WAVES Bazaar 2.0 – Empowering Digital Content Creators

The Information and Broadcasting (I&B) Ministry has launched the second phase of WAVES Bazaar, a digital content marketplace aimed at empowering Indian creators and enhancing their global presence. This new phase introduces advanced features such as AI-driven matchmaking, online pitching sessions, and secure viewing rooms, underscoring the government’s commitment to making India a global content powerhouse.

Introduction

India’s media and entertainment sector is in the midst of a significant transformation, propelled by rapid digitisation, increased global collaboration, and the rising influence of independent content creators. In response to these shifts, the I&B Ministry launched WAVES Bazaar in January 2025 as a hybrid content marketplace designed to connect various stakeholders in the creative economy. Now entering its second phase, the platform brings in enhanced digital tools to further empower creators and position India more prominently on the global content stage.

About WAVES Bazaar

·       WAVES Bazaar is a government-backed initiative that serves as a comprehensive digital platform linking content creators, investors, production houses, OTT platforms, distributors, and financiers. It spans a wide spectrum of media formats, including films, television, animation, gaming, music, advertising, sound design, radio, and podcasts.

·       Since its inception, the platform has made significant progress:
It has successfully onboarded more than 6,000 creators and sellers along with 5,500 buyers and companies. Over 2,000 projects have gone live, and the inaugural summit in Mumbai alone generated more than ₹1,300 crore in business leads. Furthermore, international editions in Toronto and Melbourne facilitated investment discussions valued at ₹100 crore, attracting delegations and buyers from over 40 countries.

Key Features in the Second Phase

The second phase of WAVES Bazaar introduces a suite of new features designed to streamline collaboration and enhance global visibility for Indian content.

1.     Online Pitching and Secure Viewing Rooms: Emerging creators can now present their projects directly to investors, OTT platforms, and production houses through structured online pitching sessions. In addition, secure viewing rooms provide a safe and transparent environment for buyers to preview creative works, promoting trust and protecting intellectual property.

2.     AI-Driven Matchmaking: An AI-powered recommendation engine will match creators with relevant financiers, production houses, and distributors. The system also assists in automated profile creation, project profiling, and pitch deck enhancement, enabling creators to optimise visibility and engagement opportunities.

3.     Knowledge and Skill Development: A dedicated knowledge hub offers webinars and masterclasses conducted by industry experts. AI tools will provide personalised suggestions to improve creators'' project portfolios, while an integrated scoring system will aid buyers in making more informed decisions.

4.     Global Outreach and Co-Production Opportunities: WAVES Bazaar aims to expand its international footprint through participation in global events and trade delegations. The initiative also supports the strengthening of co-production treaties, offering Indian creators access to wider markets and collaborative opportunities across borders.

Significance for India’s Creative Economy

·       WAVES Bazaar 2.0 is poised to play a transformative role in India’s digital cultural economy. It is designed to democratise content creation, giving smaller and independent creators access to the same resources and opportunities as established industry players. By enhancing India’s presence in international festivals, co-productions, and digital marketplaces, the platform is key to positioning the country as a global content hub.

·       Moreover, WAVES Bazaar goes beyond traditional cinema, actively encouraging innovation in music, animation, gaming, and short-form content, thereby attracting diverse investments and laying the groundwork for sustainable, long-term collaborations. It aligns with the government’s broader strategic vision of strengthening India’s soft power and boosting creative exports.

Challenges and Future Outlook

·       Despite the strong foundation and promising advancements, the continued success of WAVES Bazaar will hinge on several critical factors. These include maintaining robust data security and intellectual property protection within the viewing rooms, expanding digital access for regional creators who often face infrastructural limitations, and nurturing long-term international partnerships beyond initial engagements.

·       Looking ahead, WAVES Bazaar has the potential to evolve into a centralised gateway for Indian creative exports, offering a holistic ecosystem that combines visibility, monetisation, mentorship, and global collaboration. If its current trajectory is sustained, it could redefine how Indian content is developed, distributed, and consumed on the world stage.

Rising Public Debt of States – A Decadal Analysis by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) has released a first-of-its-kind decadal report covering the fiscal years from 2013-14 to 2022-23. This comprehensive analysis evaluates the fiscal health of Indian states, revealing a steep and concerning rise in public debt. The report underscores the implications of this trend for the long-term sustainability of state finances.

Understanding Public Debt

·       Public debt arises when a government’s total expenditure surpasses its revenues generated through taxes and other sources, thereby necessitating borrowing from domestic and international financial markets. In the Indian context, public debt comprises all liabilities of the government that are financed through the Consolidated Fund of India or, in the case of state governments, the Consolidated Fund of the State.

·       Public debt can be broadly classified into internal and external debt. Internal debt is further categorized into marketable and non-marketable securities. Marketable securities include instruments such as government securities (G-secs) and Treasury Bills (T-Bills), which are issued via auctions. Non-marketable securities consist of instruments like Treasury Bills issued specifically to state governments and special securities for funds such as the National Small Savings Fund.

Debt-to-GDP and Debt-to-GSDP Ratios

·       The Debt-to-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio and its state-level counterpart, the Debt-to-Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) ratio, are vital indicators used to assess a government’s ability to service and repay its debt. A higher ratio signals elevated fiscal risk and potential instability, whereas a lower ratio suggests stronger financial resilience and a greater capacity to manage debt responsibly.

·       These ratios are integral to maintaining prudent fiscal management. Evaluating the nature of fiscal deficits—whether they are used for creating capital assets or are directed toward non-asset generating expenditures such as subsidies—is crucial for assessing the long-term impact of debt.

The N.K. Singh Committee, constituted in 2016 to review the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act of 2003, recommended the following thresholds for debt sustainability:

• 40% of GDP for the central government
• 20% of GSDP for state governments These recommendations aim for a consolidated general government debt-to-GDP ratio of 60%.

