• India has a rich heritagethat is a storehouse of archaeological assets and mind-blowing monuments. They represent a unique legacy of civilization and therefore the conservation of built heritage is generally perceived to be in the long-term interest of society.
• But the majority of India’s architectural heritage and sites remain unidentified and largelyunprotected, and even those that are protected are facing challenges related to climate change and unsustainable tourism practices. Therefore, the issues related to Indian Heritage must be carefully identified and solved in a comprehensive manner.

Challenges Associated

• Pollution and Climate Change:Pollution is another problem faced by our heritage sites and India is still struggling to save its wonder, Taj Mahal from the pollution.
• Of late, India is seeing a spateof floods due to climate change in various parts of the country including in those locations where heritage sites are located.
• Puri in Odishaand Hampi in Karnataka are some of the latest examples of heritage sites getting damaged due to natural calamities which in turn is said to be the result of global warming.

• Heritage Encroachments:Many ancient monuments have been encroached upon by local residents, shopkeepers, and souvenir sellers.
  • There is no harmony between these structures and the architectural style of monumentsor the surroundings.
  • For instance, according to theComptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG) Report, 2013, there was encroachment on the Taj Mahal''s premises near Khan-i-Alam''s Bagh.
• Exploitation over Excavation:Development activities have exploited many archaeological sites in India with rich deposits of artefacts.
  • Also, there is no provision for Cultural Resource Managementbefore developmental projects, which adds to the problem.
• Lack of Database for Heritage Sites:There is no comprehensive national database with state-by-state distribution of heritage structures in India.
  • Indian National Trust for Art & Cultural Heritage (INTACH)has inventoried about 60,000 buildings in around 150 cities, but that''s still just the tip of the iceberg since there are estimated to be over 4000 heritage towns and cities throughout the country.
• Lack of Human Resource:Lack of adequate numbers of qualified and competent human resources to look after the monuments and carry out conservation activities is the biggest problem faced by agencies like ASI.

Looking ahead

• Reimaging Excavation and Conservation Policy:In light of the changing scenarios with the advancement in technology, ASI needs to update its Excavation Policy.
  • Using new technology such as Photogrammetry & 3D Laser scanning, LiDAR and satellite remote sensing surveysshould be used for documentation, surveys, excavation and conservation.
• Smart City, Smart Heritage:It is necessary to consider the Heritage Impact Assessment for all large infrastructure projects.
  • The Heritage Identification and Conservation Projectsneed to be adjoined to the city master plans and integrate with the Smart City Initiative.
• Innovative Strategies for Increasing Engagement:The use of monuments that do not attract a large number of visitors and not have cultural/religious sensitivity can serve as venues for cultural and wedding programmes that can fulfil twin objective:
  • The promotion of the associated intangible heritage.
  • Increasing visitor numbersto such sites.
• Corporate Heritage Responsibility:Companies should be encouraged to take on restoration and preservation of monuments as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) obligations.
• Linking Heritage Conservation with Climate Action:Heritage sites can serve as opportunities for climate communication and education, and research on historic sites and practices to understand past responses to changing climate conditions can help adaptation and mitigation planners develop strategies that integrate natural science and cultural heritage.
  • For example, coastal and river communities such as the island of Majuli in Indiahave been living with and adapting to changing water levels for centuries.