Sensitive German experiment sets new limit on maximum neutrino mass

• The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN) has set a new upper limit on neutrino mass, significantly improving our understanding of these elusive particles.

Key Features of KATRIN:

• Spectrometer Transport: Built in Deggendorf, Germany, the 200-tonne spectrometer had to be transported 8,600 km to Karlsruhe, traveling across rivers and seas due to its massive size.
• Neutrino Mass Measurement: KATRIN closely observes the disintegration of molecular tritium, analyzing the maximum energy of emitted electrons to infer neutrino mass.

Key Findings:

• After 259 days of data collection (March 2019 - June 2021), KATRIN determined that the sum of neutrino masses cannot exceed 8.8 × 10⁻⁷ times the mass of an electron—a twofold improvement over previous constraints.
• Neutrinos travel near the speed of light, making their mass extremely difficult to measure.
• Standard Model conflict: The current best framework in physics predicts neutrinos should be massless, yet experiments confirm they have mass—suggesting new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Why This Matters:

• Cosmological impact: Neutrinos help shape the universe’s structure, influencing galaxy formation.
• Experimental advances: KATRIN’s 200-tonne spectrometer, transported over 8,600 km, enables ultra-precise measurements.
• Unlike cosmological estimates that rely on early universe assumptions, KATRIN’s results are model-independent and robust.

Why Neutrino Mass Matters:

• Standard Model Conflict: The current best framework in physics predicts neutrinos should be massless, yet experiments confirm they have mass—suggesting new physics beyond the Standard Model.
• Cosmological Impact: Neutrinos play a role in galaxy formation and influence the universe’s large-scale structure.
• Experimental Challenges: Measuring neutrino mass requires high-precision instruments, such as KATRIN’s 200-tonne spectrometer, which was transported via an 8,600-km journey to Karlsruhe.

 Explainer - International Organisation of Aids to Marine Navigation (IALA)

• The International Organisation for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA) is a global body dedicated to ensuring safe and efficient maritime navigation. Originally established in 1957 as a non-governmental organisation (NGO), it transitioned into an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) in August 2024, following ratification by 30 states.
• India actively participated in the second session of the International Organisation for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA) Council, held in Nice, France.

What is IALA?

• The International Organisation for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA) was established in 1957 as a non-governmental organisation (NGO).
• It was earlier named as International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).
• In August 2024, IALA changed its status from a non-governmental organisation (NGO) to an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) based on a Convention ratified or acceded to by 30 States.
• The new organisation was named the International Organisation for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA).
•  IALA gathered together marine aids to navigation authorities, manufacturers, consultants and scientific and training institutes from all parts of the world and offers them the opportunity to exchange and compare their experiences and achievements.
• Taking into account the needs of mariners, developments in technology and the requirements and constraints of aids to navigation authorities, a number of technical committees have been established bringing together experts from around the world.
• The work of the committees is aimed at developing common best practices through the publication of IALA standards, recommendations, guidelines and model courses.
• This work ensures that mariners have marine aids to navigation which will meet their needs both now and in the future. Thus IALA contributes to a reduction of marine accidents, increased safety of life and property at sea, as well as the protection of the marine environment.
• The Secretariat is based in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris.
• There are currently 39 members.
• IALA’s transition from an NGO to an intergovernmental organisation reflects its growing importance in shaping international standards and best practices for safe and efficient navigation.
• Its status as an intergovernmental organisation strengthens IALA’s mandate to harmonise global maritime navigation systems, promote maritime safety initiatives, and collaborate with its member states, international organisations, and industry stakeholders to address emerging challenges in maritime safety and environmental protection.

