India - Chile Joint Statement

• At the invitation of Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi, the President of the Republic of Chile, H.E. Mr. Gabriel Boric Font is on a State visit to India from 1-5 April, 2025, commemorating the completion of 76 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
• President Boric is accompanied by Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Mining, Women and Gender Equality and Cultures, Arts and Heritage, Members of Parliament, Senior Officials and a large number of business leaders. Apart from New Delhi, President Boric will visit Agra, Mumbai and Bengaluru.
•  This is the first visit of President Boric to India. Both President Boric and Prime Minister Modi had first met on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro in November 2024.
• During their meeting, the two leaders comprehensively reviewed the entire gamut of bilateral relations spanning a wide range of sectors, including trade and investment, health and pharmaceuticals, defence and security, infrastructure, mining and mineral resources, agriculture and food security, green energy, ICT, digitization, innovation, disaster management, cooperation in science and technology, education and people-to-people linkages. The two sides agreed to continue regular exchanges at various levels to give further momentum to the bilateral relationship.
• The two leaders noted that trade and commerce has been a strong pillar of the bilateral relations. While highlighting the positive effects generated by the expansion of the India-Chile Preferential Trade Agreement in May 2017, which has resulted in substantial increase in bilateral trade, the two leaders emphasized the need for further strengthening of bilateral trade mechanisms that could open new opportunities for expansion of bilateral trade.
•  The two leaders expressed satisfaction at the recent increase in visits of business delegations from both sides, which is strengthening trade and economic relations between the two countries.
• President Boric conveyed that India is a priority partner for Chile in the global economy and stressed the need to explore strategies for enhanced and diversified trade between the two countries. The President and the Prime Minister acknowledged signing of the mutually agreed Terms of Reference and welcomed the launch of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) negotiations for a balanced, ambitious, comprehensive, and mutually beneficial agreement to achieve a deeper economic integration. The CEPA will aim at unlocking the full potential of the trade and commercial relationship between India and Chile, boosting employment, bilateral trade, and economic growth.
• To further promote trade relations as well as people-to-people interactions, President Boric announced Chile’s decision to grant a Multiple Entry Permit for Indian businesspersons which will streamline the visa process.
• Prime Minister Modi welcomed and valued this measure, as it reflects the willingness of both parties to facilitate trade and investment and the shared commitment to deepening bilateral relations between Chile and India.
•  Acknowledging the people-to-people linkages as an important pillar to promote bilateral ties and to facilitate business, tourism, student and academic exchanges, Indian side has already put in place a flexible visa regime, including by extending e-visa facility for Chilean travellers to India.
• Both leaders recognised the strategic importance of critical minerals for emerging technologies, advanced manufacturing, and clean energy transitions, both leaders agreed to accelerate collaboration in exploration, mining and processing along with research and development to promote investment across the entire critical mineral value chain for mutual benefit.
• They stressed on the need for building trusted and resilient supply chains including for critical minerals and advanced materials. The two sides agreed to work together on initiatives to strengthen supply chains and local value chains by fostering mutually beneficial partnerships and understandings in mining and minerals, including the possibility of long-term supply of minerals and materials from Chile to India.
• Both leaders agreed to explore the opening up of new avenues for cooperation in health and pharmaceuticals, space, ICT, agriculture, green energy, traditional medicine, Antarctica, Science & Technology, management of natural disasters, sports, Startups, cooperatives, and audiovisual co-production, through the exchange of experiences and good practices among the agencies responsible for these matters.
• President Boric acknowledged the role of the Indian pharmaceutical industry as one of the world leaders, and an important partner for Chile in the supply of affordable and high-quality products.
• Both sides agreed to facilitate private sectors of the two countries to increase trade in pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices. Both sides agreed to work on enhancing cooperation in healthcare and pharmaceuticals sectors and address market access issues for Indian pharmaceuticals, as well as advancing in the recognition of Indian Pharmacopoeia by Chile.
• The two leaders noted the importance of traditional medicines and Yoga in preserving health and wellbeing of people and directed their officials for an early conclusion of the Memorandum of Understanding on Traditional Medicines to promote a more sustainable lifestyle.
• Towards this, both countries agreed to collaborate and intensify the promotion and use of evidence-based, integrative, Traditional Medicine, Homeopathy, and Yoga by signing an MoU.
• Both sides agreed to work on promoting investments in infrastructure projects in each other’s countries. Chilean side welcomed Indian companies to participate in infrastructure projects including in railway sector.
