skill among flying insects.

·       In terms of conservation, this species is classified as ''Least Concern'' on the IUCN Red List, indicating that it currently faces no significant threats to its population.

Beddome’s Cat Skink

·       A recent biodiversity survey has, for the first time, confirmed the presence of Beddome’s cat skink (Ristella beddomii) within the Aralam and Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuaries. Also known as Beddome’s ristella, this species is named after the British naturalist Richard Henry Beddome. It is regarded as a rare species endemic to the Western Ghats. Physically, the skink is a small, reddish-brown lizard characterized by retractile claws and scales that are bicarinate in texture. Its habitat ranges across the forests of the Western Ghats, typically found at elevations between 400 and 1,300 meters. Reproduction in this oviparous species coincides with the southwest monsoon season, during which it lays eggs.

·       Skinks, in general, belong to the family Scincidae and represent a diverse group of lizards that have existed since the era of dinosaurs. These reptiles usually have smooth, shiny skin and feature small or rudimentary limbs. Most skinks lead secretive lives, dwelling primarily on the ground or burrowing underground. Behaviorally, they are known for being alert, agile, and fast-moving, actively foraging for insects and small invertebrates. Skinks inhabit a wide variety of environments ranging from arid deserts to lush rainforests, and they are highly skilled at camouflaging themselves within their surroundings. Globally, skinks are widespread, with notable diversity in Southeast Asia and surrounding islands, the deserts of Australia, and temperate zones of North America.

Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary

·       The District Magistrate of Baramulla has recently ordered the immediate shutdown of 14 gypsum mining units operating within a prohibited one-kilometer radius of the Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary, underscoring the commitment to protecting this sensitive ecological zone.

·       Located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir near the village of Lachipora, the sanctuary lies on the northern banks of the Jhelum River. Established in 1987, its primary objective is to conserve the endangered Markhor, a wild goat species distinguished by its spiraled horns. Spanning an area of 141 square kilometers, the sanctuary features an elevation range between 1,630 and 3,300 meters, which supports alpine meadows and a rich diversity of flora and fauna.

·       The sanctuary’s landscape is varied, ranging from gentle slopes to steep cliffs and rocky outcrops. It is home to extensive coniferous forests including deodar, Himalayan white pine, and blue pine, alongside broadleaf forests containing birch, horse chestnut, West Himalayan fir, and Persian walnut trees.

·       Among its notable wildlife inhabitants is the endangered Hangul deer, also known as the Kashmir stag, which is emblematic of the sanctuary. Other mammals include the Himalayan black bear, snow leopard, musk deer, and a host of other species. Additionally, the sanctuary has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) due to the presence of vulnerable bird species such as the Western Tragopan.

Bhima River

·       Recent heavy and continuous rainfall in Kalaburagi and parts of Maharashtra has caused a significant rise in the water levels of the Bhima River, resulting in widespread flooding across multiple villages. The Bhima River, also known as the Chandrabagha River, is the largest tributary of the Krishna River. Its source lies near the Bhimashankar Temple, situated in the Bhimashankar hills on the western slopes of the Western Ghats in Maharashtra’s Pune District. From there, the river flows southeast through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana before merging with the Krishna River in Raichur district, Karnataka. The river extends over a length of approximately 861 kilometers.

·       The drainage basin of the Bhima River is geographically defined by the Western Ghats to the west, the Balaghat Range to the north, and the Mahadeo Hills to the south. Its basin spans roughly 48,631 square kilometers, with about 75% of this area lying within Maharashtra, where the river is locally known as Sahyadri. The Bhima flows through a well-defined valley, and its banks are heavily populated. The river’s water levels fluctuate seasonally in response to monsoonal rains. Major tributaries feeding into the Bhima include the Indrayani, Mula, Mutha, and Pavana rivers.

·       Historically, the Bhima River has played a crucial role for the Maratha Empire and the surrounding regions, especially near Pune, where many significant battles and events have taken place along its banks. The area was also a major hub for trade and commerce during medieval times. Pandharpur, a significant pilgrimage site, is located on the right bank of the Bhima River.

Andaman Sea

·       The Union Petroleum Minister recently announced the discovery of natural gas in the Andaman Basin, affirming long-held assumptions regarding the rich natural gas reserves in the Andaman Sea. This sea is a semi-enclosed marginal water body located in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. It is situated between the eastern coast of India and the Malay Peninsula, bordered by Myanmar to the north and the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the south. To the west, the sea is bounded by the Bay of Bengal, while the Strait of Malacca lies to its east. The Andaman Sea spans an area of about 307,994 square miles, extending approximately 750 miles in length and 400 miles in width.