Key Functions of IALA

• Standardisation of Marine Aids to Navigation: IALA develops global standards, recommendations, and guidelines to harmonise navigation systems worldwide.
• Enhancing Maritime Safety: By improving buoyage systems, vessel traffic services (VTS), and digital navigation technologies, IALA helps reduce marine accidents and protect the environment.
• Collaboration with Member States: IALA works with marine authorities, manufacturers, consultants, and training institutes to exchange knowledge and best practices.
• Technological Advancements: The organisation has contributed to innovations like the IALA Maritime Buoyage System (IALA MBS), Differential GPS System (DGPS), Automatic Identification System (AIS), and VHF Data Exchange System (VDES)

Achievements of IALA

• In 1929 the first International Lighthouse Conference was held in the United Kingdom. 
• This was the first of five conferences held before IALA was formally established as an association of lighthouse authorities. 
• The purpose of these conferences was to exchange views on technical developments in marine aids to navigation. 
•  When IALA was established in 1957, its first constitution defined its purpose, which was to “Assemble the lighthouse authorities of all countries for the discussion of general technical interests; circulate information regarding lighthouse authorities work in the various countries so that improvements introduced in any one of them may be available to the others; encourage, support and make known researches and inventions which are useful to Lighthouse Authorities”. 
•  IALA has now done this for almost 100 years, and therefore, connecting and sharing knowledge between marine aids to navigation stakeholders is regarded as one of the primary achievements of IALA.
• Since its establishment, IALA has developed several important concepts and systems, such as:
• i) The IALA Maritime Buoyage System (IALA MBS)
• ii) Differential GPS System (DGPS)
• iii) Automatic Identification System (AIS)
• iv) VHF Data Exchange System (VDES)
• v) Development of Vessel Traffic Services (VTS)
•  Furthermore, IALA has published more than 250 standards, recommendations and guidelines, providing guidance on marine aids to navigation services provision and vessel traffic service

India’s Role in IALA

• India actively participates in IALA and currently holds the vice presidency, with Brazil as the president. The Indian delegation, led by T.K. Ramachandran, Secretary, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, attended the second session of the IALA Council in Nice, France. India has also invited member states to the third IALA General Assembly in December 2025 and the 21st IALA Conference in 2027, both to be held in Mumbai.

IALA’s Global Impact

• With 39 member states, IALA plays a crucial role in harmonising maritime navigation systems, promoting maritime safety, and addressing emerging challenges in environmental protection. Its headquarters is located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris.
• IALA’s transition to an intergovernmental organisation strengthens its mandate to shape international maritime policies, ensuring safer and more efficient navigation worldwide.

Solar Orbiter spacecraft obtains first images of the sun’s poles

• The Solar Orbiter spacecraft, launched in 2020 by the European Space Agency in collaboration with NASA, has captured the first-ever images of the sun''s poles. These images provide crucial insights into the sun''s magnetic field, solar wind, and the 11-year solar cycle.
• The robotic Solar Orbiter spacecraft has obtained the first images ever taken of our sun’s two poles as scientists seek a deeper understanding of Earth’s host star, including its magnetic field, its 11-year cycle of activity and the solar wind.
• The spacecraft used a slingshot maneuver around Venus to shift its perspective beyond the usual ecliptic plane—where Earth and most planets orbit—allowing it to observe the sun from a more unique angle. The first images, taken in March, revealed the chaotic nature of the sun’s magnetic field at its south pole during peak solar activity. Images of the north pole are expected in the coming months.
• Scientists anticipate that this new data will improve predictions of solar cycles and phenomena like solar flares, which can disrupt radio communications and power grids on Earth. The Solar Orbiter follows in the footsteps of the Ulysses spacecraft from the 1990s but has the advantage of onboard optical instruments capable of imaging the sun directly.

Technologies involved in Solar Orbiter capture images of the sun:

• Solar Orbiter captures images of the sun using a suite of sophisticated instruments designed to observe different aspects of solar activity.
• Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI): This instrument takes high-resolution images of the sun''s outer layers, helping scientists study the solar wind and small-scale magnetic interactions.
• Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI): It provides data on the sun''s magnetic field and its internal processes, aiding in the understanding of sunspots and the solar cycle.
• Metis Coronagraph: This instrument captures images of the solar corona, the sun''s outermost atmosphere, to examine the origins of solar wind and coronal mass ejections.
• Solar Orbiter follows a unique trajectory, using slingshot flybys around Venus to tilt its orbit, allowing it to observe the sun’s poles from an unprecedented angle. This vantage point helps scientists better understand the behavior of the sun''s magnetic field, particularly during the solar cycle''s peak activity phase.