• The two leaders encouraged the two sides to work together to explore substantial areas for bilateral defence cooperation, including capacity building and defence industrial collaboration.
• Both leaders expressed their happiness on signing of the Letter of Intent to strengthen existing Antarctic cooperation, which will further facilitate partnership in Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agendas bilateral dialogues, joint initiatives and academic exchanges related to Antarctica and Antarctic policy.
• Both India and Chile are Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty and reaffirmed their commitment to deepen scientific understanding of Antarctic for the benefit of both parties and the global community.
• The two sides welcomed the adoption and opening for signature of the Agreement on Marine Biodiversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ), as a key legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction and reiterated the resolve of their respective countries to preserve, protect and promote biodiversity, from land to sea, and agreed to work together and support each other in international forums dealing with these issues.
• Both countries reaffirmed their intention to strengthen a vision from the Global South in multilateralism, through cooperation and joint efforts, based on the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and the right to development.
• Recalling the two countries’ decades-long partnership in space, the two leaders noted the ongoing engagements in the space sector between the two countries, including the launching of a satellite belonging to Chile (SUCHAI-1) by India in 2017 as a co-passenger under a commercial arrangement.
•  Both leaders emphasized the importance of further cooperation to promote training and capacity building and research in space and astrophysics. In this regard, they welcomed the constitution of Space Executive Committee by Chile to work on cooperation including in the areas of exploration in space, R&D, training, satellite building, launch and operation and peaceful use of outer space with ISRO, IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) and Startups.
• Both leaders noted their respective dynamic information and digital technology sectors and stressed the need to explore synergies to enhance cooperation in this field. They expressed mutual interest in growth of investment, joint ventures, technological development and markets in the IT and digital space, including promoting collaboration in Digital Public Infrastructures (DPI), thereby democratizing access to digital services for people and businesses.
•  Both leaders acknowledged the efforts by the two sides in exploring early implementation of cooperation in the digital payments sectors.
• They committed to work for developing closer cooperation between the vibrant Startup ecosystems of the two countries.
•  Both leaders expressed their desire for advancing on signing of an understanding on cooperation in the areas of Digital Transformation to facilitate deeper engagement between tech communities of both countries.
• The leaders reaffirmed their commitment to reformed multilateralism and for comprehensive reforms of the UN Security Council, including its expansion in both permanent and non-permanent categories of membership to make it more representative, accountable, transparent, inclusive and effective, reflecting the geopolitical realities of the 21st Century.
• The Chilean side reiterated its support for India’s candidature for a permanent membership in a reformed and expanded UN Security Council. The two sides agreed to work together for promotion of democratic principles and human rights to strengthen the world peace stressing the importance of resolving all disputes through peaceful dialogue.
• Both leaders reaffirmed their unequivocal condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including cross border terrorism and shared their resolve to stand together in common fight against global terrorism. They agreed that terrorism must be combated through concerted global actions.
• The two leaders called upon all UN member countries to implement the UNSC Resolution 1267 and work towards eliminating terrorist safe havens and infrastructure and disrupt terrorist networks and all terror financing channels. Both reiterated their commitment to work together in Financial Action Task Force (FATF), No Money For Terror (NMFT) and other multilateral platforms to combat terrorism. The two leaders also reiterated the importance of early finalization of Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.
• The two leaders committed themselves to the vision of a rules-based international order that respects sovereignty and territorial integrity of nations, ensures freedom of navigation and overflight as well as unimpeded lawful commerce, and that seeks peaceful resolution of disputes in accordance with universally recognized principles of international law, notably the UNCLOS
• President Boric appreciated India’s leadership in G20 which brought the development agenda to centre stage and acknowledged the transformative and inclusive role of technology, with a focus on unlocking the potential of digital public infrastructure (DPI).
• Both Leaders recognized that India’s G20 Presidency has championed Voice of the Global South by bringing to fore key initiatives and outcomes, such as inclusion of African Union in G20, promotion of Lifestyles for sustainable development (LiFE), advancements in Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), reforms of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and focus on women-led development. In this regard, and with the aim of promoting greater integration and representativeness within the G20, India will support the inclusion of Chile and Latin American countries in the discussions as G20'' guest countries.