Growth in States’ Public Debt

·       The total public debt of Indian states, comprising both internal debt and loans or advances from the central government, witnessed a significant increase over the last decade. It surged from ₹17.57 lakh crore in 2013-14 to ₹59.60 lakh crore by 2022-23—a rise of 3.39 times. Correspondingly, the debt-to-GSDP ratio rose from 16.66% in 2013-14 to 22.96% in 2022-23.

·       In FY 2022-23, the total debt of states accounted for 22.17% of India’s national GDP, indicating the considerable scale of sub-national borrowings and their impact on overall economic stability.

Inter-State Variations in Debt Burden

A wide disparity exists among Indian states regarding their debt-to-GSDP ratios. Punjab recorded the highest ratio at 40.35%, followed by Nagaland at 37.15% and West Bengal at 33.70%. On the lower end, Odisha maintained a notably low ratio of 8.45%, while Maharashtra and Gujarat reported 14.64% and 16.37%, respectively.

As of 31st March 2023:

• Eight states had public debt liabilities exceeding 30% of their GSDP.
• Six states maintained public debt levels below 20% of their GSDP.
• Fourteen states had debt liabilities ranging between 20% and 30% of their respective GSDP.

Primary Sources of States’ Public Debt

States primarily finance their deficits through a variety of borrowing channels, which include:

• Market borrowings via government securities, treasury bills, and bonds.
• Loans from commercial banks such as the State Bank of India (SBI).
• Ways and Means Advances (WMA) provided by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• Loans from financial institutions like the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
• Direct loans from the central government—for instance, back-to-back loans for compensating GST revenue shortfalls or special assistance extended during the COVID-19 crisis.

Debt Sustainability Indicators

The sustainability of state-level public debt is assessed through several financial indicators:

• Debt as a percentage of revenue receipts varied significantly, ranging from 128% in 2014-15 to a peak of 191% in 2020-21.
• Debt as a percentage of non-debt receipts was similarly elevated, fluctuating between 127% and 190% across the decade.

On average, the total public debt of states has amounted to nearly 150% of their revenue receipts and non-debt receipts. When assessed against GSDP, this debt has ranged between 17% and 25%, with 20% being a commonly observed figure. The sharp increase in the debt-to-GSDP ratio from 21% in FY 2019-20 to 25% in FY 2020-21 is largely attributed to the economic contraction during the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a fall in GSDP while borrowing remained elevated.

Concerns in Fiscal Management

·       A foundational principle of sound fiscal policy, often referred to as the "Golden Rule of Borrowing,” dictates that debt should be used to finance capital (productive) expenditure rather than revenue (consumptive) expenditure.

·       However, this rule has been frequently violated. Eleven states—including Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, and Kerala—used borrowed funds to meet routine, non-asset-generating expenses. For instance, Andhra Pradesh allocated merely 17% of its borrowings towards capital outlay, while Punjab allocated just 26%.

·       Such practices introduce substantial fiscal risks. The structural shifts introduced by GST compensation loans and emergency borrowing during COVID-19 have significantly impacted the debt profiles of states. These unsustainable fiscal behaviors could lead to reduced investment in productive areas, potential debt traps, and may eventually jeopardize macroeconomic stability. They also risk increasing tensions in Centre-State fiscal relations.

Way Forward

To address rising concerns over debt sustainability, the report suggests a multipronged strategy:

·       States must exercise fiscal discipline by ensuring that borrowings are directed towards productive capital formation rather than routine revenue spending. A more comprehensive debt management framework is essential. The establishment of a Public Debt Management Agency (PDMA), as proposed in the 2015 Union Budget, would support this by improving transparency, enabling better monitoring, and facilitating structured debt restructuring.

·       States should also aim to strengthen their financial positions by diversifying revenue streams, improving tax buoyancy, rationalizing subsidies, and reducing their overdependence on central transfers. Strict adherence to the principles and targets set out under the FRBM Act would also promote fiscal prudence.

·       Finally, institutional oversight needs to be strengthened. Empowering state finance commissions and enhancing the role of the CAG would support the long-term objective of ensuring sustainable fiscal federalism.

CAG Deploys AI-Driven Audits to Uncover Fraud in State Schemes

·       K Sanjay Murthy, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, recently announced that the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in forensic audits has revealed numerous instances of fraud across state-level beneficiary schemes. These advanced digital tools are proving instrumental in curbing the misuse of public funds and can lead to significant cost savings for state governments.

·       Addressing the second State Finance Secretaries Conference, the CAG emphasized that AI-powered remote audits offer a powerful mechanism not only for detecting financial irregularities but also for identifying tampering in electronic documentation. These capabilities mark a shift toward more proactive and technology-enabled public sector auditing.

·       Remote audits have already been effectively deployed in areas such as Goods and Services Tax (GST), stamp duty and registration, electronic procurement (e-procurement), public works, and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes. Building on this success, the CAG aims to extend remote auditing practices to all government departments with digitised records, thereby broadening the scope and impact of digital oversight.

Digitisation of Financial Management Systems in States

Several state governments have made notable progress in adopting digital tools for improved public financial management. Key digital platforms include:

• Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS): A web-based platform that automates various financial processes, including budgeting, accounting, payments, and reporting for government entities. IFMIS enhances coordination and accuracy in public finance operations.
• Works and Accounts Management Information System (WAMIS): Developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), WAMIS is a comprehensive digital platform for overseeing the entire life cycle of government construction projects—from planning and execution to completion. It allows for real-time tracking of financial transactions linked to project milestones and physical progress.
• Government e-Procurement System (GePNIC): Designed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), GePNIC is used across government departments for managing the complete procurement process for goods, services, and infrastructure works in a transparent and standardized manner.
• e-Voucher Systems: These systems support digital documentation and validation of public expenditure, promoting greater accountability.
• Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP): A central government initiative to digitize and modernize land records and registration processes nationwide, thereby increasing transparency and reducing disputes.