How do these observations affect space weather predictions?

• The observations from Solar Orbiter are crucial for improving space weather predictions, which help protect satellites, communication systems, and power grids on Earth.
• Understanding Solar Wind Behavior: The sun continuously emits a stream of charged particles, known as the solar wind. Studying how it expands from the solar poles provides insight into how these particles travel through space and interact with Earth''s magnetosphere.
• Tracking Magnetic Field Changes: The sun''s magnetic field flips roughly every 11 years, influencing solar activity. By observing its chaotic nature at the poles during maximum solar activity, scientists can better anticipate when the next reversal will occur and how it will impact solar storms.
• Predicting Solar Storms: Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can disrupt radio communications and cause electrical grid failures. With detailed images of the poles, researchers can refine models that predict when these powerful eruptions will happen, giving us more time to prepare.
• Improving Auroral Forecasts: The sun''s activity drives spectacular auroras (Northern and Southern Lights). Understanding solar cycles helps scientists forecast the intensity and timing of auroras, which can sometimes extend to lower latitudes.
• By having a new vantage point outside Earth''s orbital plane, Solar Orbiter provides unprecedented insights that will refine forecasting models for space weather events. This knowledge is essential for ensuring the safety of astronauts, spacecraft, and technological infrastructure on Earth.

Technologies affected by solar storms?

• A Solar storms can disrupt various technologies that rely on Earth''s magnetic field and satellite communications. Here are some key examples:
• Power Grids: Geomagnetic storms can induce currents in electrical grids, potentially causing transformer failures and widespread blackouts.
• Satellites & GPS: Charged particles from solar storms can interfere with satellite electronics, leading to GPS inaccuracies and communication disruptions.
• Telecommunications: High-frequency radio signals used for aviation and emergency communications can be blocked or degraded during intense solar activity.
• Aviation Systems: Airlines rely on satellite-based navigation, which can be affected by solar storms, forcing pilots to use alternative methods.
• Pipeline Corrosion: Geomagnetic disturbances can accelerate corrosion in long-distance pipelines increasing costs.

How do solar cycles affect Earth''s climate?

• Solar cycles have some influence on Earth''s climate, but their impact is small compared to human-driven climate change. Here’s how they play a role:
• Solar Irradiance Changes: The sun’s brightness fluctuates slightly over its 11-year cycle, affecting the amount of energy Earth receives. However, these variations are less than 0.1% and do not account for the rapid warming observed in recent decades.
• Ultraviolet Radiation Effects: During periods of high solar activity, the sun emits more ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can influence stratospheric temperatures and alter atmospheric circulation patterns.
• Cosmic Ray Modulation: The sun’s magnetic field affects the flow of galactic cosmic rays reaching Earth. Some scientists suggest cosmic rays may influence cloud formation, but this remains an area of ongoing research
• How to Measure Solar Activity:
• Scientists measure solar activity using various techniques and instruments to track changes in the sun’s behavior. Here are some key methods:
• Sunspot Counting: Observing and recording the number of sunspots on the sun’s surface helps track the 11-year solar cycle.
• Solar Irradiance Measurements: Satellites measure the total energy output of the sun, which fluctuates slightly over time.
• Magnetic Field Observations: Instruments like the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter analyze the sun’s magnetic field, which influences solar storms.
• Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging: Telescopes capture high-energy ultraviolet radiation to study solar flares and coronal mass ejections.
• Helioseismology: Scientists study sound waves traveling through the sun’s interior to understand its structure and activity.

Key targets and capabilities: a look at Iran’s nuclear facilities amid Israeli strikes

• Israel launched airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities early Friday, aiming to hinder Tehran’s ability to develop atomic weapons. According to reports, explosions were heard at Iran’s main uranium enrichment site, Natanz, and other locations. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that the strikes targeted Iran’s nuclear infrastructure, ballistic missile factories, and military capabilities.
• The attack comes amid escalating tensions over Iran’s uranium enrichment program, which has been expanding since the collapse of the 2015 nuclear deal. Iran is now enriching uranium to 60% purity, close to the 90% weapons-grade threshold. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has warned that Iran possesses enough enriched material to produce multiple nuclear bombs if further refined.
• The strikes have raised concerns about regional stability, with Iran vowing retaliation. The situation remains fluid, with potential implications for global security and nuclear diplomacy.

