Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS)

Recently, Russia''s Defence Ministry said that Ukraine fired six US-made Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) at Russia’s Bryansk region.

• It is a conventional surface-to-surface artillery weapon system capable of striking targets well beyond the range of existing Army cannons, rockets, and other missiles.
• It is manufactured by the US defense company Lockheed Martin.
• It is also designated M39 by the US Army, and its Department of Defence (DoD) designation is MGM-140.
• The missile first saw use during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
• This weapon''s known operators other than the US are Bahrain, Greece, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates.
• Features:
• ATACMS are 24/7, all-weather, surface-to-surface, inertially guided ballistic missiles.
• Range: It has a range of about 190 miles (305 km).
• Propulsion: Single-stage, solid propellant.
• These missiles are fired from the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) and the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) platforms.
• It has the ability to carry cluster munitions, which destroy a targeted area by releasing hundreds of bomblets instead of a single warhead. 

Bharat NCX 2024

• It is a landmark initiative to fortify India’s cybersecurity resilience.
• It is being conducted by the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) Govt. of India in strategic partnership with Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU).
• This flagship event serves as a unifying platform for over 300 participants, representing a diverse spectrum of government agencies, public organizations, and the private sector, all resolutely committed to the safeguarding of critical information infrastructure through training sessions, Live Fire, and Strategic exercises.
• Key Features:
• The exercise includes immersive training on cyber defense and incident response, live-fire simulations of cyberattacks on IT and OT systems, and collaborative platforms for government and industry stakeholders.
• A Strategic Decision-Making Exercise will bring together senior management from across sectors to simulate decision-making in a national-level cyber crisis, enhancing their ability to respond to high-pressure situations with strategic acumen.
• The CISO’s Conclave will feature Chief Information Security Officers from the government, public, and private sectors sharing insights, participating in panel discussions, and exploring the latest trends and government initiatives in cybersecurity.
• On the sidelines, the Bharat Cybersecurity Startup Exhibition will showcase innovative solutions from Indian startups, emphasizing their role in enhancing the nation''s cybersecurity infrastructure.
• The exercise also highlights leadership engagement and capacity building, fostering a unified approach to emerging cyber challenges.

Binar Space Program

Recently, three tiny Australian satellites from Curtin University’s Binar Space Program burned up in Earth’s atmosphere due to solar activity.

• About Binar Space Program: 
• It is a satellite research program operating out of Curtin University.
• It aims to advance our understanding of the Solar System and lower the barrier for operating in space.
• The program began operations with its first satellite, Binar-1, in September 2021. This was less than a year into solar cycle 25 when solar activity was relatively low.
• In these conditions, the ten-centimetre cube satellite started at an altitude of 420 km and survived a full 364 days in orbit.
• The program’s follow-up mission – Binar-2, 3, and 4 – were three equally sized CubeSats. However, they were expected to last approximately six months owing to the extra surface area from new deployable solar arrays and a forecast increase in solar activity.
• As the Sun kicked into high gear, these three satellites burned up in the atmosphere much sooner than expected.

What is solar activity?

• It includes phenomena such as sunspots, solar flares and solar wind – the stream of charged particles that flows toward Earth.
• This activity is a product of the Sun’s ever-changing magnetic field, and approximately every 11 years, it completely flips. At the midpoint of this cycle, solar activity is at its highest.
• In the last few months, indicators of solar activity were more than one and a half times higher than predictions for this point in the current cycle, labelled solar cycle 25.
• Impacts:
• Higher solar activity means more solar flares and stronger solar wind – resulting in a higher flux of charged particles that can damage or disrupt electrical components on satellites.
• It also means an increase in ionising radiation, resulting in a higher dose for astronauts and pilots, and potential disruptions to long-distance radio communications.
• But for satellites in low Earth orbit, the most consistent effect of solar activity is that the extra energy gets absorbed into the outer atmosphere, causing it to balloon outward.
• As a result, all satellites less than 1,000 km from Earth experience a significant increase in atmospheric drag (This is a force that disrupts their orbit and causes them to fall towards the planet’s surface).
• Notable satellites in this region include the International Space Station and the Starlink constellation. These satellites have thrusters to counteract this effect, but these corrections can be expensive.

What is Space weather?

• Space weather refers to the environmental effects that originate from outside our atmosphere (mostly the Sun). It affects us on Earth in a variety of noticeable and unnoticeable ways.
• Space weather, and solar activity in particular, also creates additional challenges for satellites and satellite operators.

Birsa Munda

• Every period of history has given rise to extraordinary individuals who have shaped their society and the spirit of their homeland.
• Among these figures, some shine like the stars in the Saptarshi constellation, continuing to guide future generations and one such figure in India’s history is Bhagwan Birsa Munda.
• As India celebrates his 150th birth anniversary, it is essential to reflect on his life, his contributions, and the ongoing impact of his legacy on Indian society.
• Early Life of Birsa Munda and His Rise Against British Oppression

• Early Life
• Born in 1875 in Ulihatu, a village in present-day Jharkhand, Birsa Munda grew up in an era marked by British exploitation and oppression, especially targeting tribal communities.
• Colonial authorities and local landlords imposed harsh conditions on tribal populations, seizing their lands and denying them basic rights.
• Like Mahatma Gandhi, Birsa Munda’s ideals were deeply rooted in the principles of truth and justice, as he inspired his people to resist injustice with unity and resilience.
• Ulgulan: A Fight for Justice and Cultural Identity
• Birsa Munda, only in his twenties, responded with courage and fervor. Known as Dharti Aba or the Father of the Earth, he organized the Ulgulan, or the Munda Rebellion, against this exploitation.
• His movement was a fight not only for justice but also for the preservation of tribal identity and cultural values.
• While the Ulgulan marked a historical struggle against oppression, it also highlighted the cultural resilience of the tribal communities.
• His philosophy went beyond immediate political freedom; it was a statement of cultural identity, a reaffirmation of the values and traditions that shaped tribal life.
• His ideals continue to resonate as his legacy reminds the nation of the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge, customs, and values in a modernising world.
• Compassionate Leader and Healer
• In addition to his role as a revolutionary, Birsa Munda was also revered as a healer and spiritual leader.
• Trained in the art of healing, he dedicated himself to caring for the sick and stories of his compassion spread, as he travelled from village to village, offering his healing touch to those in need.
• This dedication to service further endeared him to his community, reinforcing his image as a protector and a caregiver, embodying the very essence of leadership based on empathy and solidarity.