While these digital platforms have enhanced financial operations and improved the finalisation of Monthly Civil Accounts, the maturity and implementation levels of these systems continue to vary significantly across different states.

Need for Deeper Audit Coverage and Urban Financial Governance

The CAG also highlighted the pressing need to audit Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) more rigorously, especially in light of the significant economic contributions made by India’s urban centers. About 15 major cities are responsible for more than half of the country’s GDP. Cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad alone account for 30% of India’s GDP. By improving governance and operational efficiencies in these cities, India could potentially add an additional 1.5% to its annual GDP growth.

Strengthening Financial Infrastructure Through Digital Initiatives

To support efficient fund utilization and robust fiscal management, the government is promoting several IT-driven initiatives:

• SNA SPARSH: This is a modern cash management system built around the Single Nodal Account (SNA) framework for Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS). It ensures "just-in-time" fund releases by integrating the Public Financial Management System (PFMS), State IFMIS platforms, and the Reserve Bank of India’s e-Kuber payment system. This integration promotes better transparency, real-time fund tracking, and greater accountability in the flow of public funds.
• Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment: This scheme aims to enhance states'' capacity for infrastructure development by supporting the creation of IT-based financial management systems. It complements digitisation efforts by helping states build resilient financial infrastructure that aligns with national goals.

Single-Use Plastic Ban: A Persistent Challenge Despite Legislative Measures

Context

Although Karnataka became the pioneer state in India to impose a ban on single-use plastic (SUP) in 2016 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the actual implementation of this prohibition remains inadequate. Widespread use continues across the state, driven by poor enforcement, a thriving illegal manufacturing ecosystem, and low levels of public engagement.

Background and Context of the SUP Ban

·       Karnataka''s early action gave it a first-mover advantage in addressing plastic pollution. However, the ban’s long-term effectiveness has been compromised by weak follow-through. The Union Government extended the effort nationally in 2022, banning 19 categories of SUPs, including plastic carry bags, thermocol items, straws, disposable cutlery, and flex banners.

·       Yet, inspections conducted across 1.65 lakh establishments between 2021 and 2024 yielded seizures of over 1,000 tonnes of banned plastic. However, the intensity of enforcement has significantly declined in recent years, diluting the impact of the initiative.

Data and Trends in Plastic Waste

·       Karnataka generates between 3.45 and 5.28 lakh tonnes of plastic waste annually—an average of roughly 1,000 tonnes per day. Bengaluru alone accounts for 500 tonnes of SUP waste daily, of which only 40% is effectively processed. The remaining volume often ends up in landfills, lakes, or stormwater drains, exacerbating urban pollution.

·       An estimated 300+ illegal plastic production units continue to operate across Bengaluru. These units exploit inexpensive raw materials like plastic granules and chemical additives—costing ₹50–80/kg but sold at margins as high as ₹300/kg—making them highly profitable despite being illegal.

Environmental and Health Hazards

The ecological and human costs of SUPs are severe and multifaceted:

• Microplastics Infiltration: Plastics degrade into particles smaller than 5mm, contaminating soil, agricultural crops, and water sources, eventually entering the food chain.
• Human Health Risks: Chronic exposure has been linked to inflammation, hormonal disruptions, respiratory issues, and disorders such as hypothyroidism.
• Ecosystem Disruption: Microplastics disturb soil microbial life, affect fertility, and pose serious threats to aquatic biodiversity.
• Animal Harm: Stray animals, particularly cattle and dogs, often ingest plastic waste, resulting in fatal gastrointestinal blockages and organ damage.
• Global Marine Impact: According to UN estimates, 2,000 truckloads of plastic are dumped into the oceans every day, contributing to large-scale phenomena such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Policy and Legal Framework

The legislative instruments guiding India’s SUP regulation include:

• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: The legal foundation for banning hazardous substances, including plastics.
• Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (with amendments): These mandate Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), holding producers, importers, and brand owners accountable for the lifecycle of plastic products.
• EPR Portal: Designed to track compliance digitally, but it suffers from weak enforcement. For instance, while over 1,200 producers/importers exist, only 129 recyclers are officially registered, highlighting a critical compliance gap.

Challenges in Implementation

Despite a comprehensive legal and institutional framework, several operational and systemic barriers hinder the effectiveness of the SUP ban:

• Declining Enforcement: Field raids have dropped dramatically—from 1.25 lakh in 2022–23 to merely 18,000 in 2024–25, primarily due to staff shortages in enforcement agencies.
• Flourishing Shadow Economy: Localities like Peenya, Dasarahalli, and SP Road continue to host illegal plastic manufacturing units due to the easy availability of raw materials and limited regulatory oversight.
• Consumer Apathy: Public awareness is low, and consumer choices remain driven by the affordability and convenience of SUPs.
• Inefficient Recycling Infrastructure: While some recycling capacity exists, much of it remains underutilised due to poor segregation at the source and lack of integration with waste collection systems.
• Disconnect Between Policy and Practice: The current approach focuses heavily on punitive actions rather than incentivising systemic waste management, segregation, and development of a circular economy.

The Way Forward

To overcome these entrenched challenges, a multi-dimensional, integrated strategy is essential:

1. Strengthen Enforcement Mechanisms

• Create dedicated anti-SUP task forces equipped with GPS-enabled inspection tools and real-time reporting systems.
• Expand workforce capacity in agencies like the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) and urban local bodies, mandating monthly enforcement audits.

2. Promote a Circular Economy

• Offer subsidies and GST concessions on eco-friendly alternatives such as cloth and jute bags or biodegradable cutlery.
• Enforce strict EPR compliance, penalising producers who fail to collect or recycle post-consumer plastic waste.