Below are some of Iran’s main nuclear facilities:

• Natanz: A major uranium enrichment site with underground and above-ground plants. It houses thousands of centrifuges refining uranium.
• Fordow: A heavily fortified enrichment site built into a mountain, making it more resistant to attacks.
• Isfahan: A nuclear technology center with uranium conversion facilities and equipment for centrifuge production.
• Khondab: A partially built heavy-water reactor, which could produce plutonium.
• Bushehr: Iran’s only operational nuclear power plant, fueled by Russian supplies.

WHERE ARE IRAN’S NUCLEAR FACILITIES?

• Iran’s nuclear programme is spread over many locations. While the threat of Israeli airstrikes has loomed for decades, only some of the sites have been built underground.

DOES IRAN HAVE A NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAMME?

• The United States and the U.N. nuclear watchdog believe Iran had a coordinated, secret nuclear weapons programme that it halted in 2003. The Islamic Republic denies ever having had one or planning to have one.
• Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear activities in exchange for relief from international sanctions under a 2015 deal with world powers. That pact fell apart after Trump – then serving his first term as president – pulled the United States out of it in 2018 and Iran started abandoning the restrictions in the following year.

IS IRAN INCREASING ITS URANIUM ENRICHMENT?

• Yes. Iran has been expanding its uranium enrichment programme ever since the pact broke down, reducing the so-called “breakout time” it would need to produce enough weapons-grade uranium for a nuclear bomb to days or little more than a week from at least a year under the 2015 deal.
• Actually making a bomb with that material would take longer. How long is less clear and is the subject of debate.
• Iran is now enriching uranium to up to 60% fissile purity, close to the 90% of weapons-grade, at two sites, and in theory it has enough material enriched to that level, if enriched further, for six bombs, according to a yardstick of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the U.N. watchdog.
• The Israeli strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities have significant global security implications.

Here’s how they impact the broader geopolitical landscape:

• 1. Regional Stability
• The strikes have escalated tensions between Israel and Iran, increasing the risk of further military confrontations.
• Iran has already retaliated with missile strikes on Israel, leading to casualties and infrastructure damage.
• Neighboring countries, including Saudi Arabia and Iraq, are on high alert, fearing spillover conflicts.

2. Nuclear Proliferation Concerns

• Iran’s nuclear program has been a long-standing global concern, with fears that it could lead to nuclear weapon development.
• The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has warned that the attack on Natanz caused radioactive contamination, raising safety risks.
• The strikes may push Iran to accelerate its uranium enrichment, further destabilizing nuclear diplomacy.

3. Impact on Global Diplomacy

• The United Nations Security Council held an emergency session, urging restraint to prevent a wider conflict.
• The U.S. and European nations are reassessing their diplomatic strategies, with Iran threatening to withdraw from nuclear negotiations.
• Oman, a key mediator, has condemned the strikes as a violation of international law.

4. Economic Fallout

• Oil prices have surged due to fears of supply disruptions, affecting global markets.
• Investors are shifting to safe-haven assets like gold and government bonds, reflecting uncertainty.
• Airlines have canceled flights over the Middle East, impacting travel and trade routes.

5. Military Escalation Risks

• Israel has vowed to continue its military operation, while Iran has warned of severe retaliation.
• The conflict could draw in other regional powers, including the U.S., Russia, and China, further complicating global security.

UN General Assembly adopts Gaza ceasefire resolution

• The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) overwhelmingly adopted a resolution on June 12, calling for an immediate, unconditional, and lasting ceasefire in Gaza. This follows the UN Security Council’s failure to pass a similar resolution due to a veto by the United States on June 4.

Key Details of the Resolution

• Voting Outcome: The resolution was backed by 149 Member States, while 12 voted against and 19 abstained.
• Countries Opposing: The United States and Israel were among those who voted against it, joined by Argentina, Hungary, and Paraguay.
• Countries Abstaining: India, Georgia, Ecuador, Romania, and Ethiopia were among those who abstained.
• Humanitarian Focus: The resolution strongly condemns the use of starvation as a weapon of war, demands the lifting of Israel’s blockade on humanitarian aid, and insists on civilian protection under international law.