Renewed Recognition of Tribal Heroes

• For many years, Birsa Munda’s contributions remained under recognised in mainstream historical narratives.
• Yet, as the nation celebrates Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav, or the 75th anniversary of India’s independence, there is a renewed appreciation for heroes like Birsa Munda, whose sacrifices contributed to India’s journey toward freedom.
• In 2021, the Indian government declared November 15 as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to honour the contributions of tribal freedom fighters.
• This commemoration brings the rich history of tribal resistance to the forefront, acknowledging the critical role of tribal leaders like Birsa Munda in shaping India’s history.
• Lessons for Modern Society
• Today, Birsa Munda’s legacy offers powerful lessons for modern society.
• His vision of harmonious living with nature reflects the sustainable values deeply embedded in tribal societies.
• Birsa Munda’s life reminds us that tribal societies have long valued collective welfare over individual gain, an ethos that modern society can learn from in its quest for sustainable development. 

Government of India’s Efforts to Uplift the Tribal Community

• Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan
• As one of the prominent initiatives, it seeks to enhance the quality of life in nearly 63,000 tribal villages.
• The program focuses on improving social infrastructure such as education, healthcare, water supply, sanitation, and connectivity.
• This initiative acknowledges that tribal villages often face systemic neglect, and it aims to create an equitable environment where basic amenities are accessible to all.
• Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN)
• Another significant program, the PM-JANMAN identifies 11 critical interventions to make welfare initiatives more effective for Scheduled Tribes (ST).
• These interventions span diverse areas, including health, education, housing, employment, and financial inclusion.
• By focusing on these priority sectors, the government seeks to empower tribal communities to overcome socio-economic barriers and build self-reliance.
• Van Dhan Yojna
• In addition, the government has introduced skill development and employment generation schemes tailored for tribal youth.
• Programs such as the Van Dhan Yojana focus on enhancing the value of forest produce, which forms the economic backbone of many tribal families.
• This initiative not only provides a sustainable livelihood but also promotes entrepreneurship by encouraging the formation of tribal producer groups.
• Janjatiya Darpan Gallery and Janjatiya Gaurav Divas
• Efforts to preserve and promote tribal culture and history have also gained prominence.
• The creation of the Janjatiya Darpan Gallery at Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum is a significant step in this direction.
• This gallery showcases the art, traditions, and contributions of tribal communities to nation-building.
• Similarly, the celebration of Janjatiya Gaurav Divas on Bhagwan Birsa Munda’s birth anniversary is a symbolic acknowledgment of tribal heroes who have long been underrepresented in mainstream narratives.
• Education-Focused Programs
• Furthermore, the government has launched education-focused programs to ensure that tribal children have access to quality schooling.
• Residential schools, scholarships, and digital literacy initiatives are being rolled out in tribal areas to bridge the education gap.
• The focus is also on ensuring gender equity in education, empowering tribal women to contribute to and benefit from these reforms.
• Healthcare Related Programs
• Healthcare has been another area of emphasis, with the government addressing the unique health challenges faced by tribal populations.
• Programs targeting malnutrition, maternal health, and access to basic medical facilities are being expanded in tribal regions.
• Specialised initiatives for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who often live in remote and challenging terrains, aim to bring them within the ambit of health and welfare schemes.

Conclusion

• Birsa Munda’s legacy calls upon us to strive for a just and compassionate society that values cultural heritage, collective welfare, and sustainable harmony with nature.
• As India continues to honour his contributions and those of countless other tribal leaders, the nation reaffirms its commitment to preserving the diverse cultural fabric that defines India.
• In embracing the lessons of Birsa Munda’s life, India moves closer to a vision of inclusive development, where every community, including the historically marginalised, is a celebrated part of the national narrative. 

Cloud seeding

Cloud seeding, also known as artificial rain, is a weather modification technique that aims to enhance precipitation by introducing substances into clouds to stimulate rainfall.

• How is it done?
• The science behind cloud seeding involves dispersing materials such as silver iodide, potassium iodide, or dry ice into clouds to encourage the formation of rain or snow.
• These particles serve as nuclei for water droplets to form around, potentially leading to increased precipitation.
• The process can be carried out using aircraft, ground-based generators, or even rockets in some cases.
• Cloud seeding is done to increase the radius of the cloud droplets so that they will grow bigger and because of gravity, they will come down as rainfall.
• In the context of air pollution, cloud seeding is seen as a potential method to "wash away" particulate matter and other pollutants from the air.
• The theory is that increased rainfall could help settle dust and other airborne particles, temporarily improving air quality.
• Challenges: Suitable atmospheric conditions are necessary for the technique to be effective, including the presence of clouds with sufficient moisture. 

Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan

Recently, the Indian Army successfully conducted the Exercise, ''Sanyukt Vimochan 2024'' at Ahmedabad and Porbandar on 18-19 November 2024.

