Caste-based violence in India is a form of discrimination and oppression that targets people belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), who are historically marginalized and disadvantaged groups in Indian society.

Despite the constitutional safeguards and special legislation, such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 being in place, caste-based crimes continue to occur in various forms and regions, violating the fundamental and human rights of millions of people.

Caste-based Crimes in India

• Caste-Based Crimes in India:
  • Caste-based crimes caninclude physical assault, murder, rape, sexual harassment, torture, arson, social boycott, economic exploitation, land grabbing, forced displacement, and other forms of humiliation and violence.
  • According to the Annual Crime in India Report 2019 published by theNational Crimes Records Bureau, crime against SCs and STs has recorded an increase of over 7% and 26% respectively in the year 2019.
    • The same report also produced that88 rape cases are recorded every day in India. Some of the cases are related to caste-based crimes.
  • Regional Differences in Crime Rates and Charge Sheets:
    • Caste-based crimes are also influenced by regional specificities and differencesin the strategies employed by various states to fight them.
    • For example, Madhya Pradesh (MP) had the highest crime rate against SCs in 2021.
      • The state also had the highest crime rate against SCs in 2020and was ranked second (behind Rajasthan) in 2019.
    • But data also showed that the rate at which charge sheets were filed was higher in MP than in most Indian states.
      • Its neighbour, Rajasthan, was far lower on this aspect, highlighting that state police needed to do a lot more.

Causes of Caste-Based Crimes in India

• Caste System and Hierarchical Structure:
  • The caste system, an ancient social stratification based on descent and occupation, creates a rigid hierarchical structure where individuals are categorized into specific castes.
  • This systemfosters a sense of superiority among upper castes and a feeling of inferiority among lower castes, leading to discrimination and violence against the latter.
• Social Norms and Cultural Beliefs:
  • Social norms and cultural beliefs, often passed down through generations, reinforce the notion of caste-based superiority and inferiority.
  • Thesenorms normalize discriminatory attitudes and practices, making it challenging to break free from caste-based violence.
• Economic Exploitation:
  • Caste-based violence is sometimes driven by economic motives. Lower caste individuals may be subjected to exploitation, forced labour, and economic oppressionby dominant caste groups, leading to conflicts and violence.
• Political Power Struggles:
  • Caste-based violence is also linked to political power struggles. Dominant caste groups may use violence to suppress the political aspirations and representationof lower caste individuals, maintaining their own dominance and influence.
• Inter-Caste Marriages:
  • Inter-caste marriages, challenging the traditional caste boundaries, are sometimes met with hostility and violencefrom conservative sections of society, seeking to protect their caste purity.
• Lack of Implementation of Laws:
  • Despite legal protections, the effective implementation of laws against caste-based violence remains a challenge in some regions, leading to a culture of impunity for the perpetrators.

Implications of Caste-Based Crimes

• Human Rights Violations:
  • Caste-based violence results in severe human rights violations, including the right to life, dignity, equality, and liberty.
  • Victims of such violence suffer physical and psychological harm, leading to trauma and long-term emotional distress.
• Social Fragmentation:
  • Caste-based violence deepens social divisions and creates animosity among different caste groups.
  • Ithampers social cohesion and undermines the efforts towards building a harmonious and inclusive society.
• Fear and Insecurity:
  • Caste-based violence creates a climate of fear and insecurity among marginalized communities.
  • The fear of violence and discrimination can lead to self-censorshipand restrict the freedom of expression and movement of affected individuals.
• Obstacles to Development and Empowerment:
  • Caste-based violencehinders the development and empowerment of marginalized communities.
  • It limits their access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities,preventing them from realizing their full potential.
• Loss of Trust in Institutions:
  • Caste-based violence erodes trust in state institutions, law enforcement agencies, and the justice system. Victims and their communities may behesitant to seek justice or report incidents due to fear of further victimization or lack of faith in the system.
• International Reputation:
  • The persistence of caste-based violencenegatively impacts India''s international reputation as a democratic and progressive nation.
  • It raises concerns among the global community about the prevalence of discrimination and violence based on caste identities.

Safeguards Provided against Caste Based Discrimination

• Constitutional Provisions:
  • Article 15:The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
  • Article 16:No citizen shall be disqualified for any office under the State on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth or any of them.
  • Article 335:Provides that the claims of the members of the SCs/STs shall be taken into account, along with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.
  • Article 330 and Article 332:Reservation of seats for SCs/STs in the Lok Sabha and State legislative assemblies.
• Constitutional Bodies:
  • National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
  • National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
• Statutory Provision:
  • Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2018.

Possible Solutions to Prevent and Redress Caste-Based Crimes in India

• Strengthening Implementation of Laws:
  • SC/ST Act, 1989; Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955; Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• Enhancing State Institutions:
  • Police, Judiciary, Education, Health, and Welfare sectors to prevent, investigate, prosecute, punish, and rehabilitate offenders.
• Promoting Awareness and Sensitization:
  • Among all stakeholders, including upper castes, lower castes, civil society organizations, media, academia, religious leaders, and political parties.
• Empowering SCs and STs:
  • Through education, employment, land rights, political representation, social mobilization, legal aid,and counselling services.
• Fostering Dialogue and Reconciliation:
  • Building trust and solidarity, challenging stereotypes and prejudices, andpromoting respect for diversity and human dignity.