India’s Position

• India’s Permanent Representative to the UN, Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish, explained that India abstained from voting because it believes that dialogue and diplomacy are the only way to resolve conflicts. India has provided humanitarian assistance to Gaza both bilaterally and through the UN

Why India abstained from voting?

• In the explanation of vote on the resolution titled Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations, India’s Permanent Representative to the UN Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish said the resolution comes against the backdrop of worsening humanitarian situation in Gaza.
• India is deeply concerned at the deepening humanitarian crisis and condemns the loss of civilian lives, he said. 
• Our vote is in continuation of this in the belief that there is no other way to resolve conflicts but through dialogue and diplomacy. A joint effort should be directed towards bringing the two sides closer. For these reasons, we would abstain on this resolution.
• India has provided humanitarian assistance to the people of Gaza, both bilaterally and through the United Nations

UN General Assembly (UNGA)

• The UNGA is the most representative body of the United Nations, consisting of all 193 member states. Established in 1945, it serves as the main policy-making organ and provides a forum for multilateral discussions on global issues.
• The Assembly meets annually, and each member state has one vote. For major issues—such as peace and security, elections to UN bodies, and budgetary matters—a two-thirds majority is required. Other decisions are taken by a simple majority.
•  It provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter. 
• It also plays a central role in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law.
• The Assembly meets from September to December each year (main part), and thereafter, from January to September (resumed part), as required.
• In addition to its regular sessions, the Assembly may meet in special and emergency special sessions. 
• Each of the 193 Member States in the Assembly has one vote. Votes taken on designated important issues – such as recommendations on peace and security, the election of Security Council and Economic and Social Council members, and budgetary questions – require a two-thirds majority of Member States, but other questions are decided by a simple majority.

Functions and powers of the General Assembly:

• According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly may:
• Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States.
• Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General.
• Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament.
• Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it.
• Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations.
•  Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realisation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields.
• Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among countries.
• Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs.

India’s Position on the Gaza Ceasefire Resolution

• India abstained from voting on the UN General Assembly resolution calling for a Gaza ceasefire, citing its stance that dialogue and diplomacy are the only effective ways to resolve conflicts. Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish emphasized that India''s vote reflects its long-standing policy of promoting peaceful negotiations. Despite abstaining, India continues to provide humanitarian aid to Gaza through bilateral efforts and the UN.

India''s Broader UN Engagement

• India plays an active role in peacekeeping operations, global security, human rights, and economic development:
• UN Peacekeeping Missions: India is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping forces, deploying personnel to conflict zones worldwide.
• Security Council Engagement: As a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2021-2022, India advocated for counterterrorism cooperation, equitable vaccine distribution, and climate action.
• Humanitarian Assistance: India frequently provides disaster relief, food aid, and medical assistance to countries facing crises.

India''s Advocacy for UN Reforms

• India champions reforms in the UN system, particularly advocating for Security Council expansion. It argues that the current structure does not reflect modern geopolitical realities and supports the inclusion of more permanent members, including itself.

Malaysia hosts East Asia Summit & ASEAN Regional Forum Senior Officials’ Meeting

• Malaysia hosted the East Asia Summit (EAS) Senior Officials’ Meeting and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Senior Officials’ Meeting in Penang, providing a platform for regional discussions on security, economic cooperation, and geopolitical challenges.

Key Highlights of the Meetings

• India’s Participation: Secretary (East) P. Kumaran represented India, raising concerns about state-sponsored terrorism, especially in light of the recent terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir.
• East Asia Summit (EAS) Discussions: Kumaran emphasized the role of EAS in promoting peace, security, and stability in the Indo-Pacific. He highlighted the Indo-Pacific Oceans’ Initiative (IPOI) and its convergence with the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP).
• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Focus: Officials reviewed past activities, discussed future cooperation, and addressed terrorism, maritime security, and cyber security.
• India’s Bilateral Engagements: Kumaran held discussions with representatives from Australia, Brunei, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Korea, and Singapore, strengthening India’s diplomatic outreach.