• It is a multilateral annual joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise.
• The exercise, conducted by the Konark Corps of Southern Command of Indian Army, was conducted at Ahmedabad and Porbandar, Gujarat.
• The inaugural event of the exercise at Ahmedabad featured a Tabletop Exercise, focusing on the theme of ''Cyclone in Coastal Region of Gujarat''. Representatives from National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), Meteorological Department and FICCI attended the event along with Indian Armed Forces officials.
• It is aimed at addressing gaps in interagency integration and cooperation, ensuring a swift and coordinated response to natural disasters.
• It also witnessed a Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration held at Chowpatty Beach at Porbandar on 19 November 24.
• The Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration featured various agencies practicing coordinated logistics, rapid response and effective disaster management strategies in a simulated cyclone scenario.
• This event highlighted the collaborative efforts of the Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Airforce, Indian Coast Guard, National Disaster Response Force, State Disaster Response Force & other Central & State Agencies in addressing natural disasters.
• 15 Senior officials and representatives from Nine Friendly Foreign Countries from the Gulf Cooperation Council, Indian Ocean Region and South East Asia attended the event.
• Significance: It has not only enhanced our national disaster response capabilities but also added valuable contributions to the global dialogue on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief.

High-Altitude Sickness

Every year, numerous tourists succumb to the effects of high-altitude sickness in the pristine but challenging inner Himalayas.

• About High-Altitude Sickness: 
• High-altitude sickness, or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), occurs when the body cannot acclimatise to high elevations, typically over 8,000 feet (2,400 metres).
• As altitude increases, the air pressure and oxygen levels decrease, leading to hypoxia — a shortage of oxygen in the body’s tissues.
• Symptoms:
• Early symptoms of AMS include headache, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
• If left untreated, it can escalate into high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs, or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), where fluid collects in the brain.
• Both conditions require immediate medical intervention, and descent to lower altitudes is often the only way to prevent fatal outcomes.
• At higher altitudes, the body tries to adjust by increasing the breathing rate, which can cause hyperventilation, and produce more red blood cells to carry oxygen, which thickens the blood and strains the heart.
• In cases of HAPE, fluid accumulation in the lungs exacerbates breathing difficulties, while HACE causes symptoms like confusion, hallucinations, and even coma.
• The primary cause of high-altitude sickness is rapid ascent without allowing the body time to acclimatise. Gradual ascent, which allows the body to adapt to lower oxygen levels, is the best way to prevent high-altitude illnesses. 
• Treatment: The most effective treatment is immediate descent to lower altitudes. Symptoms usually improve significantly with a descent of 300-1,000 metres. Supplemental oxygen or a portable hyperbaric chamber can also help alleviate symptoms of AMS and HACE in emergencies.

Implications of SEBI''s New Framework for Equity Derivatives

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced six key reforms to enhance the framework for equity derivatives, commonly referred to as equity futures and options (F&O).

• While three measures take effect on November 20, 2024, the remaining will be implemented in 2025.

• What are Equity Derivatives?

• Meaning:
• Equity derivatives are financial instruments that derive their value from the price movements of an underlying asset, like a stock.
• These instruments serve as essential tools for risk management, speculation, and portfolio optimisation, allowing traders to engage with equity markets without directly owning the underlying assets.
• Types:
  • Definition: Agreements obligating buyers and sellers to transact an underlying equity asset at a predetermined price and date.
  • Example: Popular contracts include BSE S&P futures and Nifty IT futures.
• Futures contracts:
• Options: Contracts giving the holder the right (not obligation) to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an asset at a specific price before or on an expiration date.
• Swaps: Contracts where parties exchange cash flows based on the return of an underlying equity asset. Used for hedging or investment purposes.
• Forwards: Similar to futures but non-standardised and traded over the counter (OTC), making them more flexible yet riskier.

Changes Effective from November 20, 2024:

• Recalibration of contract size for Index derivatives:
  • New rule: The minimum contract size for index futures will increase to ₹15–20 lakh from the current range of ₹5–10 lakh.
  • Objective: Ensure participants take on manageable risks while trading in derivatives.
  • Impact:
    • Retail traders, who account for 40% of F&O trades, may face challenges due to higher capital requirements.
    • Institutional players, contributing 60% of turnover, are expected to fill the liquidity gap.

Smaller investors will benefit from reduced risk exposure, minimising potential losses.

• Rationalisation of weekly Index derivatives products:
  • Reduces opportunities for uncovered or naked options selling.
  • Helps curb speculative trading, which accounts for approximately 70% of index derivatives volume.
  • Shields retail investors from high-risk trades that historically lead to significant losses.
• New rule: Each stock exchange can now offer weekly expiry derivatives for only one benchmark index.
• Objective: Limit speculative trading, particularly around expiry days, where options premiums are low.
• Impact:
• Increased tail-risk coverage on expiry days:
  • Higher margin requirements may discourage aggressive trading.
  • Expected to reduce extreme volatility, historically responsible for significant losses exceeding ₹1,000 crore in retail accounts on peak expiry days.
• New rule: An additional 2% Extreme Loss Margin (ELM) will be levied for short-options contracts on expiry days.
• Objective: Mitigate risks associated with heightened speculative activities and sharp price movements.
• Impact:

• Changes to be Effective in 2025:

• Upfront collection of options premium (Effective Feb 1, 2025):
• New rule: Options premium must be collected upfront by trading members or clearing members to prevent undue leverage.
• Objective: Discourage positions beyond available collateral and ensure responsible trading practices.
• Intraday monitoring of position limits (Effective April 1, 2025):
• New rule: Exchanges must monitor permissible position limits intraday to prevent excessive trading volumes.
• Objective: Curb risk from undetected intraday positions exceeding regulatory limits.
• Removal of calendar spread treatment on expiry day (Effective February 1, 2025):
• New rule: Calendar spread benefits will no longer apply to contracts expiring on expiry day.
• Objective: Reduce basis risk and prevent price distortions caused by rollovers and speculative trading.

• Conclusion:

• SEBI''s revised framework for equity derivatives focuses on reducing speculative trading, protecting retail investors, and enhancing market stability.
• While higher margin requirements and rationalised contracts may temporarily affect retail participation, these measures aim to foster a more sustainable and secure trading environment in the long run.