India''s Skyroot successfully fires Kalam-100 to power Vikram-1 rocket to space

• India’s private aerospace company, Skyroot Aerospace, has successfully conducted a static fire test of the Kalam-100 engine, which will power the third stage of its Vikram-1 launch vehicle.
• The test marked a crucial milestone in the development of the rocket, showcasing the engine’s capability to generate a peak vacuum thrust of 100 kN at an operating area ratio of 60 in flight.
• The Kalam-100 engine roared to life for over 102 seconds, utilising an advanced flex nozzle for precise thrust vector control.
• This test builds upon previous successes, including a fixed-nozzle static fire test, demonstrating Skyroot’s technological prowess in rocket propulsion systems.
• The achievement is attributed to the collaborative efforts of Skyroot’s passionate teams, who developed in-house technologies such as the Automatic Launch Computer and Vikram-1 flight avionics.
• These systems enabled the simulation of flight conditions during the test, ensuring that the rocket’s performance aligns with real-world expectations. Additionally, cutting-edge sensors captured over 150 data channels, providing comprehensive insights into the engine’s performance
• A Solar Group played a pivotal role by providing both casting and test bed support, highlighting the importance of partnerships in advancing India’s space technology. This success positions Skyroot closer to achieving its goal of launching Vikram-1, a three-stage solid-fuel rocket designed to deliver payloads into orbit.
• The Vikram-1 rocket is designed to carry 480 kilograms of cargo to a 500-kilometer Low Inclination Orbit, marking a significant step forward for India’s private space industry.
• With this milestone, Skyroot is set to make history by becoming one of the first private companies in India to launch an orbital rocket, further solidifying the country’s position in the global space race.

India completes concept design of Bharat Small Modular Reactor

• India has completed the concept design of its Bharat Small Modular Reactor (BSMR-200), marking a significant step toward expanding its nuclear energy capabilities.
• Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh shared details of the project in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha, emphasising its indigenous nature and sustainability.
• The project, jointly developed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), aims to deploy indigenously designed small modular reactors for energy-intensive industries and remote locations.
• The BSMR-200, a 200 MWe pressurised water reactor, incorporates passive safety features and engineered systems to ensure nuclear safety during off-normal conditions. It is designed to use slightly enriched uranium fuel and will undergo a rigorous regulatory licensing process.
• Design standardisation in subsequent units will ensure cost-effectiveness and streamlined project timelines.
• BSMRs are intended for captive power generation in industries like steel, aluminum, and cement, repurposing retiring thermal power plants, and providing electricity to off-grid locations.
• The reactors align with India''s broader energy transition goals, including achieving 100 GW of nuclear power by 2047.
• The BSMR initiative will position India as a leader in advanced nuclear technology while supporting decarbonization efforts and meeting growing energy demands.

THE RISE OF SMALL MODULAR REACTORS

• SMRs are an innovative nuclear energy solution, generating 50 to 300 MW—far smaller than traditional reactors, which exceed 1,000 MW. Prefabricated and transported to their sites, SMRs lower construction time and costs, making them ideal in today’s fast-moving energy landscape.