3. Enhance Citizen Engagement

• Launch statewide awareness campaigns targeting schools, residential welfare associations (RWAs), and public markets.
• Encourage "Bring Your Own Bag (BYOB)" initiatives and publicly recognise zero-waste businesses to foster responsible consumer behavior.

4. Reform Urban Governance

• Institutionalise waste segregation as a core component of Swachh Bharat and Smart City initiatives.
• Establish decentralised Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) at the ward level to manage waste efficiently and closer to the source.

5. Leverage Technology and Innovation

• Employ AI and IoT tools for waste tracking, real-time pollution detection, and microplastic identification.
• Support startups and innovators working on biodegradable packaging, plastic-to-fuel conversion, and other sustainable technologies through government funding and incubation programs.

Conclusion

·       The ban on single-use plastic in Karnataka has so far remained largely symbolic due to insufficient enforcement, public indifference, and the absence of economic incentives for sustainable alternatives. The state’s experience illustrates the urgent need for a national, mission-mode response that brings together legal mandates, technology, community action, and market-based solutions.

·       For India to achieve the ambitious goal of Plastic-Free 2047, aligned with the vision of LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), alternatives to plastic must not only exist—they must also be affordable, accessible, and widely adopted.

India’s Manufacturing Momentum: A Structural Transformation

Context and Recent Trends

·       India''s manufacturing sector is witnessing renewed dynamism, driven by policy reforms, global demand shifts, and domestic investments. In July 2025, the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) registered a year-on-year growth of 3.5%, a significant improvement from 1.5% in June, with the manufacturing segment growing at 5.4%, indicating a clear revival in demand.

·       At the same time, the HSBC Manufacturing PMI surged to 59.3, the highest level in 16 months, further affirming positive sentiment in the industrial sector.

·       India''s merchandise exports grew 2.52% year-on-year between April and August 2025, reaching US$ 184.13 billion, bolstered by strong performance in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles.

·       On the employment front, the national unemployment rate eased to 5.0%, with the male unemployment rate touching a five-month low, while the female workforce participation rate rose to 32%, suggesting a more inclusive job recovery.

·       In terms of investments, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows touched US$ 81.04 billion in FY25, reflecting a 14% year-on-year increase, with manufacturing FDI alone growing 18% to US$ 19.04 billion.

Key Drivers of the Manufacturing Revival

·       Multiple structural initiatives are propelling this manufacturing momentum. The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, with an outlay of ₹1.97 lakh crore across 14 sectors, has been instrumental in attracting global OEMs, encouraging domestic production, and boosting exports. The National Manufacturing Mission serves as an integrated platform across ministries, promoting clean-tech manufacturing in areas such as solar energy, EV batteries, and green hydrogen.

·       Major infrastructure initiatives like PM GatiShakti and the development of Industrial Corridors are significantly lowering logistics costs and enhancing connectivity. Simultaneously, the GST 2.0 reforms — featuring a simplified two-slab structure, rationalised tax rates, and faster refunds — are easing compliance burdens and stimulating domestic consumption.

·       India’s electronics and mobile manufacturing sector has experienced a dramatic expansion, growing from just 2 units to over 300 units, representing a 150-fold increase. Exports from this segment have crossed ₹2 lakh crore, contributing significantly to the reduction in import dependence and enhancing technological self-reliance.

Economic Impact and Strategic Gains

·       The manufacturing sector now contributes approximately 17% of India’s GDP, with a national target of 25% by 2030. Achieving this would support a sustained 7–8% annual growth trajectory. Over the past decade, the sector has helped create 17 crore jobs, with its employment share rising from 6% during 2004–14 to 15% in 2014–24.

·       Sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles are key to India’s export diversification strategy, helping to reduce pressure on the current account. Rising FDI inflows also reflect global confidence in India’s stable policy environment and its evolving industrial ecosystem. Additionally, new manufacturing clusters, including PM MITRA parks and Electronics Manufacturing Clusters (EMCs), are contributing to balanced regional development across states.

Challenges Hindering Full Potential

·       Despite this positive momentum, several challenges continue to limit India’s manufacturing potential. Logistics costs remain high at 13–14% of GDP, significantly above the global average, thereby hurting export competitiveness. There is a pronounced mismatch in workforce skills, with limited availability of workers trained in Industry 4.0 technologies, necessitating investments in advanced vocational training and apprenticeships.

·       Regulatory bottlenecks, including delays in land acquisition and layered compliance requirements, often deter MSMEs from scaling operations. External risks, such as geopolitical tensions, protectionist trade policies, and global supply chain disruptions, could adversely impact export performance. Moreover, growing environmental concerns demand an urgent transition to green manufacturing practices, in line with India’s commitment to Net Zero by 2070 and rising global ESG expectations.

The Road Ahead

·       To build on the current momentum, India needs to focus on strengthening plug-and-play manufacturing parks, especially for MSMEs, to reduce project gestation periods and accelerate production timelines. The proposed Skill India 4.0 initiative must focus on creating Centres of Excellence, upgrading Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), and aligning training curricula with AI, robotics, and digital manufacturing.

·       Tariff rationalisation—particularly lowering import duties on key raw materials like steel, copper, and aluminium—is essential to avoid cascading tax effects that hinder exports. MSMEs, the backbone of India’s manufacturing ecosystem, require targeted support in the form of concessional credit, technology grants, and access to digital export platforms.

·       India must also accelerate its efforts in global integration, by finalising Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with the UK, EU, and other strategic partners, while securing access to critical raw materials and energy sources abroad. Deepening engagement in supply chain alliances will further enhance resilience and global market positioning.