·       Geologically, the Andaman Sea is a complex and tectonically active region, situated along a plate boundary. It forms part of the larger Sunda Plate, which lies adjacent to the Indian Plate on the northwest and the Australian Plate to the southeast. The ongoing convergence of these tectonic plates has led to the formation of the Andaman Basin, distinguished by underwater ridges, trenches, and fault lines. The most prominent geological structure in this region is the Andaman Trench, created by the subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. This tectonic activity has rendered the area seismically active, resulting in frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

·       Ecologically, the Andaman Sea supports extensive coral reef systems, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests, which serve as vital habitats for numerous marine species. It is home to several endangered fauna, including the whale shark, devil manta ray, dugong, multiple dolphin species such as the Irrawaddy dolphin, and four species of sea turtles. The region is also an important stopover for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.

·       Most islands in this sea belong to India’s Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, whereas Myanmar controls the Coco Islands and Preparis Island in the Yangon region. The climate of the Andaman Sea is tropical, with two distinct monsoon seasons: the southwest monsoon occurring from May to September and the northeast monsoon spanning November to February.

Two New Ramsar Sites Added in Bihar

·       India has recently designated two new Ramsar wetlands in the state of Bihar—Gokul Jalashay and Udaipur Jheel—bringing the country’s total number of wetlands of international importance to 93. This milestone further cements India’s leading position in Asia in terms of Ramsar sites.

·       Gokul Jalashay, located in Buxar and spanning 448 hectares, is an oxbow lake situated along the southern bank of the Ganga River. It serves as a natural flood buffer for nearby villages and provides a habitat for over 50 species of birds. The lake supports local livelihoods through fishing, farming, and irrigation, and the community actively engages in annual cleaning rituals to maintain its ecological health.

·       Udaipur Jheel, found in West Champaran and covering 319 hectares, is also an oxbow lake enveloping a local village. This wetland boasts more than 280 plant species, including the endemic herb Alysicarpus roxburghianus. It is an important wintering habitat for approximately 35 migratory bird species, notably including the vulnerable Common Pochard.

About Ramsar Sites

Ramsar sites are wetlands recognized as being of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, a global treaty signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, which came into force in 1975 under UNESCO’s aegis. The main goal of the convention is to promote the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, which are vital ecosystems supporting biodiversity, water security, flood control, and local livelihoods. The Ramsar framework facilitates national action and international cooperation to identify and protect wetlands critical for rare ecosystems, migratory birds, endangered species, fisheries, and maintaining hydrological balance.

India’s Position on Ramsar Wetlands

As of September 2025, India boasts 93 Ramsar wetlands covering 1.36 million hectares. The country’s tally has grown significantly from 26 sites in 2012, with 51 sites added since 2020 alone. Globally, India ranks third in the number of Ramsar sites, following the United Kingdom with 176 and Mexico with 144. In Asia, India holds the top position. With the recent additions, Bihar now has five Ramsar sites under its jurisdiction.

Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve

·       The Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve (CDBR) in Himachal Pradesh has recently been added to UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). This biosphere reserve is situated high in the trans-Himalayan region, covering roughly 7,770 square kilometers within Himachal Pradesh’s Lahaul-Spiti district. Established as a biosphere reserve in 2009, it is India’s first high-altitude cold desert biosphere and ranks among the coldest and driest ecosystems listed in UNESCO’s WNBR.

·       The terrain includes windswept plateaus, glacial valleys, alpine lakes, and rugged high-altitude deserts. The reserve encompasses notable protected areas such as Pin Valley National Park, Chandratal, Sarchu, and the Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. Botanically, it is home to 732 species of vascular plants, including 30 endemic species and 157 species that are near-endemic to the Indian Himalayas. The fragile ecosystem supports hardy alpine grasses, medicinal herbs, and rare stands of willow-leaved sea-buckthorn, Himalayan birch, and Persian juniper.

·       Faunal species found here include the elusive leopard, Himalayan ibex, blue sheep, and Himalayan wolf. The area also supports diverse birdlife, including the Himalayan snowcock and the golden eagle.

Musi River: Flooding in Hyderabad

·       Following heavy rainfall and the release of water from the Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar reservoirs, the Musi River in Hyderabad surged, leading to flooding in several localities and submergence of bus stations.