Key benefits include:

• Safety: Smaller cores and passive safety features reduce risks of catastrophic fail­ure, with longer refuelling cycles due to lower fuel needs.
• Modularity and Flexibility: Suitable for remote locations, SMRs can scale up with energy demand and adapt to di­verse geographic needs.
• Lower Costs: Factory-scale production allows SMRs to be built affordably, re­ducing the high costs typical of tradi­tional reactors.
• Countries like the US, UK, and Russia have already embraced SMRs, deploying them to meet both energy needs and strategic objectives. Russia’s Akademik Lomonosov, the world’s first floating SMR, powers remote Arctic areas, while China and Canada are actively building SMRs to meet growing energy demands in isolated regions.
• The success of these projects has positioned SMRs as a viable solution for nations aiming to reduce their carbon footprint without compromising energy security.

INDIA’S TRYST WITH SMRS

• In recent years, India has pursued a multifaceted strategy to advance nuclear energy, focusing on harnessing indigenous technology, engaging in international partnerships, and implementing policy frameworks to accelerate the adoption of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and enhance nuclear energy’s role in the country’s energy mix..
• Currently the world’s third-largest energy consumer, India is uniquely positioned to leverage SMR technology. Nuclear power already constitutes around 3% of India’s electricity generation, but there is substantial potential to expand this share, especially as India pursues ambitious climate targets.
• The government’s commitment to increasing nuclear capacity to 22,480 MW by 2031 makes SMRs a compelling option within India’s broader energy strategy.
• India’s energy demand is expected to rise between 80% and 150% by 2050, driven by industrial growth and increased access to electricity. Much of this demand is currently met by coal, which powers nearly 70% of India’s electricity generation, making the nation the second-largest consumer of coal worldwide.
• SMRs offer a cleaner alternative that can reduce India’s reliance on fossil fuels and help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors of the economy.
• In remote or underserved areas, where extending the central grid is impractical, SMRs could provide a decentralized energy solution, ensuring reliable power supply in regions that traditional nuclear plants cannot reach.

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY

• India has actively pursued international cooperation to accelerate SMR deployment. Recently, India and Russia agreed on joint research into floating nuclear power plants—mobile nuclear units that could deliver reliable electricity to remote coastal regions.
• Russia’s Rosatom, which operates the world’s first floating nuclear plant, is a potential partner in India’s ambitions to develop its own fleet of mobile reactors. The India-Russia collaboration aligns with India’s broader goal of technology transfer, reducing reliance on coal, and developing low-emission power sources.
• Similarly, India’s partnerships with the US and Canada have centered on developing safety protocols, sharing best practices, and participating in SMR projects.
• The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is also in talks with various international stakeholders to adopt next-generation SMR designs, benefiting from the expertise of companies like NuScale Power in the US and Terrestrial Energy in Canada.

INDIGENOUS NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

• India has established a strong foundation in nuclear technology, primarily through its experience with Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) designed for larger plants.
•  Recently, however, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) have concentrated efforts on designing smaller, modular reactors tailored for India’s unique energy needs. BARC is actively working on a 220 MW SMR prototype designed to provide cost-effective, low-carbon power to remote areas and small grids.
• Beyond these prototypes, India is exploring advanced nuclear technology, such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and reactors based on thorium fuel cycles.
• Thorium, of which India holds one of the world’s largest reserves, offers a cleaner alternative to uranium, producing minimal waste and operating at lower risk. India’s three-stage nuclear programme is progressing towards a future where SMRs running on thorium could become a reality.

POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND INITIATIVES

• The Indian government has rolled out several policies to foster SMR technology and make nuclear energy more accessible across the country. In 2023, the Ministry of Power introduced policies to encourage private-sector participation in nuclear projects.
• The government has also earmarked an initial investment of over Rs 1 trillion to fund nuclear research, SMR design, and plant construction, a signal of the strong commitment to realising the potential of nuclear power. Furthermore, the DAE has amended regulatory frameworks to expedite the development of SMRs by establishing clear safety, environmental, and operational guidelines tailored to smaller reactors.
• The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) is working towards setting up a streamlined approval process for SMRs, which will ensure timely implementation while adhering to stringent safety standards.