Conclusion

India’s current manufacturing momentum represents a structural transformation, not a transient phase. With continued focus on policy stability, infrastructure readiness, skill development, and green industrialisation, India is well on its way to becoming a US$ 1 trillion manufacturing economy by FY26. This shift is not just economic—it is central to the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047, promising widespread job creation, enhanced exports, and a globally competitive industrial base.

Surajpur: A Model District in the Fight Against Child Marriage

·       In a significant milestone in the campaign against child marriage, Surajpur district in Chhattisgarh has officially declared 75 village panchayats as “Child Marriage-Free.” This achievement positions Surajpur as a leading example in the broader state and national effort to eradicate this social practice.

·       Surajpur''s approach is a district-level social reform program focused on eliminating child marriage through a combination of awareness, grassroots participation, and strict local monitoring. Its success has earned it recognition as a replicable model for other districts and states across India that aim to combat child marriage effectively.

·       The initiative’s primary goal is to eliminate child marriage by fostering education, spreading awareness, and enforcing relevant legal provisions. Beyond legal and social reform, it also aims to improve maternal and child health indicators by reducing incidences of early pregnancy and associated health complications.

Key Features of the Model:

·       A central element of Surajpur''s success is the strong involvement of local communities. Village panchayats, Anganwadi workers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and parents all play an active role in identifying risks and spreading awareness. Awareness campaigns have been central to the initiative, including regular dialogues on child rights, the importance of education, and the health risks linked to early marriage.

·       Health and nutrition are also integral components of the program. The anti-child marriage campaign is aligned with broader public health efforts, such as National Nutrition Month and various maternal and child health programs, creating a more comprehensive intervention framework.
The success of Surajpur is already influencing change beyond its borders. The strategies implemented in the district are now being adopted by other regions in Chhattisgarh, with the broader aim of eventually making the entire state “Child Marriage-Free.”

INS Rajali: Strategic Hub for Maritime Surveillance

·       INS Rajali, one of India’s most significant naval air stations, recently hosted a two-day seminar focused on Long-Range Maritime Reconnaissance (LRMR), organised under the Indian Navy’s Eastern Naval Command. This event highlighted India’s expanding maritime responsibilities and the country’s growing surveillance capabilities across the Indian Ocean region.

·       Situated near Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu, INS Rajali was commissioned on March 11, 1992. The base derives its name from ''Rajali'', an aggressive bird of prey from the hawk family that is native to the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu. Spanning an area of 2,200 acres and located approximately 80 km west of Chennai, INS Rajali holds the distinction of being the most modern and largest naval air station in India. It currently houses a garrison strength of 4,700 personnel and plays a dual role in naval operations and training.

·       Operating under the Eastern Naval Command, INS Rajali is also home to the longest military runway in Asia. The station hosts the Indian Navy’s INAS 312 squadron, which plays a crucial role in maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare using the advanced P8I aircraft.

·       The base also operates MQ-9B Sea Guardian drones, extending the navy’s surveillance range and operational endurance across the vast Indian Ocean. In addition to its surveillance role, INS Rajali also houses the Indian Navy’s Helicopter Training School, further cementing its strategic and training importance.

Chirality and Perovskite Materials: A Breakthrough in Material Science

·       Recent research has made significant progress in understanding how chiral perovskite materials crystallize, a development that opens up possibilities for creating phase-pure chiral perovskite films and high-performance optoelectronic devices.

·       Chirality refers to the property of an object being non-superimposable on its mirror image—a concept present in nature at all scales, from spiral galaxies to DNA molecules. In materials science, chirality plays a vital role in facilitating unique light–matter interactions, including the manipulation of electron spin and the detection of circularly polarized light. These properties make chiral materials valuable in fields such as quantum optoelectronics, advanced sensing technologies, and spintronics.

·       For example, chiral materials can distinguish between left- and right-handed circularly polarized light, allowing them to selectively influence electron spin orientation. Such characteristics are crucial for building next-generation devices like CPL detectors, spintronic components, and neuromorphic photonic synapses.

·       Traditionally, the focus in this field has been on organic chiral materials, which interact well with light but suffer from poor electrical conductivity, limiting their integration into optoelectronic systems. Halide perovskites, however, offer a powerful alternative by combining robust optical behavior with efficient charge transport. When integrated with chiral organic molecules, these materials form low-dimensional chiral perovskites that are both functionally versatile and structurally stable.

·       A persistent challenge has been the difficulty of producing high-quality chiral perovskite films, which requires precise control over the crystallization process—a process that has until now remained poorly understood. The latest findings address this knowledge gap, potentially transforming the future of optoelectronic material design.

Adamya Fast Patrol Vessel: Boosting India''s Maritime Security

·       The Indian Coast Guard recently commissioned the Adamya, a fast patrol vessel, at Paradip Port. This marks the induction of the first ship in the new series of eight Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs).

·       The name "Adamya", meaning "indomitable", reflects the Indian Coast Guard’s enduring commitment to ensuring secure, clean, and safe maritime environments that serve India’s strategic interests. The vessel has been designed and built indigenously by Goa Shipyard Limited, aligning with the national objective of self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

·       With an approximate displacement of 320 tons, Adamya is powered by two 3000 KW diesel engines, enabling it to achieve speeds of up to 28 knots and an endurance of 1500 nautical miles at economical cruising speeds. It is the first vessel equipped with indigenously developed Controllable Pitch Propellers and gearboxes, enhancing both manoeuvrability and operational flexibility.

·       Its arsenal includes a 30 mm CRN 91 gun and two 12.7 mm Stabilized Remote-Controlled Machine Guns, integrated with advanced fire control systems. The vessel also boasts modern features such as an Integrated Bridge System, Integrated Platform Management System, and Automated Power Management System, contributing to higher levels of operational efficiency and automation.