·       The Musi River is a significant tributary of the Krishna River, also known locally as the Muchukunda or Musunuru River. It flows through Hyderabad, effectively dividing the historic Old City from the newer parts of the city. The river originates from the Ananthagiri Hills near Vikarabad in Telangana and flows eastward before turning south at Chittaloor. It eventually merges with the Krishna River at Vadapally, near Miryalaguda in the Nalgonda district.

·       The river system includes two important reservoirs, Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar, which were created to supply drinking water to Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The Musi River has played a crucial role in shaping Hyderabad’s urban settlement historically. However, the river is prone to flooding during periods of heavy rains and when reservoir water is released, as evidenced by the recent floods.

Delhi-NCR Registers Highest Ozone Pollution Levels in India

·       According to a report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR) faces the highest levels of ozone pollution in India, followed by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).

·       Ozone (O3) is a triatomic form of oxygen found in two layers of the atmosphere: the stratosphere and the troposphere. In the stratosphere, ozone acts as a protective shield against the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. However, at ground level (troposphere), ozone is a pollutant harmful to human health and the environment.

·       The safe limit for an eight-hour average exposure to ozone is set at 100 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³), with a one-hour limit of 180 µg/m³.

·       Ground-level ozone (GLO) is a secondary pollutant formed through chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These precursor chemicals originate from human activities such as transportation, power plants, residential heating, and agriculture, as well as natural sources including soil emissions of NOx, wildfires producing carbon monoxide, and biospheric methane.

·       GLO poses serious health risks by exacerbating bronchitis, triggering asthma attacks, and impairing lung function. It also acts as a potent greenhouse gas contributing to climate change and is a major component of smog. In agriculture and ecosystems, ground-level ozone interferes with photosynthesis and stunts growth in sensitive plant species.

Agri-Stack Scheme

·       The government of Uttar Pradesh has recently issued a stern directive to its district magistrates, warning of strict punitive measures against officials who fail to complete farmer registrations under the Agri-Stack scheme within the stipulated deadlines.

·       The Agri-Stack is a foundational digital infrastructure being developed to enable the delivery of data-driven digital services aimed at empowering Indian farmers and enhancing agricultural productivity. This initiative integrates diverse datasets including farmer information, land records, and benefits from various government schemes into a unified digital platform.

·       Implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare in close cooperation with State revenue and agriculture departments, the Agri-Stack serves as a critical backbone allowing both government and private entities to provide farmers with tailored, timely, and validated services. Its goals include facilitating timely access to finance and agricultural inputs, delivering localized early warnings for disasters such as pest outbreaks, droughts, and floods, simplifying the lifecycle of government scheme benefits, and enabling private sector participation to expand farmers'' choices.

·       Additionally, it aims to improve governance efficiency by ensuring data availability for policy decisions, implementation, and feedback, thereby maximizing inclusion and reducing fraud.

·       At the core of Agri-Stack is the Farmer Registry—a federated database compiled by States adhering to common standards and cached by the Centre. Each registered farmer receives a unique FarmerID, functionally linked to Aadhaar as per India’s Electronic Authentication Framework (IndEA 2.0), along with a digitally verifiable credential. The registry is dynamically connected to farmland records, used exclusively for non-legal purposes such as planning, advisory services, and scheme delivery.

·       Another critical component is the Unified Farmer Service Interface (UFSI), designed to enable seamless interoperability among stakeholders, including government agencies, banks, agritech firms, and other authorized private users. UFSI supports a federated data structure with consent-based access, facilitating standardised interactions and secure data exchange.

·       The Crop Sown Registry represents a federated system tracking crops planted across India each season on individual farms. It replaces traditional paper-based surveys with advanced methods like smartphone data collection, drone imagery, and satellite monitoring, improving accuracy and reliability.

·       An important element of Agri-Stack is the Agri Stack Sandbox, which offers a simulated environment where authorized stakeholders can safely test and validate their applications using sample data before gaining full production access.

Men’s Cricket Asia Cup 2025

·       India secured its record ninth Asia Cup title by defeating Pakistan in the final held in Dubai in 2025. The victory was anchored by Tilak Varma’s unbeaten 69 runs, helping India chase down the target successfully.

·       The Asia Cup is a continental men’s cricket tournament conducted biennially to crown Asia’s best team. Matches in the tournament hold official ODI or T20 International status as recognized by the International Cricket Council (ICC). The event is organized by the Asian Cricket Council (ACC), which was established in 1983 to promote goodwill and cooperation among Asian countries through cricket.

