1.

M.C. Setalvad, B.N. Rao, and Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer were distinguished members of the

 (a) Swaraj Party  

(b) All India National Liberal Federation 

(c) Madras Labour Union 

(d) Servants of India Society

2.

A pamphlet titled ‘Constructive Programme: Its Meaning and Place’ was written by

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

(b) C. Rajagopalachari

(c) Pandit Nehru

(d) Subhas Chandra Bose

3.

“NexCar19” seen in news refer to the context of

(a) Galaxies

(b) Hybrid car

(c) Quantum Computer

(d) Gene Therapy

·     

4.

Gurdit Singh is connected with

(a) Dandi March 

(b) Bombing in Punjab

(c) Voyage of Komagata Maru

(d) Underground radio station

5.

Antarctic krill seen in news is a/an

(a) Arthropod

(b) Fish

(c) Annelid

(d) Bird

6.

Who made Allahabad the emergency headquarters in 1857?.

(a) Lord Canning

(b) Lord Cornwallis

(c) Lord Wellesley

(d) Lord Dalhousie

7.

Which of the following had contested elections held under the Government of lndia Act 1919?.

1. Swaraj Party

2. Muslim League

3. Indian National Congress

(a) Only 2

(b) Only 1

(c) 1 and 2

(b) 1, 2 and 3

8.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru were sentenced to death in

(a) Alipur conspiracy case 

(b) Lahore conspiracy case 

(c) Kakori conspiracy case 

(d) Kanpur conspiracy case

9.

The Vellore Revolt of 1806, regarded as a forerunner to the 1857 Great Rebellion. The trigger for the Vellore Revolt was

(a) the perceived harm to religious practices

(b) the ill treatment to Indian soldiers

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) Neither (a) nor (b)

10.

Match the following and state the correct answer given below.

(a) A - (ii), B - (iii), C- (iv), D- (i)

(b) A - (iii), B - (iv), C - (i), D - (ii)

(c) A - (iv), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (iii)

(d) A- (ii), B - (i), C - (iii), D - (iv)

11.

Consider the following statements regarding “Kadambini Ganguly”: 

(i) She was the first female speaker at the Indian National Congress. 

(ii) She was the first Woman Graduate from Calcutta University.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) (i) only

(b) (ii) only

(c) Both (i) & (ii)

(d) Neither (i) nor (ii)

·  

12.

The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for

(a) The reduction of the share of the landlords from onehalf of the crop to one-third  

(b) The grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual cultivators of the land 

(c) The uprooting of Zamindari System and the end of serfdom   

(d) Writing off all peasant debts

13.

Buddho Bhagat was leader of

(a) Bakasht Movement

(b) Kol Rebellion

(c) Narkelberia Uprising

(d) Rangpur Revolt

o  

14.

Who introduced uniform salt tax throughout British India?.

(a) Lord William Bentinck

(b) Lord Hastings

(c) Lord Cornwallis

(d) Lord Lytton

15.

1. M.G. Ranade was a founder of the Social Conference movement.

2. M.G. Ranade founded the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.

(a) Only 1 is true.

(b) Only 2 is true.

(c) 1 & 2 are true

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 is true

16.

1. He was a Parsi social reformer.

2. He wrote many editorials that supported Rukhmabai’s case.

Which of the above statement(s) is/are true w.r.t. Behramji M. Malabari?.

(a) Only 1 is true.

(b) Only 2 is true.

(c) 1 & 2 are true

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 is true

17.

Arrange the following organization on the basis chronological order of their formation: 

1. Bombay Association

2. Madras Mahajan Sabha 

3. Indian Association

4.  Indian League 

Code: 

(a) 1, 2, 3, 4

(b) 2, 3, 1, 4 

(c) 3, 4, 2, 1

(d) 1, 4, 3, 2

18.

With reference to the period of colonial rule in India, “Home Charges” formed an important part of drain of wealth from India. Which of the following funds constituted “Home Charges’’ ? 