Lipids metabolic flexibility 

According to a recent study, a low metabolic flexibility to lipid in skeletal muscle may promote ectopic lipid accumulation, thus inducing metabolic disturbances.

• Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are essential to many body functions and serve as the building blocks for all living cells.
• Lipids help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat.
• They’re part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells.
• Lipids are mainly composed of hydrocarbons in their most reduced form, making them an excellent form of energy storage, as when metabolized, the hydrocarbons oxidize to release large amounts of energy.
• Lipids are not soluble in water as they are non-polar, but are thus soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform.
• The three main types of lipids are phospholipids, sterols (including the different types of cholesterol), and triglycerides (which account for over 95% of lipids in food).
• Lipids are found in higher quantities in fried foods, animal fats, and dairy products like cream, butter, and cheese.
• Though lipids are important to your health, consuming excessive amounts in food can lead to diseases like atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"), hypertension (high blood pressure), and coronary artery disease.

Meta Appeals CCI’s Fine Over WhatsApp Privacy Policy Update

WhatsApp plans to appeal the Competition Commission of India’s (CCI) ruling imposing a $25.4 million fine for anti-competitive practices related to its 2021 privacy policy. 

The policy, requiring user data sharing with Meta-owned apps for advertising, sparked concerns over competition and privacy, with allegations that WhatsApp exploited its dominant position to enforce the terms.

Competition Commission of India (CCI)

• The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a statutory body established in March 2009 under the Competition Act, 2002.
• Objectives:
• Eliminate practices having adverse effect on competition
• Promote and sustain competition
• Protect the interests of consumers
• Ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India
• Members
• The Commission consists of one Chairperson and six members who shall be appointed by the Central Government.
• Functions of CCI
  • conduct an enquiry into certain kinds of agreements and dominant position of enterprise,
  • determine whether an agreement has AAEC (appreciable adverse effects on competition).
• The commission is a quasi-judicial body who also gives opinions to statutory authorities.
• It is also mandated to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.
• In order to fulfil its objectives, the commission may: 

What is WhatsApp’s 2021 privacy policy?

• In January 2021 WhatsApp rolled out a new privacy policy and had given users time till 28 February 2021 to accept and update.
• The 2021 update introduced significant changes, particularly in sharing user data between WhatsApp and Meta’s platforms like Facebook and Instagram.
• It allowed the sharing of user data, including phone numbers, contacts, and transaction details, for advertising and business-related purposes.
• WhatsApp claims the update was necessary to improve business features. It assures users that private messages remain encrypted and secure.
• The policy primarily concerns data shared with businesses and third-party apps for targeted ads and customer service integration.
• Concerns raised
• WhatsApp''s 2021 privacy policy sparked global controversy, particularly in India, over concerns about undue control over user data and limited consumer choice, with non-compliance risking app access loss. 
• While WhatsApp claimed the update aimed to enhance business-user communication, critics feared it would commercialize personal data. 
• The absence of comprehensive data protection laws in India heightened the backlash, prompting legal scrutiny and the CCI investigation.
• Have other countries raised objections?
• WhatsApp has faced global legal challenges over its 2021 privacy policy.
• European Union: In September 2021, Ireland’s data regulator fined WhatsApp GBP 225 million for failing to meet transparency requirements under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). WhatsApp has appealed the decision.

WhatsApp-CCI dispute

• The WhatsApp-CCI dispute involves an investigation into WhatsApp''s 2021 privacy policy, which mandated user data sharing with Meta, raising concerns about anti-competitive practices and data privacy violations.
• CCI''s probe against WhatsApp
• The CCI initiated its probe in 2021 to assess whether the policy harmed competition by unfairly exploiting user data.
•  The CCI has now fined Meta $25.4 million and directed WhatsApp to stop sharing user data with Meta-owned apps for advertising purposes for the next five years.
• This investigation is crucial in India, where data protection laws are still evolving. It has also sparked broader discussions about data privacy and competition law.
• Timeline of WhatsApp-CCI dispute
• January 2021: WhatsApp announced an update to its privacy policy, mandating users to accept terms that included sharing data with Facebook and its subsidiaries.
• March 2021: The CCI launched a suo moto investigation into the update, citing concerns over potential abuse of dominance and anti-competitive practices.
• April 2021: WhatsApp and Meta challenged the CCI’s jurisdiction in the Delhi High Court.
• April 22, 2021: The Delhi High Court dismissed the petitions, allowing the CCI to proceed.
• August 25, 2022: A division bench of the Delhi High Court upheld the single judge’s decision, reaffirming the CCI’s authority.
• October 2022: The Supreme Court dismissed appeals by WhatsApp and Meta, permitting the investigation to continue.
• November 18, 2024: The CCI fined Meta $25.4 million and ordered WhatsApp to stop sharing user data with other Meta-owned apps for advertising purposes for five years.
• November 19, 2024: Meta announced its intention to appeal the CCI’s decision.

Sabarmati River

The Sabarmati Riverfront development project, which aims to transform around 38 kilometres of riverbanks from Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar across seven phases, has begun monetizing its first phase, covering around 11 kilometres on either side of the river.

• It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
• The Sabarmati basin extends over the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, having an area of 21,674 sq.km with a maximum length and width of 300 km and 150 km.
• It flows north-south through Ahmedabad, bisecting the city into its western and eastern halves.
• It covers a total distance of 371 km, out of which 48 km is traversed in Rajasthan and the remaining 323 km in Gujarat.
• Its total catchment area is 21,674 sq. km. 
• It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
• The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area. 
• Tributaries: Its principal tributaries joining from left are the Wakal, the Hathmati, and the Vatrak, whereas the Sei joins the river from right. 

Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

An initiative taken by the Forest Department to conduct evening coaching classes for school children in 10 tribal hamlets located within the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (STR) has significantly enhanced their learning skills.