CURRENT STATUS & PROJECTED TIMELINE

• India’s nuclear sector is aiming to reach an installed nuclear power capacity of 22,480 MW by 2031, with SMRs playing an important role in meeting this target. The government is optimistic about deploying the first commercial SMRs within the next decade, with the DAE prioritising SMR operationalisation by the late 2020s.
• Additionally, India’s indigenous SMR prototype is expected to enter its testing phase within the next three years, marking a significant milestone.
• While India’s SMR journey is in its early stages, the commitment to self-sufficiency, collaboration, and a robust policy landscape bodes well for the country’s vision of achieving an energy-secure, low-carbon future.

Isro safely crashes Poem-4 that launched with Spadex satellites

• The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) on Friday said that the fourth edition of the PSLV Orbital Experiment Module (POEM-4) has successfully re-entered the Earth''s atmosphere, with impact recorded in the Indian Ocean.
• The re-entry marks a significant milestone in Isro’s ongoing commitment to space debris mitigation under its Debris Free Space Mission (DFSM).
• “POEM-4 was the specially configured upper stage (PS4) of PSLV-C60, which had launched twin SPADEX satellites on December 30, 2024. After injecting the satellites into a 475 km orbit, POEM-4 was maneuvered into a lower, nearly circular orbit at 350 km altitude with a 55.2-degree inclination by restarting its engine. It was later passivated by venting residual fuel to reduce the risk of accidental breakup,”.
• During its operational life in orbit, POEM-4 hosted 24 payloads — 14 from ISRO and 10 from non-governmental entities (NGEs). All payloads performed successfully and delivered valuable scientific data.
• While the POEM-4 was in orbit, it was continuously tracked by ISRO’s Radar Facilities and United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) facilities as well. Re-entry predictions were updated regularly by the ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM).

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Technologies

• Indian Scientists have developed advanced technologies for solid waste management, including plastic waste. Significant progress has been made by Indian researchers, institutions, and innovators in devising technologies and strategies to manage solid waste.
• Various technologies have been developed for effective management of the solid waste. Some of these technologies are given below: -
• CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) has developed a novel high-rate bio methanation technology for decentralized applications of sewage and organic solid waste.
•  This technology is superior in terms of biogas and bio-manure production as it incorporates novel pre and post processing technologies required for the bio methanation of organic solid waste. This technology has been commercialized and is in operation.
• CSIR- Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) has developed a decentralised solid waste management technology. The significant features of the technology include mechanized segregation system for biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste; Eco-friendly disposal of plastic waste through agglomeration process; Generation of bio-gas from organic waste and conversion of agro-waste into briquette. The technology has been transferred to industries for commercialization.
• Indian scientists have developed a technology to recycle the Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste to produce a high compressive strength Glass Foam Bricks, which are offering a sustainable alternative to conventional building materials.
• A robust mechanical separator has been developed to facilitate the efficient disassembly of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, supporting enhanced recycling and sustainability in the solar energy sector.
• CSIR- Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) has developed a technology for the bulk utilization of fly ash in the production of synthetic fine and coarse aggregates, which can replace conventional natural aggregates in construction, promoting sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of traditional aggregate production.
• Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupathi and CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML) has developed a technology for recycling of graphite from spent Lithium-ion batteries for high energy Li-ion capacitors.
• With the support of DST, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) has developed an indigenous non-pathogenic psychrophilic bacterial formulations and composting methods for accelerated composting of municipal solid waste and agricultural waste in cold regions.
• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has setup Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) nationwide, for sorting, processing and recycling of segregated dry waste .