1. Funds used to support the India office in London.

2. Funds used to pay salaries and pensions of British personnel engaged in India.

3. Funds used for waging wars outside India by the British.

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

19.

The “Philosophy of bomb” was given by

(a) Balgangadhar Tilak

(b) Lala Hardayal

(c) Braindra Kumar Gosh

(d) None of these

20.

The first tribal leader who was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and his ideology was Jodanang. Jadonang was from

(a) Ranchi

(b) Manipur

(c) Rampura

(d) Kolkata

21.

What was the reason for the formation of National Social Conference during Indian freedom struggle?.

(a) Different social reform groups or organisations of Bengal region united to form a single body to discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare appropriate petitions / representations to the government.

(b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose.

(c) Behramji Malabari and M.G. Ranade decided to bring together all the social reform groups of the country under one organisation.

(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context

·     

22.

How many of the following statements is/are true w.r.t. Quantum Dots?.

1. Their properties cannot be changed by changing their size.

2. They are used to map biological tissues.

3. They are used in photovoltaic cells.

4. They can be used to identify a cancerous tissue.

(a) Only 2 statements

(b) Only 3 statements

(c) Only 1 statement

(d) All the four statements

23.

“Cunningham Circular” was a part of

(a) Rowlatt Satyagraha

(b) Champaran Satyagraha

(c) Civil Disobedience Movement

(d) Quit India Movement

24.

Indian Independence League was founded by

(a) Rash Behari Bose

(b) Lala Hardayal

(c) Rash Behari Ghosh

(d) Subash Chandra Bose

25.

In 1823, the Governor-General-in Council appointed a “General Committee of Public Instruction”. In this regard consider the following statements:

1. It was headed by Lord Macaulay.

2. It had the responsibility to grant the one lakh of rupees for education.

Which of these statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

EXPLANATIONS

1.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded ‘Servants of India Society’ in 1905 with the objective to prepare propagandist for service of India and to promote true interest of Indian people in constitutional ways.  This society had given birth to many social servants such as V. Srinivas Shastri, G.K. Devdhar, N.M. Joshi, Pandit Hridayalnath Kunzuru etc. M.C. Shitalvaad, B.N. Rao, and Alladi Krishna Swami Ayer were some of the main distinguished members of this society.

D  

2.

Constructive programmes are the social work initiatives of Mahatma Gandhi launched during inactive phase of freedom struggle. Constructive programmes are said to have played role of keeping moral of congress workers high, widening the meaning of swaraj, and preparation for the next phase of struggle.  

The constructive programme of Mahatma Gandhi during non-cooperation and civil disobedience movement, consisted of following work:  

1. Satygraha Sabha made from members of Home Rule Leagues was organized before non-cooperation movement. Methods of strike were combined with fasting and praying.   
2. Promotion of Khadi and village industries through use of spinning wheel, khadi bhandars, and boycott of foreign cloth.  
3. Promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity was emphasised in messaging and symbolism, through network of Ashrams across villages.  
4. Removal of untouchability was worked upon through work among lower castes and tribals. For example, the Bardoli Sayagraha.  

Role played by constructive programme in non-cooperation and civil disobedience movement:  

1. Volunteers promoting use of Khadi provided ground workers and support during civil disobedience movement.  
2. During non-cooperation movement, constructive programme kept up the spirit of people in wake of disappointment due to suspension of movement.  
3. Constructive work expanded the reach of the national movement across caste and class barriers  

Constructive programme of Mahatma Gandhi provided the cadre for freedom struggle, created training arena for them and expanded the social basis of the national movement.  

A

3.

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indias-own-car-t-cell-therapy-what-is-it-when-will-it-be-available-and-at-what-cost-9009776/

D

4.

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/india-canada-and-the-lost-voyage-of-komagata-maru-550136

C  

5.

https://phys.org/news/2023-10-factory-fishing-antarctica-krill-cornerstone.html

A

6.

In January 1858, Lord Canning brought back the Government Headquarters from Agra to Allahabad, and later in 1902, after the amalgamation of the Awadh region into it the province was given the new name of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. The headquarters had by then acquired the form of a Secretariat.