• Location: It is located at the junction of the Eastern and the Western Ghats in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, in the Erode District of Tamil Nadu.
• Its area is contiguous with the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Bandipur Tiger Reserve (Karnataka), and BR Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka).
• Together, these reserves-forming the Nilgiris biosphere landscape, have the biggest tiger population in the world, at over 280 tigers.
• Terrain: It is hilly and undulated, with altitudes ranging between 750 m and 1649 m.
• Vegetation: It consists of southern tropical dry thorn forests, mixed deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, and Riparian forests.
• Climate:
• It is subtropical and dry.
• The summers are hot and dry; the monsoons are wet and cooler, with river flooding.
• Rivers: Some of the prominent rivers in the region include the Bhavani, Moyar, and Noyyal rivers.
• Tribal Communities: It is home to several indigenous tribal communities, including the Irula and Kurumba tribes.
• Flora: Common species of trees and shrubs found are Albizzia amara Chloroxylon swictenia, Gyrocarpus jacquini, Neem, Tamarind, Sandalwood, Randi dumetorum, Zizyphus, and associates.
• Fauna: The major species are Elephant, Tiger, Panther, Sloth bear, Gaur, Black Buck, Spotted deer, Wild boar, Black napped hare, Common langur Nilgiri langur, Striped neck mongoose, and Bonnet macaque.

Bulldozer Justice: Supreme Court’s Verdict and Democratic Challenges

The principles of democracy are being steadily eroded in contemporary governance, as highlighted in the critique of bulldozer judgement. The term, both literal and metaphorical, signifies the dismantling of democratic ideals under the guise of efficiency and strong leadership. Therefore, it is important to examine the implications of such practices, delving into the systemic issues undermining democracy, the ideological shifts that perpetuate them, and the urgent need for a return to foundational democratic principles.

• The Rise of Bulldozer Governance
  • The phenomenon of bulldozer justice exemplifies a dangerous departure from democratic norms, where physical and ideological bulldozers destroy procedural and ethical restraints.
  • The Supreme Court’s intervention in curbing the misuse of bulldozers for illegal demolitions was necessary, but the underlying problems extend far beyond judicial oversight.
  • The existence of political thuggery and administrative abdication of norms highlights a governance model increasingly marked by arbitrariness and impunity.
  • These actions, often justified to enforce law and order, reflect a deeper malaise where the state prioritizes its perceived interests over those of its citizens.
• Encounters and the Celebration of Violence
  • Extra-judicial encounters, another form of bulldozer governance, reveal a troubling normalisation of state violence.
  • Rarely are such incidents thoroughly investigated, nor are perpetrators held accountable.
  • Instead, they are celebrated, often for political gain, for instance, in Maharashtra, public displays of support for encounters, including banners featuring political leaders brandishing weapons, underline the glorification of violence as a governance tool.
  • This cultural acceptance of state-sanctioned brutality reinforces the erosion of democratic accountability and creates a feedback loop where public demand for such measures legitimises their continued use.

An Overview of the Ideological Bulldozer

• Majoritarianism
• While majority rule is fundamental in resolving differences, its unchecked dominance erodes the spirit of negotiation and compromise.
• Instead, it romanticises numerical superiority, sidelining minority voices and procedural fairness.
• The Myth of the Strong Leader
• The yearning for decisive governance becomes a reason of the rise of authoritarian figures who consolidate power personally rather than institutionally.
• This blurs the lines between public office and personal authority, reducing governance to a cult of personality.
• The Mandate Misconception
• Elections are misinterpreted as granting unrestricted power rather than a temporary authorization to govern within established norms.
• This creates a king-like perception of elected officials, enabling them to act with impunity. 

The Implications of Bulldozer Governance

• Erosion of Constitutional Safeguards
• Democracy relies on a robust framework of constitutional safeguards to prevent the abuse of power.
• However, bulldozer governance thrives on bypassing these safeguards, often portraying them as obstacles to effective governance.
• The findings from the Lokniti study, where a third of respondents dismissed the need for courts and constitutional bodies to check elected leaders, highlight a worrying trend of public disillusionment with institutional oversight.
• This erosion not only emboldens leaders to act without restraint but also diminishes the authority and legitimacy of institutions meant to uphold democratic values.
• The Normalization of Authoritarian Practices
• The celebration of extrajudicial actions, such as encounters, reflects a growing public appetite for authoritarian measures, often perceived as necessary for maintaining order.
• This normalisation shifts the discourse from safeguarding rights to valuing expedience and strength.
• Leaders exploit this sentiment, using rhetoric that positions them as decisive problem-solvers who can bypass inefficient democratic processes.
• Over time, such practices become entrenched, making it harder for citizens to demand transparency and due process.
• Undermining Pluralism
• Bulldozer governance exacerbates societal divisions by leveraging majoritarianism to marginalise minority communities.
• Electoral majorities are often wielded to justify policies and actions that target specific groups, framing them as threats to societal stability or progress.
• This weaponisation of democracy deepens communal divides, undermines the principles of equality, and corrodes social cohesion.
• When the dominance of one group becomes the unspoken agenda of governance, the inclusive fabric of democracy is irrevocably damaged.
• Legitimisation of Personal Power
• The misconception of a political mandate as a license for unchecked authority reinforces a culture of personal rule.
• Elected leaders, emboldened by the perception of popular support, often equate themselves with the state.
• This conflation distorts governance, shifting focus from collective responsibility to the whims of individuals.
• Legislative decisions are increasingly framed as the personal achievements of leaders, diminishing the role of institutions and collective deliberation.
• Perpetuation of the Populist Cycle
• Bulldozer governance creates a self-sustaining cycle of populism
• Public impatience with procedural delays fuels demand for quick fixes, which leaders fulfil through authoritarian measures.
• These actions, in turn, are presented as evidence of strong leadership, further consolidating their popularity.
• This cycle erodes the public’s faith in the value of procedures and long-term solutions, leaving democracy vulnerable to manipulation by populist leaders.
• Impact on Policy and Legislation
• While physical bulldozers symbolise the literal destruction of property, legislative bulldozers represent the figurative demolition of democratic norms.
• Governments increasingly use their legislative majority to push through controversial policies with little regard for debate or dissent.
• Such actions often bypass institutional scrutiny, undermining the checks and balances essential for a healthy democracy.
• The result is a governance model that prioritises consolidation of power over deliberative decision-making, leading to policies that may serve narrow interests rather than the public good.
• Public Disengagement and Apathy
• Over time, the normalisation of bulldozer governance develops public apathy towards democratic processes.
• When citizens witness repeated violations of norms with little accountability, they may become disillusioned with the system itself.
• This disengagement weakens civil society’s role as a watchdog and reduces pressure on leaders to uphold democratic principles, further entrenching authoritarian tendencies.