Technologies developed for management of plastic waste:

• Department of Science and Technology (DST) through Waste Management Technologies (WMT) program, has developed and demonstrated a technology for conversion of municipal mixed plastic waste to high quality plasto-fuels for transportation and industrial heating applications.
• A 2-TPD (Tonnes Per Day) demo plant was setup at Vadodara. The plant is flexible enough to convert all kinds of mixed plastic waste collected from residential communities, railway establishments and industries.
• Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET)-Bhubaneswar has developed an eco-friendly technology for upcycling of different grades of plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment to high impact grade plastics.
• Recycling of plastic waste into tiles: CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL) has developed a novel technology to convert waste plastic scrap to floor tiles, interlock tiles, paver tiles, and roof tiles. The technology has been transferred to industry for commercialization.
• Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals (DCPC) has established three Plastic Waste Management Centres (PWMCs) for effective plastics waste management solutions, to develop eco-friendly cost-effective value added recyclates and to establish digital demonstration facilities on plastic recycling and waste management.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM): Government’s initiative like Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has played a key role in improving solid waste and plastic-waste management, in both urban and rural areas. In October 2021, government launched the Swachh Bharat Mission Urban 2.0 (SBM-U 2.0), with the overall vision of creating "Garbage Free Cities."
• Under this mission, material recovery facilities (MRFs), waste-to-energy plants, and recycling units have been created which have led to an increase in the solid waste processing capacity by 1,05,876 TPD in the urban areas under SwachhBharat Mission Urban.
• These steps reflect Government’s commitment to bridging the gap between scientific innovation and practical implementation, ensuring sustainable solid waste management and a reduction in plastic pollution

The next UPI? How an India energy stack can lead the digital energy revolution

• At the United Nations’ first International Conference on Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in April 2024, held under India’s leadership, the global discussion centered on how this framework can accelerate sustainable development and promote inclusivity.
• As a participant in these discussions, it was evident that India’s success in building open, interoperable, and citizen-centric DPIs has set a global benchmark.
• While Aadhaar has transformed delivery of public services, social security and welfare measure for a large target audience, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has disrupted traditional banking and finance to make it inclusive and universally available to all.
• These DPIs have demonstrated how technology can bridge accessibility gaps, improve governance, enhance efficiency, and unlock economic opportunities at scale.
• India’s DPI revolution has proved that open digital infrastructure can accelerate social and economic development across sectors. This same digital-first approach also holds immense potential to address one of the country’s most complex challenges—energy transition.

The case for an India energy stack

• With a target of 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 and a net-zero commitment by 2070, India is moving forward to modernize its aging power grid, integrate large-scale renewable energy, and ensure affordability and accessibility for all.
• However, several systemic barriers hinder this transition. Intermittent renewable supply, inefficient grid management, and a lack of real-time energy data make large-scale clean energy integration challenging. Financially struggling distribution companies, land acquisition hurdles, and storage constraints add further roadblocks. Fragmented policy implementation and regulatory misalignment between central and state governments hinder efficiency and slow progress.
• To overcome these challenges, India needs a digitally integrated energy ecosystem—an ‘India Energy Stack’—that enhances efficiency, transparency, and inclusivity, much like the India UPI Stack transformed financial services.

Benefits of an energy stack

• India’s energy governance must transition from a fragmented, legacy energy system to a digitally integrated, intelligent, and citizen-centric model.
• A unified digital energy architecture could unlock efficiencies that today remain out of reach. Grid reliability could be transformed through real-time intelligence, markets could become more transparent and competitive, and decentralized renewable energy could be scaled more effectively.
• Moreover, the convergence of AI, blockchain, and IoT in the energy sector has the potential to create a self-regulating, demand-responsive system, reducing inefficiencies and ensuring that energy flows dynamically when and where it is needed most.
• A digital-first approach could also make India’s energy transition more equitable. By embedding granular data tracking and real-time analytics, clean energy can be expanded without placing additional strain on grid networks.

What can India do?