·   A grand durbar was held at Allahabad on November 1, 1858.

·   Lord Canning sent the royal proclamation which announced that the Queen has assumed the Government of India.

·   This proclamation declared the future policies of the British in India.

·   It was called Magna Carta of the people of India.

·   It was declared in the principles of religious toleration and justice as guiding policy of Queen’s rule.

·   The armies of the East India Company ceased to exist and forces in India were incorporated as an integral part of the British army.

·   Now onwards sepoys were enlisted in the regular service in the British Army and participated in the World War in the next century.

A  

7.

·  After Gandhi’s arrest (March 1922) and suspension of the non-cooperation movement a debate started among Congressmen on what to do during the transition period, i.e., the passive phase of the movement. Some wanted to go for the council entry while some wanted to continue with the constructive work.

·  C R Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan wanted an end to the boycott of legislative councils so that the nationalists could enter them and fight from within the system.

·  The Swaraj Party, Swarajaya Party or Swarajya Party, established as the Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party, was a political party formed in India in January 1923 after the Gaya annual conference in December 1922 of the National Congress that sought greater selfgovernment and Political freedom for the Indian people from the British Raj. It was inspired by the concept of Swaraj.

Those advocating entry into legislative councils came to be known as the Swarajists, while the other school of thought led by Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C. Rajagopalachari & M.A. Ansari came to be known as the ‘No-changers’.

C

8.

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/five-things-bhagat-singh-8960368/

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/bhagat-singh-parliament-bomb-attack-9067123/

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/bhagat-singh-jawaharlal-nehru-8515080/  

B

9.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-forerunner-to-the-great-rebellion-of-1857/article65757975.ece

C   

10.

B  

11.

https://iasgoogle.com/editorial/significant-personalities-of-india-associated-with-indian-independence-movement

https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/kadambini-ganguli-india-s-first-female-doctor-who-made-calcutta-medical-college-start-admitting-women-1570858-2019-07-18

C

12.

The Tebhaga Peasant Movement was initiated in Bengal in 1946 by the Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha to implement the recommendations of Flood Commission, which asked for sharecroppers to give one-third of their harvest to the landowner instead of the one-half, which they were paying at that time. In its response, the Bargadari Act was passed which provided that sharecroppers pay only one-third of their harvest to the landlords. The Movement mostly affected the districts of Northern-Bengal.

A

13.

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-mangarh-dham-rajasthan-national-monument-8242633/

·      The Kols, alongwith other tribes, are inhabitants of Chhotanagpur. This covered Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Palamau and the western parts of Manbhum.  

·      The trouble in 1831 started with large-scale transfers of land from Kol headmen to outsiders like Hindu, Sikh and Muslim farmers and money-lenders who were oppressive and demanded heavy taxes.  

·      Besides, the British judicial and revenue policies badly affected the traditional social conditions of the Kols.  

·      The Kols resented this and in 1831, under the leadership of Buddho Bhagat, the Kol rebels killed or burnt about a thousand outsiders.  

·      Only after large-scale military operations could order is restored. 

B

14.

o Lord Lytton introduced uniform salt tax throughout British India. He also abolished many import duties and supported the Free Trade Policy. This had seriously affected the Indian economic interest. The system of decentralisation of finance that had begun in the time of Lord Mayo was continued during the time of Lord Lytton. The provincial governments were empowered with some control over the expenditure of all provincial matters like land-revenue, excise, stamps, law and justice. Lytton wanted to encourage the provinces in collecting the revenue and thereby strengthen the financial power and position of the provinces. In 1878, the Statutory Civil Service was established exclusively for Indians but this was abolished later.

D        

15.

Ranade was a founder of the Social Conference movement, directing his social reform efforts against child marriage, the shaving of widows’ heads, the heavy cost of marriages and other social functions, and the caste restrictions on traveling abroad, and he strenuously advocated widow remarriage and female education. He was one of the founders of the Widow Marriage Association in 1861.