Way Forward: Reclaiming Democracy

• Democracy thrives on a delicate balance between foundational norms, procedural constraints, and popular will.
• However, bulldozer governance disrupts this equilibrium, promoting projects that undermine procedures, delegitimise dissent, and prioritise majoritarianism over pluralism.
• To counteract these trends, it is essential to reaffirm the values of negotiation, accountability, and institutional integrity.
• Judicial interventions, while crucial, cannot substitute for a collective commitment to upholding democratic ideals.

Conclusion

• The prevalence of bulldozer governance in India underscores an extraordinary moment in its democratic trajectory, marked by both physical and ideological demolitions.
• Reversing this trend requires a concerted effort to restore respect for procedural norms and a nuanced understanding of democracy as more than just majority rule or strong leadership.
• Only by addressing these challenges we can safeguard the essence of democratic governance and prevent its further erosion.

SEBI plans tighter IPO rules for SMEs, higher investment amount

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has proposed new guidelines to make Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) safer for investors. The changes aim to enhance compliance, reduce risks, and improve transparency in the SME IPO segment, which has seen increased retail participation in recent years. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India are businesses that are categorized as small-scale industrial (SSI) or medium-scale industrial units. They are a key part of the Indian economy and are classified based on their annual turnover and investment in equipment and plants.

Characteristics of SMEs

• Classification:
• Micro Enterprises: Investment up to ₹1 crore and turnover up to ₹5 crore.
• Small Enterprises: Investment up to ₹10 crore and turnover up to ₹50 crore.
• Medium Enterprises: Investment up to ₹50 crore and turnover up to ₹250 crore.
• Diverse Sectors:
• Operate across manufacturing, retail, IT, textiles, and more.
• Significant role in rural industrialization.
• Scalability:
• SMEs often act as ancillary units, supplying to large industries while fostering entrepreneurship.

Key Statistics

• Contribution to GDP: SMEs contribute approximately 30% to India’s GDP.
• Exports: Account for nearly 48% of India''s total exports.
• Employment: Provide employment to over 110 million people across urban and rural areas.
• Number of Enterprises: Over 63 million registered SMEs operate in India.

Challenges

• Access to Finance: Limited funding options and high borrowing costs.
• Technology Adoption: Low penetration of advanced technologies.
• Regulatory Compliance: Complex procedures and frequent policy changes.
• Global Competition: Difficulty competing with large-scale industries and international players.

Government Support

• Schemes and Initiatives:
• MSME Samadhan: Resolves payment issues.
• Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP): Encourages entrepreneurship.
• Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): Offers collateral-free loans.
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Supports manufacturing SMEs.
• Digital Platforms:
• Udyam Registration: Simplifies the registration process for SMEs.
• TReDS (Trade Receivables Discounting System): Improves cash flow management.

Key Proposals:

• Minimum IPO Size: Introduction of a minimum IPO size of ₹10 crore, replacing the current scenario where no minimum is mandated.
• Hike in Application Size: Increase in the minimum IPO application size to ₹4 lakh, from the current ₹1 lakh.
• Promoter Restrictions: Limit the sale of promoter shares to 20% of the issue size during the IPO.
• Profitability Requirement: SMEs must show a minimum operating profit of ₹3 crore in two out of the three years prior to filing IPO papers.
• Disclosure and Monitoring:
• IPO offer documents must be made public for at least 21 days before listing.
• A compliance monitoring agency will oversee the utilization of funds raised through IPOs.
• SMEs must disclose quarterly results and shareholding patterns, similar to larger listed companies.
• Rationale Behind the Changes:
• These measures follow concerns over inflated valuations, fund misutilization, and investor losses in the SME segment.
• SEBI''s proposals aim to safeguard smaller retail investors and ensure the SME market remains healthy and trustworthy.

Space, India’s Final Frontier and Through the Government, a Gateway to the Stars

• India is on the brink of transforming its role in the global space economy from a participant to a leader.
• With the Union Cabinet''s approval of a ₹1,000 crore venture capital (VC) fund dedicated to the space sector, this ambitious vision is becoming tangible.
• This initiative promises not only to advance India’s space exploration capabilities but also to drive economic growth, develop innovation, and create jobs in emerging industries.

An Analysis of the Growth and Transformation of India’s Space Industry

• The Cornerstone of Indian Space Industry
• The cornerstone of this transformation is IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre), a platform designed to encourage and oversee private sector participation in space activities.
• Acting as a gateway to the cosmos for Indian startups, IN-SPACe, with the support of the new VC fund, provides crucial financial resources to budding enterprises.
• This funding ensures these startups can innovate and grow, contributing to India’s space economy and the global space landscape.
• From Idea to Impact: The Startup Ecosystem
• The ₹1,000 crore VC fund provides a lifeline, enabling the company to scale operations, attract top talent, and launch its satellites.
• This success not only positions StarTech as a leader in its field but also bridges the digital divide, transforming underserved communities through improved connectivity.
• The fund''s influence extends beyond individual startups and it seeks to create a multiplier effect by attracting additional funding for later-stage development and instilling confidence in private investors.
• This is crucial in the space sector, where capital-intensive projects require sustained investment to thrive.
• By addressing these challenges, the VC fund ensures Indian startups can grow domestically without seeking foreign assistance.