• India must establish a Digital Energy Identity (DEID) for every consumer, prosumer, and energy producer to enable seamless participation in energy markets, targeted subsidy distribution, and decentralized renewable energy trading. While Aadhaar can serve as a foundational identity layer, DEID should be designed specifically to track energy consumption, facilitate dynamic pricing, and integrate with real-time market mechanisms.
• A UPI-linked digital payment system for electricity can streamline transactions, allowing consumers to pay bills, trade surplus solar energy, and receive instant credits, eliminating inefficiencies in billing and settlement while improving financial inclusion.
•  This could accelerate the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, enabling seamless payments for households selling excess rooftop solar power to the grid, ensuring faster crediting and wider adoption of decentralized renewable energy.
• India must leverage the National Smart Grid Mission, which focuses on automation, communication, and IT systems to enhance real-time grid reliability. AI-driven forecasting and IoT-enabled smart meters should be deployed to predict demand fluctuations, prevent outages, and enable dynamic pricing.
• These technologies will help utilities optimize energy distribution, reduce peak load stress, and lower costs while ensuring better integration of renewables into the grid.
• India must develop a National Energy Data Platform (NEDP), building on NITI Aayog’s India Energy Dashboards (IED), to serve as a real-time, open energy data exchange. This platform should provide utilities, regulators, and startups with access to granular consumption patterns, grid load forecasts, and decentralized energy trading insights.
•  A sandbox for innovation can help startups develop new use cases to improve demand-supply planning, optimize pricing, and enhance service efficiency, while standardized data drives market innovation, strengthens grid reliability, and supports AI-powered decision-making for a more adaptive energy ecosystem.
• India must integrate blockchain technology into its newly launched Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) to ensure real-time verification, prevent fraud, and enhance market transparency. A decentralized, tamper-proof system can streamline carbon credit transactions, boosting investor confidence and attracting climate finance. This will position the country as a leader in global carbon markets, fostering a robust green investment ecosystem.
• A well-executed India Energy Stack will not only accelerate India’s clean energy transition but also position the country as a global leader in digital energy innovation. However, its success will depend on addressing key challenges such as data privacy, cybersecurity risks, and the infrastructure costs of digital adoption. A robust regulatory framework and targeted incentives will be crucial to drive industry participation and ensure seamless integration.
• This is India’s moment to set the standard for a future where energy is smarter, greener, and fully aligned with our vision of Viksit Bharat.

 India calls on BRICS to boost climate cooperation, mobilize $1.3 trillion at 11th Environment Ministers’ meeting

• India on Thursday called for collective leadership to advance the 2030 Climate Agenda—a comprehensive set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by all UN member states in 2015, with a target completion date of 2030.
• Speaking at the 11th BRICS Environment Ministers’ Meeting in Brasília, Brazil, the Indian delegation, led by Amandeep Garg, Additional Secretary at the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), urged BRICS nations to strengthen climate financing mechanisms.
• A key focus was the Baku to Belem Roadmap, aimed at securing $1.3 trillion in climate finance to support Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). India called for enhanced climate financing mechanisms to help BRICS nations meet their sustainability commitments.
• India also highlighted that the proposed $300 billion per year by 2035 under the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance falls significantly short of the $1.3 trillion target. The Indian delegation emphasized that COP30, to be hosted by Brazil, will be a defining moment for advancing global climate adaptation and resilience.
• Underscoring BRICS’ pivotal role in shaping global climate policy, India noted that the bloc accounts for 47% of the world’s population and 36% of global GDP (PPP). It stressed the importance of equitable carbon budget utilization and a fair transition that allows developing countries to pursue growth while meeting climate goals.
• On the energy front, India reaffirmed the BRICS New Delhi Declaration (2021), which advocates for a diversified energy mix—embracing fossil fuels, nuclear, hydrogen, and renewables. It also spotlighted the Green Grids Initiative – One Sun, One World, One Grid, as a key global effort to enhance renewable energy integration.
• India underlined the value of resource efficiency and circular economy approaches, citing the Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC), launched under its G20 Presidency, as a replicable model for international cooperation on sustainable resource use.
• Calling for a “Just Transition,” India urged recognition of the varied economic realities of developing countries. It stressed that equitable access to finance, technology, and capacity-building must remain central to global climate negotiations. BRICS, it said, should play a stronger role in multilateral forums and champion the voice of the Global South.
• With BRICS expanding to 11 members, India noted the coalition’s enhanced capacity to influence global environmental governance. It called for joint responses to shared challenges such as desertification, air and water pollution, and biodiversity loss.
• India reiterated the importance of continued BRICS collaboration in key forums like the UNFCCC, UNCCD, CBD, and UNEA, and reaffirmed the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) as a cornerstone of climate diplomacy.
• Acknowledging BRICS’ progress in sustainability, India cited initiatives like the Partnership for Urban Environmental Sustainability, the Clean Rivers Programme, and Sustainable Urban Management. It called for deeper cooperation in tackling marine plastic pollution, improving air quality, and advancing circular economy practices.
• Reaffirming its commitment to conservation, India spotlighted the International Big Cat Alliance and encouraged fellow BRICS nations to join other global initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance, the Leadership Group for Industry Transition, and the Global Biofuel Alliance to collectively accelerate sustainable development and climate action.