C

16.

·         Behramji Malabari was a poet, author, publicist and social reformer who would advocate ardently against child marriage and for better protection of the rights of women.

·         Amongst his social causes, he is known for fighting for India’s 1st woman doctor and arguing for a raise in the age of consent for females. His advocacy for the latter led to the passage of the Age of Consent Act, 1891.

Early Life of Behramji Malabari

·         Behramji Merwanji Malabari was born on 18 May 1853 at Vadodara. His father Dhanjibhai Mehta passed away when Behramji was six or seven. His mother shifted to Surat where he was educated at an Irish Presbyterian missionary school.

·         Behramji was adopted by Mewarnji Nanbhai Malabari, who married Behramj’s mother. A childless owner of a drugstore, Nanabhai Malabari traded in sandalwood and spices from the Malabar Coast, hence the name ‘Malabari’.

·         Behramji’s mother, Bhikibai was always ready to help out the poor in the neighborhood, running from house to house to tend to sick children with medicinal herbs, with little Behramji often accompanying her.

·         She would help out anyone regardless of caste or religion. Bhikibai passed away when Behramji was 12 years old. This would have a profound effect as in his own words “I became an old man. All my past associations were discarded”.

·         Following the completion of his schooling at the Irish Presbyterian Mission School, he made his way to Bombay at the age of 15. There Behramji took up a teaching job to support himself. He had an avid interest in Literature and Poetry.

·         He would publish some of these poemes wunder the title “The Indian Muse in English Garb” which caught the attention of many stalwarts in the literary world such as Alfred Tennyson and Max Muller.

·         Despite the attention, he would stick to writing for local newspapers. His career in journalism began when he was introduced by Sir Cowasji Jehangir to Martin Woods, then editor of Times of India. Following his stint in Times of India he would become the editor of The Indian Spectator

·         Through his work, he advocated the rights of widows, the reason for abolition of child marriage, and other such issues through his written work and meetings with senior politicians.

Work as a Social Reformer

·         To put forth his ideas, Behramji Malabari penned his thoughts on the issues faced by Hindu women in a series of letters compiled in a long document named Notes on Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood.

·         The long document was sent to many Englishmen and Indians in positions of authority such as Lord Ripon and other members of the British government. He listed out all the social evils such as child marriage, prohibition of widow remarriage that affected Indian women. In his letters he blamed the priestly class for misinterpreting the scriptures for their own selfish reasons.

·         It was in 1885, that would make him well known as a social reformer. In that year, a girl named Rukhmabai was ordered by a judge to return to her husband or go to jail.

·         However, Rukhmabai had no intention of going to her husband, as she had every desire to complete her education. She flatly refused her husband’s demands to live with him and in return he filed a case in the Bombay high court for restitution of conjugal rights of a husband over his wife.

·         Her refusal caused quite a stir, catching attention among many Indian and English reformers, among them, Behramji Malabari. He wrote many editorials that supported Rukhmabai’s case. His detailed editorials gave the Rukhmabai case the prominence it needed.

·         Behramji travelled to London for the first time around the same time and set up a series of meetings with leaders to appeal for the “rights of Indian daughters”. When he returned from London he met with the advocate Kashinath Trimbak Telang to discuss the amendment of the Penal Code which would raise the age of consent. It was agreed that the age of consent was raised from 10 years to 12.

·         Thanks to Behramji’s consistent efforts since Rukhmabai’s case first came to light (which he himself played a role in), the government passed the Age of Consent Act in 1891, which raised the age of consent for girls in both Britain as well as India. He also played a similar role in the passage of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885 in the UK, where the age of consent was raised from 13 years to 16 years of age.

Legacy of Behramji Malabari

·         After serving society and country as a reformer for many decades, he died in 1912 in Shimla.

·         Behramji Malabari was felicitated with the Kaiser-e-Hind gold medal in 1900 AD for his immense services in social reforms.

·         ‘The Indian Eye On English Life’ and ‘Gujarat and the Gujaratis’ were great literary works by Behramji Malabari.