Future Projections for Indian Space Economy

• Revolutionising Supply Chain and Transportation
• The integration of satellite technology into supply chain and transportation systems can significantly enhance efficiency and reduce costs.
• Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) technologies will enable real-time tracking and optimal fleet management, ensuring better route planning and timely deliveries.
• For instance, a logistics company leveraging satellite data can pre-empt traffic congestion, adverse weather conditions, or route disruptions, minimising delivery delays and operational inefficiencies.
• Transforming the Food and Beverage Industry
• Space technologies will also make a significant impact on the food and beverage sector.
• Precision agriculture enabled by satellite data can optimise crop yields, improve irrigation management, and monitor soil health.
• For example, farmers could use Earth observation imagery to identify water stress areas in their fields, ensuring resources are allocated efficiently.
• Advancements in Space-Based Research
• Beyond Earth, advancements in space-based research, such as studying nutrient development in zero-gravity environments, could lead to groundbreaking solutions for food security.
• Imagine nutrient-rich, lab-grown foods designed in space being used to combat malnutrition or to support long-term space exploration missions.
• On Earth, satellite-enabled logistics systems can improve the accuracy of food deliveries, reducing spoilage and ensuring fresh produce reaches consumers.
• Strengthening Defence Capabilities and Early Warning Systems
• The space economy’s impact on national security cannot be overstated. Space-based technologies offer unparalleled capabilities in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR).
• Real-time satellite imagery and data can provide defence forces with critical insights into potential threats, ensuring rapid deployment and enhanced operational efficiency.
• For example, satellite-based early warning systems could detect missile launches or troop movements, giving the armed forces a strategic advantage.
• Additionally, secure satellite communication networks can ensure seamless coordination between units, even in the most remote areas, enhancing national defence preparedness.
• Expanding E-Commerce and Consumer Accessibility
• Satellite internet connectivity promises to extend the reach of e-commerce to the remotest corners of India.
• This transformation will empower rural and underserved communities, enabling them to participate in the digital economy.
• The integration of PNT receivers in consumer electronics will further enhance the convenience of location-based services, such as real-time navigation, local business recommendations, or geotagging.

Challenges and Opportunities for India in Space Sector

• Space Debris Management
• The increasing number of satellites and space missions poses a significant challenge in the form of space debris.
• Defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and collision fragments are creating a crowded and hazardous orbital environment.
• Without effective debris management policies, the risk of collisions could undermine future launches and damage active satellites, potentially leading to a "Kessler Syndrome" where space becomes inaccessible due to cascading collisions.
• India must invest in debris mitigation technologies, such as deorbiting mechanisms for satellites and active debris removal systems.
• Collaborating with international agencies to establish global norms for debris management is also
• Regulatory Constraints
• Navigating the complex regulatory environment is a persistent challenge for space startups.
• Lengthy approval processes, unclear policies, and a lack of harmonisation with global standards can hinder innovation and discourage private sector investment.
• Streamlining regulatory frameworks through simplified procedures, transparent policies, and alignment with international space laws can reduce barriers.
• Establishing clear guidelines for licensing, liability, and insurance will further encourage private sector participation.
• Capital-Intensive Nature of Space Projects
• The space sector is inherently capital-intensive, requiring significant upfront investment for research, development, and deployment.
• Startups often struggle to secure sufficient funding for high-risk, long-term projects.
• While the ₹1,000 crore venture capital fund is a step in the right direction, sustaining growth will require continuous financial support.
• India can encourage more public-private partnerships (PPPs) and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by creating a favourable investment climate. Tax incentives and risk-sharing mechanisms can also help de-risk investments in space ventures.

Conclusion

• The ₹1,000 crore venture capital fund is more than just a financial tool; it is a cornerstone of India’s ambition to lead the global space economy.
• By nurturing startups, it lays the groundwork for innovation, job creation, and technological sovereignty.
• The ripple effects of this initiative promise to revolutionise industries, bridge social divides, and position India as a global leader in space exploration.
• This bold step marks the beginning of a transformative journey; one where India reaches for the stars and inspires the world.

Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) Minority status

The Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), which evolved from the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (M.A.O.) College established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1877, stands as a prominent testament to Muslim educational and cultural aspirations in post-1857 India. Over the decades, its status as a minority institution has been a matter of extensive legal and constitutional deliberation, culminating in significant judgments by the Supreme Court of India. The recent 2024 decision by a seven-judge bench overturns the controversial S. Azeez Basha judgment (1967), marking a pivotal moment in the discourse on minority rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution.

• The Historical Context and Controversy
• The M.A.O. College, conceived as a catalyst for Muslim regeneration through modern education, eventually became the AMU in 1920.
• However, the Supreme Court''s 1967 ruling in S. Azeez Basha declared that the university was neither established nor administered by Muslims, thereby denying it minority status.
• This judgment, rendered without AMU being heard, has since been criticized for its formalistic interpretation of the Aligarh Muslim University Act, 1920.
• It failed to account for the historical and cultural legacy of the institution, overlooking the fact that the M.A.O. College, established by Muslim efforts, formed the foundation of AMU.
• The Progressive Shift in Jurisprudence
• The 2024 verdict reflects a broader liberal trend in Indian constitutional jurisprudence.
• Over the years, the Supreme Court has moved away from rigid, positivist interpretations of law, as seen in landmark cases such as Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) and K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017).
• Both cases involved overruling earlier judgments to uphold fundamental rights, demonstrating the Court''s commitment to a living, transformative Constitution.
• In the AMU case, the judges embraced a holistic approach to determining minority status, emphasising intent and administration over statutory formalities.
• Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud aptly noted that the right to administer is a consequence of establishing an institution, aligning with the constitutional protection granted to minorities under Article 30.