World’s First AI-Designed Viral Genome Successfully Created

Context:
On September 20, 2025, researchers from Stanford University and the Arc Institute achieved a major scientific milestone by designing the first-ever functioning viral genome entirely with the assistance of artificial intelligence.

·       Achievement Details: Using advanced AI tools, scientists developed viable viral genomes capable of infecting and destroying antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This was done by re-engineering a small bacteriophage known as ΦX174, which naturally targets Escherichia coli (E. coli).

·       Methodology: The project employed the Evo AI genomic model, which allowed researchers to redesign the virus’s genome sequence in a coherent and functional manner, resulting in a custom bacteriophage.

·       Applications in Biosciences: AI’s role in biosciences is rapidly expanding. In biotechnology and medicine, it holds the promise of accelerating drug and vaccine development. In bacterial control, tailor-made viruses could be used to combat drug-resistant strains. Synthetic biology may benefit from AI-driven designs in creating biofuels, biodegradable materials, and engineered microbes. In research, AI opens up new possibilities for understanding gene functions, interactions, and evolutionary patterns. For instance, DeepMind’s AlphaFold solved the long-standing challenge of predicting protein structures.

·       Concerns and Risks: Despite its potential, the use of AI in genetic engineering raises serious issues. There are dual-use risks, where such technologies could be misused to create dangerous pathogens or biological weapons. Biosafety concerns persist around potential accidental releases. The lack of international regulations introduces ethical and legal uncertainties. Furthermore, an over-reliance on AI could diminish human oversight, increasing the margin for critical errors.

‘Androth’: Indian Navy’s New Anti-Submarine Shallow Water Craft

·       The Indian Navy has recently inducted ‘Androth’, the second vessel in the series of Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) in Kolkata. This marks a strategic addition to India’s maritime defence capabilities.

·       Designed specifically for shallow water operations, Androth will be deployed for coastal security and submarine patrols, particularly around sensitive maritime zones like the Lakshadweep archipelago and other critical sea routes.

·       With a length of approximately 77 metres, Androth ranks among the largest shallow-water naval vessels. It is equipped with indigenous lightweight torpedoes, anti-submarine rockets, and advanced sonar and sensor systems. Its diesel engine–waterjet propulsion ensures excellent manoeuvrability, making it ideal for littoral environments.

·       Over 80% of its components are indigenously manufactured, reinforcing the government’s ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ mission to boost domestic defence production and reduce reliance on imports.

Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs): Recent De-listing and Regulatory Framework

·       In a recent move, the Election Commission of India (ECI) de-listed 474 Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) for non-compliance with election norms, including their failure to contest elections over the past six years.

·       RUPPs are political parties that are either newly registered or have not yet garnered a sufficient percentage of votes in assembly or general elections to qualify as a recognised state party. Some have never even contested an election since their registration. Despite lacking formal recognition, these parties enjoy several benefits such as tax exemption under Section 13A of the Income Tax Act, 1961, eligibility to obtain common poll symbols upon providing an undertaking to field at least 5% of the total candidates in a state legislative assembly election, and the ability to nominate up to 20 star campaigners for election canvassing.

·       However, RUPPs are obligated to periodically contest elections, file audited annual accounts and contribution reports, disclose donations exceeding ₹20,000, and refrain from accepting cash donations above ₹2,000.

·       Political parties in India register under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951. Registered parties enjoy benefits such as voluntary contributions from individuals and companies (excluding government-owned firms), preferential allotment of election symbols to their candidates, and tax exemptions for donations under Section 13A of the Income Tax Act.

·       According to the registration guidelines, if a party fails to contest elections for six consecutive years, it is liable to be removed from the list of registered parties. Over time, registered parties can gain recognition as state or national parties, subject to meeting criteria defined under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.

·       Recognised parties are entitled to reserve and exclusively use a symbol, while unrecognised parties must choose from a pool of free symbols. Recognition also provides additional privileges such as free broadcast time on Doordarshan and All India Radio, greater campaign expenditure allowances, and complimentary electoral rolls.

·       To be recognised as a state party, a political party must either win 3% of seats in the Legislative Assembly, win one Lok Sabha seat for every 25 allocated in the state, or secure at least 6% of the vote share along with one Lok Sabha or two Assembly seats. Alternatively, obtaining 8% of the vote in the state also qualifies.

·       To be recognised as a national party, a party must secure 6% of votes in at least four states and win at least four Lok Sabha seats, or hold at least 2% of all Lok Sabha seats with elected representatives from at least three states, or be recognised as a state party in at least four states. Both state and national parties must maintain their status in every subsequent general or assembly election, or risk losing recognition.

Aflatoxins in Groundnut Exports: Safety Concerns and Disputes

·       India''s groundnut exports have come under scrutiny after Indonesia raised concerns about aflatoxin contamination. Indian exporters have contested the delayed notification of these claims, arguing that it affects trade transparency and disrupts export timelines.

·       Aflatoxins are toxic chemicals, known as mycotoxins, produced by certain fungi—primarily Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungi are typically found in warm, humid environments and contaminate agricultural products such as groundnuts, tree nuts, maize, rice, dried fruits, spices, crude vegetable oils, and cocoa beans. They can grow in both soil and decomposing organic matter and thrive under poor post-harvest storage conditions.

·       Exposure to aflatoxins occurs primarily through consumption of contaminated plant-based foods or animal products (meat, milk) from livestock that have consumed contaminated feed. Agricultural workers may also be exposed by inhaling dust during processing. Aflatoxins are classified as genotoxic and carcinogenic and pose serious health risks to humans and animals alike.

Yellow-Crested Cockatoos: Conservation Challenges in Hong Kong

·       Yellow-crested cockatoos in Hong Kong are facing severe nesting challenges due to increasingly frequent typhoons and routine tree trimming, which are eroding their natural habitats. In response, conservationists are installing artificial nest boxes that replicate the birds'' natural nesting conditions.