·         Being a top journalist of that time, he served The East and Wesť paper as an editor.

·         In 1880 he acquired the Indian Spectator paper and edited it for 20 years. Later the Indian Spectator got merged in The Voice of India.

·         Behramji founded Seva Sadan in 1885 with an objective to fight against social evils in a more organised and effective way.

C

17.

Bombay Association – August, 1852 – founded by Dada Bhai Naroji

Indian League – September, 1875 – founded by Shishir Kumar Ghosh

Indian Association – July, 1876. – founded by Surendra Nath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose.

Madras Mahajan Sabha : May, 1884 founded by G. Subramaniam, P. Anand Charlu and V. Raghava Chari.

D

18.

Home Charges refer to the expenditure incurred in England by the Secretary of State on behalf of India. The main constituents were:

·   Dividend to the shareholders of the East India Company.

·   Interest on Public Debt raised abroad.

·   Expenses on India Office establishment in London.

·   Pensions and furloughs payments of British officers in the Civil and Military departments in India.

·   Payments to the British war office.

·   Store purchases in England Interest on Foreign Capital Investments was another important leakage from the national income stream.

B  

19.

§ Every year, Shaheed Diwas, also known as Martyrs'' Day or Sarvodaya Day, is observed on 23rd March.

§ This Day should not be confused with the Martyrs’ Day observed on 30th January, the day Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated.

§ It was on this day that Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were executed by the British government in 1931.

§ They were hanged to death for assassinating John Saunders, a British police officer in 1928. They had mistaken him for British police superintendent James Scott.

§ It was Scott who had ordered lathi charge, which eventually led to the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.

§ While Bhagat Singh, who had publicly announced avenging Lala Lajpat Rai’s death, went into hiding for many months after this shootout, he resurfaced along with an associate Batukeshwar Dutt, and the two, in April 1929, set off two explosive devices inside the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi.

§ Allowed themselves to be arrested, while shouting the famous slogan: “Inquilab Zindabad“, or “Long live the revolution”.

§ Their lives inspired countless youth and in their death, they set an example. They carved out their own path for independence, where individual heroism and their aggressive need to do something for the nation stood out, departing from the path followed by the Congress leaders then.

Bhagat Singh

§ Born as Bhaganwala on the 26th September, 1907, Bhagat Singh grew up in a petty-bourgeois family of Sandhu Jats settled in the Jullundur Doab district of the Punjab.

§ He belonged to a generation that was to intervene between two decisive phases of the Indian national movement - the phase of the ''Extremism'' of Lal-Bal-Pal and the Gandhian phase of nonviolent mass action.

§ In 1923, Bhagat Singh joined the National College, Lahore which was founded and managed by Lala Lajpat Rai and Bhai Parmanand.

§ The College was set up as an alternative to the institutions run by the Government, bringing to the field of education the idea of Swadeshi.

§ In 1924 in Kanpur, he became a member of the Hindustan Republican Association, started by Sachindranath Sanyal a year earlier. The main organiser of the Association was Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh became very close to him.

§ It was as a member of the HRA that Bhagat Singh began to take seriously the philosophy of the Bomb.

§ Revolutionary Bhagwati Charan Vohra wrote the famous article philosophy of the Bomb. Including the philosophy of bomb he authored three important political documents; the other two were Manifesto of Naujawan Sabha and Manifesto of HSRA.

§ Armed revolution was understood to be the only weapon with which to fight British imperialism.

§ In 1925, Bhagat Singh returned to Lahore and within the next year he and his colleagues started a militant youth organisation called the Naujawan Bharat Sabha.

§ In April 1926, Bhagat Singh established contact with Sohan Singh Josh and through him the ''Workers and Peasants Party'' which brought out the monthly magazine Kirti in Punjabi.

§ For the next year Bhagat Singh worked with Josh and joined the editorial board of Kirti.

§ In 1927, he was first arrested on charges of association with the Kakori Case, accused for an article written under the pseudonym Vidrohi (Rebel). He was also accused of being responsible for a bomb explosion at Lahore during the Dussehra fair.