What is East Asia Summit?

• The East Asia Summit is the Indo-Pacific’s premier forum for strategic dialogue. It is the only leader-led forum at which all key partners meet to discuss political, security and economic challenges facing the Indo-Pacific, and has an important role to play in advancing closer regional cooperation.
• Established in 2005, EAS allows the principal players in the Indo-Pacific region to discuss issues of common interest and concern, in an open and transparent manner, at the highest level.
• The concept of an East Asia Grouping was first promoted in 1991 by the then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad. 
• The final report of the East Asian Study Group in 2002, established by the ASEAN+3 countries (China, Japan and South Korea), recommended EAS as an ASEAN-led development limited to the ASEAN+3 countries. 
• However, the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM) held in Vientiane in July  2005 welcomed the participation of ASEAN, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, India and New Zealand, in the first East Asia Summit. 
• The US and the Russian Federation were formally included members of the East Asia Summit at the 6th East Asia Summit held in Bali, Indonesia in November 2011.
• Since its inception, it has played a significant role in the strategic, geopolitical and economic evolution of East Asia.

Members of East Asia Summit

• The EAS has 18 members — the ten ASEAN countries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) along with Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia and the United States. 
• ASEAN leads the forum, and the chair position rotates between ASEAN Member States annually. 
• According to estimates, EAS members represent 54 per cent of the world’s population and account for 62 per cent of global GDP.
• India is a founding member of the East Asia Summit.

What is ASEAN?

• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok by five countries —  Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
• There are currently 10 member states: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam.
• In November 2022, ASEAN announced that it has agreed in principle to admit East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste, as the group’s 11th member. The half-island nation is granted observer status at high-level ASEAN meetings.
• The ASEAN Summit is the highest policy-making body in ASEAN comprising the heads of State or government of ASEAN member states. As per regular practice, the ASEAN Summit Meetings shall be held twice annually. The first ASEAN Summit was held in Bali, Indonesia on February 23-24, 1976.
• ASEAN is considered one of the most influential groupings in the region. India and several other countries, including the US, China, Japan and Australia, are its dialogue partners.

India-ASEAN relations

• ASEAN centrality has been, and will remain, an important aspect of India’s ‘Act East’ policy which is a central element in the country’s foreign policy.
• ASEAN-India dialogue relations have grown rapidly from a sectoral dialogue partnership in 1992 to a full dialogue partnership in December 1995. The relationship was further elevated with the convening of the ASEAN-India Summit in 2002 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Since then the ASEAN-India Summit has been held annually.
• At the ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit held in December 2012 in New Delhi, the leaders adopted the ASEAN-India Vision Statement and declared that the ASEAN-India Partnership stands elevated to a ‘Strategic Partnership’. 
• In 2022, ASEAN-India relations were elevated to ‘Comprehensive Strategic Partnership’, that is meaningful, substantive and mutually beneficial.
• India’s bilateral trade with ASEAN economies is expected to reach $300 billion by 2025, and it is the fifth largest trading partner for India following North America, EU, North-East Asia and GCC-West Asia.

What is black box or flight data recorder?

• Air India’s London-bound Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft crashed into the medical college complex in Ahmedabad and burst into a ball of fire moments after take-off from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, in one of the worst air disasters in the country.
• There were 242 people on board, including 12 crew members.
• The search was also on for the aircraft’s black box — the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder — for clues to understand what happened in the last crucial moments of the doomed flight to London’s Gatwick airport.

What is black box in an aircraft?

• The black box stores all kinds of information and conversations about the plane.
• Aircrafts are usually equipped with two boxes that record information about a flight. Both recorders are installed to help reconstruct the events leading to an aircraft accident.
• One of these, the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), records radio transmissions and sounds in the cockpit, such as the pilot’s voices and engine noises. The other, Flight Data Recorder (FDR), monitors parameters such as altitude, airspeed and heading. Both recorders are installed in the most crash survivable part of the aircraft, usually the tail section.
• They are not actually black, but high-visibility orange. Experts disagree about how the nickname originated, but it has become synonymous with the quest for answers after crashes. Many historians attribute their invention to Australian scientist David Warren in the 1950s.