PM Modi at Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi: All about the ‘oldest living tree’, linked to an Indian princess

• As part of his trip to Sri Lanka, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday (April 6) visited the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi temple at the historic city of Anuradhapura. Posting pictures of the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree, Modi wrote on X, “It is a living symbol of peace, enlightenment and spiritual continuity. May the teachings of Lord Buddha always guide us.”
• The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree is considered the oldest living cultivated plant in the world, and is believed to have grown from a branch that an Indian princess carried to Sri Lanka.

What is the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree?

• This Bo (Ficus religiosa, Pipal in Hindi) tree is believed to have grown from a branch of the tree in Bodhgaya (in present-day Bihar) under which Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment. The branch was carried to Sri Lanka by Sanghamitta (or Sanghamitra), the Mauryan king Ashoka’s daughter and Buddhist nun.
• Her arrival in Sri Lanka with the tree is still celebrated as Uduvapa Poya, an annual festival observed on a full moon night in December.
• The tree, along with the other Buddhist shrines in the ancient city of Anuradhapura, is a major pilgrimage centre for Buddhists.
• Anuradhapura is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. “Anuradhapura, a Ceylonese political and religious capital that flourished for 1,300 years, was abandoned after an invasion in 993 CE. Hidden away in dense jungle for many years, the splendid site, with its palaces, monasteries and monuments, is now accessible once again,” the UNESCO website says. The invasion in 993 CE was by the Chola empire of south India.

Why did Sanghamitta travel to Sri Lanka?

• On the invitation of the king, and the suggestion of her brother, Mahendra or Mahinda.
• During the reign of Ashoka, the Third Buddhist Council is believed to have met, where it was decided to send missionaries to different regions to propagate Buddhism. Missions left for Gandhara, Kashmir, south India, some Greek kingdoms, and Sri Lanka.
• The very successful mission to Sri Lanka was led by prince Mahendra, or Mahinda, Ashoka’s son. Mahinda met King Devanampiya Tissa, whose capital was Anuradhapura, and converted him to Buddhism.
• After a number of royal ladies also wished to join the Buddhist monastic order, Mahinda sent for his sister, Sanghamitta, to come and initiate them.
• Both Mahinda and Sanghamitta lived in Anuradhapura for the rest of their lives.

How has the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree survived for so long?

• Through dedicated care and the fact that the Pipal tree can regrow from its roots and seeds.
• The tree has not been immune to attacks — in 1929, a man tried to chop it off in an act of vandalism, while in 1985, LTTE militants went on a rampage in Anuradhapura, gunning down 146 people in the vicinity of the tree.

And what about the Mahabodhi tree in Gaya?

• While the original tree under which Lord Buddha meditated was destroyed (in some legends, by one of Ashoka’s wives, Tishyarakshita), the existing Pipal tree at the site is believed to have descended from the germplasm (genetic material) of that original tree.