Dissent and Its Implications

• Justice Dipankar Datta’s Unique Position
• Justice Dipankar Datta, in his dissent, described himself as a minority within a minority, acknowledging his partial alignment with the dissenting judges on some substantive points while differing with them on others.
• For instance, he agreed with the dissenters on the statutory significance of the Aligarh Muslim University Act and its role in determining AMU''s character but diverged on the broader applicability of the references made in 1981 and 2019 to larger benches.
• Justice Datta declared both references invalid, which was a procedural disagreement with the majority.
• However, in an unusual move, he still proceeded to adjudicate the matter by applying both the majority''s and the dissenters'' frameworks, effectively pre-empting the conclusions of a smaller three-judge bench that would traditionally handle such cases.
• This departure from judicial norms raises questions about judicial discipline and the boundaries of a reference bench’s authority.
• The Dissenting Judges’ Focus on Statutory Provisions
• The dissenting judges placed considerable emphasis on the statutory provisions of the AMU, particularly its governance structure, to argue against the university''s minority status.
• They contended that AMU, being governed like other universities, could not retain its exclusive minority character.
• This interpretation leaned heavily on the idea of minority dominance in administration, suggesting that for an institution to qualify as a minority entity, its governance must remain largely exclusive to the minority community.
• The Test of Minority Dominance
• The dissenters’ insistence on the test of "minority dominance" introduces a restrictive standard for determining minority character.
• By suggesting that AMU''s governance, resembling other universities, disqualifies it as a minority institution, they effectively narrow the scope of Article 30 protections.
• This stance fails to account for the unique nature of universities as public institutions that serve diverse populations while retaining their minority identity.
• Unlike purely religious or communal institutions, universities like AMU aim to balance their foundational principles with broader societal contributions.
• Procedural and Factual Oversights
• Justice Datta’s dissent is further notable for certain factual inaccuracies.
• His claim that ₹30 lakh was not raised for AMU’s establishment overlooks historical records, including a letter from Harcourt Butler, a Member of the Governor-General''s Council, which explicitly made this financial contribution a prerequisite for the university''s incorporation.
• Additionally, his interpretation of AMU''s incorporation as a break from the M.A.O. College’s minority character ignores the continuity clauses in the 1920 Act.
• These clauses explicitly transferred the rights, privileges, debts, and liabilities of the M.A.O. College to AMU, thereby preserving its foundational identity.
• Implications for Minority Rights Jurisprudence
• The dissenting opinions in the 2024 judgment underscore the enduring tension between formalistic and liberal interpretations of minority rights.
• By emphasising statutory governance structures over historical intent and community contributions, the dissenters risked narrowing the scope of protections under Article 30.
• However, their focus on judicial discipline and procedural rigor serves as a reminder of the need for consistency and restraint in constitutional adjudication.

The Majority’s Oversights and Broader Implications

• The Majority’s Oversights
• While the majority judgment rightly upheld AMU’s minority status, it erred in suggesting that the minority community might have surrendered its right to administer the institution.
• Fundamental rights under Article 30 cannot be waived or surrendered, as established in Basheshar Nath v. Income Tax Commissioner (1959) and reiterated in St. Xavier’s College v. State of Gujarat (1974).
• Such rights are integral to the identity and autonomy of minority institutions and cannot be diluted.
• Broader Implications
• The AMU case underscores the delicate balance between governmental oversight and minority rights.
• Judicial discipline, as highlighted by the dissenting judges, must be exercised without compromising the autonomy of minority institutions.
• While regulations to maintain efficiency and standards are permissible, they should not infringe upon the core rights of minorities to establish and administer their institutions.

Conclusion

• The 2024 AMU judgment is a landmark in the Indian judiciary''s evolving interpretation of minority rights.
• It not only reaffirms the minority character of AMU but also highlights the importance of historical context and constitutional principles in adjudicating such matters.
• The judgment ensures that this legacy, rooted in the ideals of founding members, remains protected under the Indian Constitution.

 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

India will host a 4-day Global Learning and Development Framework (GLDF) Results Management Training in collaboration with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in New Delhi.

• WADA was established in 1999 as an international independent agency to lead a collaborative worldwide movement for doping-free sport.
• WADA’s governance and funding are based on an equal partnership between the sport movement and governments of the world.
• WADA’s primary role is to develop, harmonize, and coordinate anti-doping rules and policies across all sports and countries. 
• Its key activities include scientific research, education, the development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring the World Anti-Doping Code (Code), the document harmonizing anti-doping policies in all sports and all countries.
• Formation:
• After the events that shook the world of cycling in the summer of 1998, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to convene a World Conference on Doping.
• The First World Conference on Doping in Sport held in Lausanne, Switzerland, on February 2-4, 1999, produced the Lausanne Declaration on Doping in Sport.
• It provided for the creation of an independent international anti-doping agency to be operational for the Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney in 2000.
• Pursuant to the terms of the Lausanne Declaration, the WADA was established on November 10, 1999, in Lausanne to promote and coordinate the fight against doping in sport internationally. 
• WADA is a Swiss private law, not-for-profit foundation.
• Its seat is in Lausanne, Switzerland, and its headquarters are in Montreal, Canada.
• Governance Structure:
• A 42-member Foundation Board (Board), the agency’s highest policy-making body, is jointly composed of representatives of the Olympic Movement (the IOC, National Olympic Committees, International Sports Federations, and athletes) and representatives of governments from all five continents.
• A 16-member Executive Committee (ExCo), to which the Board delegates the management and running of the agency, including the performance of all its activities and the administration of its assets.