Types of Black Boxes

• Aircraft typically have two types of recorders:
• Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) – Captures radio transmissions, pilot conversations, and cockpit sounds, including alarms and engine noises.
• Flight Data Recorder (FDR) – Monitors altitude, airspeed, heading, and other flight parameters. Some FDRs can record over 1,000 flight characteristics.

What are the parts of a black box?

• It weighs about 4.5 kg and contain four main elements:
• i) A metal chassis designed to hold the recorder and facilitate recording and playback.
• ii) An underwater locator beacon to assist in locating in the event of an overwater accident. The device called a “pinger” is activated when the recorder is immersed in water.
• iii) The core housing or ‘Crash Survivable Memory Unit’, made of stainless steel or titanium, and designed to withstand equivalent to 3,400 times that of gravity.
• iv) Inside that housing, circuit boards holding fingernail-sized recording chips.
• The Cockpit Voice Recorder records the flight crew’s voices as well as other sounds inside the cockpit. The recorder’s “cockpit area microphone” is usually located on the overhead instrument panel between the two pilots. Communications with Air Traffic Control, automated radio weather briefings and conversation between the pilots and ground or cabin crew are recorded.
• The Flight Data Recorder onboard the aircraft records many different operating conditions of the flight. It monitors many important parameters such as time, altitude, airspeed, heading and aircraft attitude. In addition, some FDRs can record the status of more than 1,000 other in-flight characteristics that can aid in the investigation. The items monitored can be anything from flap position to auto-pilot mode or even smoke alarms.

Functions of a Black Box

• The Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) records conversations between pilots, air traffic control communications, and sounds inside the cockpit.
• The Flight Data Recorder (FDR) logs flight parameters such as altitude, airspeed, heading, and engine performance.
• Some advanced black boxes can monitor over 1,000 flight characteristics, aiding in accident analysis

Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB)

• Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) will probe the Air India plane crash near the Ahmedabad airport.
• Air India’s Dreamliner Boeing 787 aircraft, involved in the crash, had 242 people on board, including 12 crew members.
• The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) is India''s official aviation accident investigation authority, operating under the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Established in 2012, AAIB ensures that accident investigations remain independent from regulatory oversight, separate from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).

Key Responsibilities of AAIB

Investigating Aircraft Accidents & Serious Incidents

• AAIB probes all accidents involving aircraft with an all-up weight (AUW) exceeding 2,250 kg or turbojet aircraft.
• Investigations are conducted per Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) issued by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).

Formulating Safety Recommendations

• The bureau analyzes accident data to propose safety improvements, including the induction of new technology for enhanced aviation safety.

Maintaining an Accident Database

• AAIB keeps a database of accidents and incidents to identify potential safety deficiencies and prevent future occurrences.

Coordination with ICAO & Other Authorities

• It communicates safety concerns to ICAO, ensuring global aviation safety measures align with international standards.
• AAIB forwards safety recommendations to DGCA and other regulatory bodies for follow-up actions.

Key Functions of AAIB

• Investigating Aircraft Accidents & Serious Incidents: AAIB probes all accidents involving aircraft with an all-up weight (AUW) over 2,250 kg or turbojet aircraft.
• Safety Recommendations: It formulates recommendations based on investigations to enhance aviation safety.
• Accident Database Management: AAIB maintains a database of accidents and incidents to analyze safety deficiencies.
• Global Coordination: It informs the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) about safety concerns and collaborates with international aviation bodies.

Notable Investigations by AAIB

• Here are some of the most significant cases handled by AAIB:

Air India Express Flight 1344 Crash (2020)

• A Boeing 737 overshot the runway at Kozhikode International Airport amid heavy rain.
• The aircraft broke into multiple sections, killing 21 passengers and both pilots.
• AAIB’s report cited poor visibility, pilot misjudgment, and adverse weather as contributing factors.