·       The official mascot for the 2025 edition was “Sheru,” symbolizing strength, courage, and the unity of Asian cricket. Since its inception in 1984, the Asia Cup has been the only continental cricket competition, hosted on a rotational basis among member countries. Since 2016, the tournament alternates between ODI and T20I formats. Political tensions have occasionally caused boycotts or participation issues.

·       The 17th edition in 2025 was held in the United Arab Emirates due to ongoing India-Pakistan tensions. The format featured eight teams, including all full ACC members, competing in T20 International matches. India defeated Pakistan by five wickets in the final. Tilak Varma was awarded Man of the Match for his unbeaten 69 runs off 53 balls, while Abhishek Sharma earned the Man of the Series accolade.

·       India remains the most successful team in Asia Cup history, with nine titles to its name (seven in ODI and two in T20I formats). Sri Lanka follows with six titles and Pakistan with two. Notably, India maintained an undefeated record against Pakistan in the 2025 Asia Cup.

Study in India (SII) Portal

·       The University Grants Commission (UGC) has mandated that all foreign nationals enrolled in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and universities across India must register through the newly launched Study In India (SII) portal. This portal is a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Education aimed at encouraging international students to explore educational opportunities within India’s top universities.

·       The SII portal functions as a single-window platform, streamlining the process of application submission, admission, and visa application for students pursuing regular, short-term, or long-term courses at Indian academic institutions. It provides a comprehensive overview of academic programs, including undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral courses. Additionally, the portal offers detailed information on courses rooted in the Indian Knowledge System, such as Yoga, Ayurveda, and classical arts, along with insights into academic facilities and research support.

·       Registration on the portal is mandatory for all foreign students wishing to study in India, and upon successful registration, a unique Study In India ID (SII-ID) is generated. This SII-ID must be quoted during the student visa application process.

AstroSat

·       India’s first dedicated Space Astronomy Observatory, AstroSat, recently celebrated a decade of operation. Launched on September 28, 2015, by the PSLV-C30 (XL) rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, AstroSat was initially designed with a minimum operational lifespan of five years but has continued to deliver valuable scientific data well beyond that period.

·       AstroSat was developed to simultaneously observe the universe across multiple wavelengths—visible, ultraviolet, and both low and high-energy X-rays—using five onboard scientific instruments. These payloads include the Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT), Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC), Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Imager (CZTI), Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), and Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM). The satellite’s mission operations are managed by the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) under ISRO’s Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru.

·       The primary scientific objectives of AstroSat include studying high-energy processes in binary star systems involving neutron stars and black holes, estimating the magnetic fields of neutron stars, examining star formation regions, exploring high-energy phenomena in distant galaxies, detecting transient X-ray sources, and conducting limited deep field ultraviolet surveys of the universe.

BSNL Launches Indigenous 4G Network Stack

·       In a significant step towards technological self-reliance, the Prime Minister of India recently inaugurated BSNL’s fully indigenous 4G network stack and commissioned nearly 98,000 mobile towers across the country. This achievement places India as the fifth nation worldwide to design, build, and deploy its own telecom network stack, reinforcing the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

·       The Swadeshi 4G network stack is India’s first completely indigenous 4G telecom infrastructure developed under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission. It offers an end-to-end cloud-native architecture that is ready for 5G deployment. The core network technology was developed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), the Radio Access Network (RAN) by Tejas Networks, and integration and deployment were managed by Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). BSNL has implemented the system with government support.

·       The initiative aims to achieve strategic autonomy and digital sovereignty by reducing reliance on foreign vendors and promoting domestic manufacturing. It also strives to expand universal digital connectivity, particularly targeting remote, border, and tribal areas.

·       Technically, the cloud-native architecture enables seamless upgrades, allowing the 4G towers deployed by BSNL to be upgraded to 5G without large-scale hardware changes. The fully Indian-made stack ensures secure communication and improved resilience against cyber threats.

·       Key features of this stack include scalability due to its cloud-native design, future readiness with 5G capability, and a foundation laid for 6G technology adoption. It supports a wide range of applications such as digital payments, telemedicine, e-governance, online education, and precision farming.

·       The strategic significance of this indigenous network lies in enhancing national security by minimizing foreign dependency, generating employment, strengthening local manufacturing, and nurturing Indian research and development. Furthermore, this digital infrastructure is crucial for connecting an estimated 29,000 to 30,000 remote villages under the Digital Bharat Nidhi program.