§ In 1928, Bhagat Singh changed the name of Hindustan Republican Association to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). In 1930, when Azad was shot, the HSRA collapsed.

§ Naujawan Bharat Sabha replaced HSRA in Punjab.

§ His time in the prison was spent protesting, seeking better living conditions for inmates. During this time, he gained the sympathy of the public, especially when he joined fellow defendant Jatin Das in a hunger strike.

o The strike ended with Das’ death from starvation in September 1929. Two years later, Singh was convicted and hanged at the age of 23.

D  

20.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/padma-shri-boost-for-indigenous-faith-in-northeast/article66447540.ece

https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/aug/09/manipurs-nagas-hold-rallies-for-successful-conclusion-of-peace-talks-2603547.html

B   

21.

When Congress was founded in 1885 in Bombay, its organizers had a feeling that along with the political topic, a place should be given to the discussion of social topics also. So, R. Raghunath Rao and M G Ranade addressed the congress on subjects related to social reforms. But on a second consideration, the organizers of Congress felt that the Congress Platform should be devoted to political topics only. As those interested in the social freforms, also felt in a need for it, so it was decided to inaugurate the National Social Conference as a separate movement. Hostility to social-reform issues expressed by a majority of nationalists in the congress had led to the formation of the Indian National Social Conference. The National Social Conference met annually from 1887 to 1895 as part of the INC Sessions.

B  

22.

Quantum dots are now used to tune the colors in LED lights and improve the brilliance of television screens. They can also be used as fluorescent imaging tools in biomedical applications, such as identifying cancerous tissue. Quantum dots are expected to lead to advances in electronics, solar cells and encrypted quantum information.

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nobel-prize-chemistry-2023-what-is-the-research-what-are-quantum-dots-explained/article67381088.ece

B

23.

In Assam, a powerful agitation was organised against the infamous ‘Cunningham circular’ which forced parents, guardians and students to furnish assurances of good behavior. It was part of Civil Disobedience Movement.

C

24.

Ras Bihari Bose was an immigrant Indian living in Japan. On 28-30 March 1942, Bose convened a conference in Tokyo (Japan) to discuss political issues with Indians. Bose decided to establish the Indian Independence League. It was structured during the Bangkok Convention which took place between 14th June to June 23, 1942 where Subhash Chandra Bose was invited. During this Conference, Ras Bihari Bose established Indian Independence League.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-other-bose-face-of-revolutionary-asia/articleshow/105190418.cms?from=mdr&pcode=462#:~:text=Rash%20Behari%20Bose%2C%20multi%2Dtasker,to%20Ferozepur%2C%20Agra%20to%20Benares.

A

25.

• Charter Act of 1813:
• The monopoly of EIC was abolished in terms of trade with India.
• The company still enjoyed the monopoly in terms of tea and china trade for 20 more years.
• This act provided a grant of one lakh rupees per annum for the promotion of education in India.
• This act gave power to local governments to impose and collect taxes.
• It included a clause asserting the Crown''s undoubted sovereignty over all of the Company''s territories and required it to open up India to Christian missionaries.
• The Charter Act 1813 created a controversy between the anglicist and classicist on the medium of instruction and so the fund was kept unspent till 1823 due to the controversy.
• In 1823, the Governor-General-in Council appointed a “General Committee of Public Instruction”, which had the responsibility to grant the one lakh of rupees for education.
• That committee was headed by Lord Macaulay consisting of ten European members.
• The committee decided to spend major portions from the grant for the improvement of oriental literature.
• Even, the General Committee of Public Instruction also was not able to decide the medium of instruction by vote; because out of ten members, five were supporters of the English language as the medium of instruction and the rest were supporters of oriental or classic language as a medium of instruction.
• As a President of the General Committee of Public Instruction, Lord Macaulay wrote a minute on 2nd February 1835, where he made the conclusion regarding the controversy.
• Lord Macaulay stressed the implementation of the English language as a medium of instruction through his minute.

C