Air India Boeing 787 Crash (2025)

• The Dreamliner Boeing 787 crashed near Ahmedabad airport, with 242 people onboard.
• AAIB has recovered the black box, crucial for determining the exact cause of the accident.
• The investigation is ongoing, focusing on mechanical failure, pilot error, and air traffic control communications.

SpiceJet Flight SG 723 Incident (2022)

• A mid-air technical failure led to an emergency landing.
• AAIB recommended improved aircraft maintenance protocols and crew training on emergency procedures.

AAIB’s Investigation Process

• Crash Site Analysis – Unrestricted access to wreckage and surrounding areas.
• Black Box Recovery – Retrieval of the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR).
• Technical Examination – Assessment of aircraft systems, flight paths, and environmental factors.
• Pilot and Crew Interviews – Gathering firsthand accounts to reconstruct events.
• Final Safety Recommendations – Proposing policy changes and aviation safety improvements.

Impact on Aviation Safety

• AAIB’s findings have led to stricter safety regulations, improved aircraft maintenance protocols, and enhanced pilot training programs, making Indian aviation more secure.

SEBI to launch new initiative to enhance investor protection

• The The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is launching a new initiative to enhance investor protection by introducing a validated Unified Payments Interface (UPI) mechanism for all SEBI-registered intermediaries who collect funds from investors. This initiative aims to improve financial transaction security and prevent fraudulent activities in the securities market.

Key Features of SEBI’s Initiative

• Mandatory UPI Payment Mechanism: SEBI has mandated that all registered intermediaries, including brokers and mutual funds, must use a structured UPI address to collect funds from investors. This system will go live on October 1, 2025.
• New UPI Address Structure: The UPI IDs will include a readable username, followed by a suffix identifying the intermediary’s category (e.g., .brk for brokers, .mf for mutual funds), and a unique “@valid” handle.
• Visual Verification Mechanism: Investors will see a “thumbs-up inside a green triangle” icon when making payments to verified intermediaries. The absence of this icon will serve as a warning against unauthorized transactions.
• QR Code Authentication: Investors can verify UPI IDs by scanning a QR code or manually entering the UPI ID to confirm bank details, including the account number and IFSC code of the intermediary.
• Introduction of “SEBI Check” Tool: SEBI is developing a new functionality called “SEBI Check”, which will allow investors to validate UPI addresses and ensure payments are made only to authorized entities.

Why This Initiative Matters

• Prevents Fraud: Unregistered entities have increasingly misled investors through impersonation and unauthorized fund collection. This initiative aims to curb such fraudulent activities.
• Boosts Investor Confidence: By ensuring secure transactions, SEBI hopes to increase transparency and trust in the securities market.
• Enhances Financial Accessibility: The new system makes it easier for investors to verify intermediaries, reducing risks associated with digital financial transactions

What is SEBI?

• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was constituted as a non-statutory body on April 12, 1988 through a resolution of the government of India for dealing with all matters relating to the development and regulation of the securities market and investor protection and to advise the government on all these matters.
• SEBI was given statutory status and powers through an Ordinance promulgated on January 30, 1992. SEBI was established as a statutory body on February 21, 1992. The Ordinance was replaced by an Act of Parliament in April 1992.
• The Board has the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit.

The main objectives of SEBI are:

• i) To protect the interest of the investors.
• ii) To regulate and promote development of securities markets in India. 

The main functions of SEBI include:

• i) Registration, regulation and supervision of intermediaries operating in the securities market.
• ii) Promoting and regulating self-regulatory organisations.
• iii) Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets.
• iv) Calling from or furnishing to other authorities, whether in India or abroad, such information as may be necessary for the efficient discharge of its functions. The Board, for  the purpose of furnishing any information to any authority outside India, may enter into an arrangement or agreement or understanding with such authority with the prior approval of the central government.

Members of the Board

• The Board consists of:
• i) Chairperson
• ii) Two members from the officials of the finance ministry.
• iii) One member from the officials of the Reserve Bank of India.
• iv) Five other members of whom at least three shall be whole-time members, to be appointed by the central government.
• The general superintendence, direction and management of the affairs of the Board shall vest in the Board of members, which may exercise all powers and do all acts and things which may be exercised or done by the Board.