·       The Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) is a medium-sized bird known for its prominent retractile yellow crest and predominantly white plumage. It inhabits forests, scrublands, and cultivated areas up to 1500 meters above sea level. Native to East Timor and Indonesia’s Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands, the species has also formed a feral population in Hong Kong, largely from previously caged birds that were released.

·       These birds are omnivorous, feeding on seeds, fruits, berries, nuts, small reptiles, insects, and roots. They are highly social and monogamous, forming lifelong pair bonds. Breeding typically occurs between September and May.

·       Currently, the species is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Major threats include illegal capture for the pet trade, habitat loss, and climate-induced environmental changes such as forest drying and increased fire risk.

New Deep-Sea Coral Species ‘Iridogorgia chewbacca’ Discovered

Context:

Scientists have identified a new species of deep-sea coral in the western Pacific Ocean, officially naming it Iridogorgia chewbacca.

·       Details of the Discovery: This coral belongs to the genus Iridogorgia and has been formally described in the scientific journal Zootaxa. Though it was first spotted as early as 2006, it was only recently confirmed as a distinct species through advanced genetic analysis.

·       Habitat: The species is native to the tropical western Pacific Ocean, where it was initially observed and later studied in detail. It has also been sighted in Hawaiian waters, though it remained unclassified until now.

·       Name and Inspiration: The coral has been named Iridogorgia chewbacca, drawing inspiration from Chewbacca, the tall, furry character from the Star Wars franchise. The name reflects its distinctive appearance, particularly its shiny, curly, hair-like branches that resemble Chewbacca''s fur.

·       Unique Features: Iridogorgia chewbacca stands upright and grows solitarily on the ocean floor, mimicking the tall posture of its namesake. Its branches are not only long and curly but also have a reflective surface, enhancing its visual resemblance to the iconic Wookiee.

·       Significance of the Discovery: This finding underscores the fact that even the most extensively studied marine regions still harbor unknown species. From a scientific perspective, it contributes valuable insight into the biodiversity and ecological complexity of deep-sea environments. Moreover, the creative naming helps bridge the gap between science and popular culture, potentially increasing public interest in marine biology.

Gulf of Finland: Geopolitical Flashpoint

·       In a recent breach, three Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated the airspace of Estonia, a NATO member, over the Gulf of Finland, remaining in the area for approximately 12 minutes.

·       The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost extension of the Baltic Sea, situated in Northern Europe. It spans 400 km from east to west and between 19 to 130 km from north to south, covering an area of 30,000 square kilometres. It is bordered by Finland to the north, Russia to the east, and Estonia to the south, with major cities such as Helsinki, Tallinn, and St. Petersburg located along its shores.

·       The gulf is a body of brackish water with a relatively low salinity (6 parts per thousand) and an average depth of 38 meters. It typically freezes for 3 to 5 months in winter. The region receives inflows from the Neva and Narva rivers and the Saimaa Canal. Numerous islands and skerries, including Kotlin Island (home to the city of Kronstadt), dot the gulf. The region experiences a humid continental climate, characterised by hot summers and cold winters, making it a critical yet sensitive geopolitical and ecological zone.

Kurmi Community: Renewed Agitation for ST Status and Linguistic Recognition

·       Members of the Kurmi community in Jharkhand have launched a rail blockade, defying prohibitory orders, to demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status and the inclusion of the Kurmali language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

·       The Kurmis, also known as Kunbis in some regions, are traditionally a Hindu agrarian caste predominantly residing in the Indo-Gangetic plains, especially in southern Awadh, eastern Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Bihar. The name “Kurmi” is believed to originate from the Sanskrit word Krishi, meaning agriculture. Historical accounts suggest that the Kurmis descended from Kshatriya warriors who eventually turned to farming.

·       The community is organised into various sub-groups or gotras, such as Chandel, Chauhan, Solanki, Tomar, Baghel, and Sengar. Known for their efficient agricultural techniques and gender-neutral social norms, the Kurmis earned high regard during Mughal and British colonial rule.

·       Today, Kurmis are listed under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category in most Indian states. However, a section of the community strongly believes in its tribal roots and continues to push for ST recognition. Their demands also include constitutional acknowledgment of the Kurmali language, which is part of the Indo-Aryan linguistic family and widely spoken across Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha.

Javari Temple: Renewed Attention on Heritage and Restoration

·       The Javari Temple in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, recently drew national attention after the Chief Justice of India commented during a hearing on a petition demanding the restoration of a seven-foot-tall, headless idol of Lord Vishnu housed within the temple. This statement sparked renewed public interest in the temple and its historical significance.

·       The Javari Temple forms part of the renowned Khajuraho Group of Monuments, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. These temples, located in Madhya Pradesh, were constructed during the rule of the Chandella dynasty, which flourished between 950 and 1050 AD. Known for their nagara-style architectural design, the temples are particularly celebrated for their intricate carvings, including depictions of human figures and erotic sculptures.

·       The Javari Temple itself was constructed between 1075 and 1100 AD and is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Architecturally, the temple exemplifies the Nagara style and is elevated on a plinth. It features key structural elements including a sanctum, vestibule, mandapa, and portico, although it notably lacks a pradakshinapatha (circumambulatory path). One of its most striking features is the Makara Torana, or Capricorn Arch, and an elegantly rising shikhara (tower).

·       Inside the sanctum is the now-damaged four-armed Vishnu idol, which is headless. The temple also houses sculptures of various Hindu deities and navagrahas (nine planetary gods). The entrance gateway and surrounding walls are adorned with elaborate carvings, including depictions of men and women, enhancing the temple’s aesthetic and cultural richness.

Trump Administration''s $100,000 H-1B Visa Fee: Implications for India

·       In a significant immigration policy shift, US President Donald Trump has signed a proclamation that mandates a $100,000 fee for sponsoring H-1B visas, drastically increasing costs for American companies hiring skilled foreign workers.

·       Under this new directive, employers must pay $100,000 per H-1B applicant, a sharp rise from the previous fee structure, which was just a few thousand dollars. The stated aim is to curb misuse of the visa system, ensure that only highly skilled professionals are employed, and protect American workers from wage suppression.

·       For India, which accounts for 71% of H-1B visa holders, the implications are considerable. Major Indian IT firms like Infosys, TCS, and Wipro—the top H-1B sponsors—will experience increased compliance costs, potentially reducing recruitment of Indian talent. The higher fee may also deter mid-level professionals from seeking US-based roles and impact the broader Indian IT services export industry, valued at over $150 billion.

·       The policy may prompt US companies to shift operations offshore—either back to India or to alternative hubs like Canada and Mexico—to avoid inflated hiring costs. In the long term, such economic pressure could also accelerate investment in automation and AI-driven solutions, reducing dependency on skilled foreign labour.

·       The H-1B visa is a non-immigrant visa that allows US employers to hire foreign workers in specialized occupations, primarily across STEM fields, finance, and medicine. Eligibility requires at least a bachelor’s degree, and the visa is valid for three years, extendable to six years, or beyond if the green card process has been initiated. Each year, 65,000 H-1B visas are issued, with an additional 20,000 for US Master’s degree holders.

·       Major US tech companies—including Amazon (with 12,000+ approvals in 2025), Microsoft, Meta, and Google—are heavily reliant on Indian talent. However, Indian applicants continue to face long green card backlogs, with wait times often exceeding a decade.

Chabahar Port and the Withdrawal of U.S. Sanctions Waiver

Context:

The United States has revoked the sanctions waiver previously granted to India for its involvement in developing Iran’s Chabahar Port. This waiver, initially provided in 2018 under the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (IFCA), had allowed limited cooperation despite broader sanctions on Iran.

·       About the Port: Chabahar Port is Iran’s only deepwater oceanic port and represents a strategic collaboration between India and Iran. It serves as a critical link intended to bypass Pakistan, facilitating India’s access to Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Russia.

·       Location and Structure: Positioned on the Gulf of Oman in Iran’s southeastern Sistan-Baluchestan province, Chabahar lies about 170 kilometers west of Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, which is being developed by China under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The port has two key components: Shahid Beheshti (where Indian investment is focused) and Shahid Kalantari.

·       Historical Timeline: Originally proposed in 1973 by the Shah of Iran, the port''s initial phase was launched in 1983 during the Iran-Iraq War to reduce dependency on Persian Gulf ports. In 2003, India and Iran signed an agreement for its development. A landmark trilateral agreement between India, Iran, and Afghanistan was signed in 2016 to operationalize the port. The first phase of Shahid Beheshti was inaugurated in 2017, and India sent its first wheat shipment to Afghanistan the same year. In 2018, India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) took partial operational control.

·       Strategic and Economic Objectives: The primary aim is to give India a direct access route to Afghanistan and Central Asia while avoiding Pakistan. Chabahar also anchors the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), connecting the Indian Ocean to Russia and Europe. For Iran, the port is a means to boost trade connectivity despite facing Western sanctions.

·       Key Features: The port is planned to be developed in four phases, ultimately reaching a capacity of 82 million tonnes annually and housing 32 jetties, including facilities for multipurpose, container, oil, and dry bulk cargo. Currently, the first phase handles 5.8 million tonnes. Its strategic location near the Strait of Hormuz enhances its relevance for global energy and trade routes.

·       Significance: Chabahar Port strengthens India’s strategic presence in the Indian Ocean and serves as a counterweight to the China-Pakistan alliance around Gwadar. Economically, it reduces transportation time and costs for goods heading to Central Asia, Russia, and Europe through INSTC. Geopolitically, it deepens India-Iran relations and enhances India''s role in Afghanistan''s post-conflict development.

UK-France ‘One-In, One-Out’ Deportation Scheme: India’s Involvement

·       An Indian national has become the first person deported from the UK to France under the recently launched ‘One-In, One-Out’ scheme, a bilateral migration and deportation mechanism agreed upon by the United Kingdom and France.

·       The scheme allows the UK to return illegal migrants who enter via the English Channel back to France. In exchange, the UK agrees to accept a legal asylum seeker from France for each individual it deports, establishing a reciprocal arrangement.

·       Set to operate from August 2025 to June 2026, the pilot initiative aims to deter illegal crossings, break human smuggling networks, and promote safe and regulated migration. The scheme provides a fast-track legal process for deportation, offers voluntary return options with financial aid, and allows limited court oversight in the UK for appeals.

·       Strategically, the scheme enhances border security, improves bilateral cooperation, and sends a strong deterrent signal to human traffickers and unauthorized migrants. It also contributes to a broader political narrative of tougher immigration control and organized humanitarian migration.

High Seas Treaty Set to Enter into Force After 60th Ratification

Context:
The High Seas Treaty, officially adopted in 2023 by the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, is now on track for enforcement following its 60th ratification. As per the mandate, the treaty becomes effective 120 days after reaching this threshold.

·       Overview of the Treaty: Formally titled the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), the High Seas Treaty is a legally binding instrument developed under the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

·       UNCLOS Implementation History: This is the third implementing agreement under UNCLOS, following the 1994 Agreement on its implementation and the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement.

·       Definition of High Seas: High seas are areas of the ocean that lie beyond national jurisdictions. These global commons are accessible to all nations for lawful purposes such as navigation, overflight, laying of submarine cables, and scientific exploration.

·       India’s Involvement: In 2024, the Union Cabinet approved India''s decision to sign the High Seas Treaty. The Ministry of Earth Sciences has been designated as the implementing authority.