India, EU push to conclude free trade agreement by year-end after ‘landmark’ visit

India and the European Union (EU) have set an ambitious deadline to finalize negotiations for the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) by the end of this year.

• The talks covered a broad spectrum of issues, including trade, digital green technology, energy, environment, and connectivity, reflecting the deepening strategic partnership between the two sides.
• Von der Leyen, who is on a two-day visit to India alongside members of the European College of Commissioners, has visited India twice before—first for an official bilateral visit in April 2022 and again in September 2023 for the G20 Leaders’ Summit.
• However, this visit marks a significant first, as it is the first time the European College of Commissioners has traveled outside Europe, underlining the priority placed on EU-India relations.
• The discussions saw a strong emphasis on finalizing the Free Trade Agreement, with both Modi and von der Leyen directing their teams to ensure that negotiations are completed within the year. Lal emphasized the significance of this development, calling it a major outcome of the visit.
• Alongside the FTA, there was substantial progress in key working groups under the India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC), including those focused on strategic technologies, digital governance, clean energy, trade, and investment.
• Beyond trade, the visit also facilitated concrete advancements in multiple sectors. Talks progressed on implementing Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) related to semiconductors, supply chain resilience, and talent exchange.
• The Bharat 6G Alliance and EU 6G Smart Networks signed an MoU to deepen cooperation in telecommunications, while the India AI Mission and the European AI Office strengthened ties to foster collaboration in artificial intelligence.
• On the clean energy front, India and the EU announced joint funding of €60 million for research projects focused on electric vehicles, sustainable plastics, and green hydrogen.
• Plans were also unveiled for an India-EU Green Hydrogen Forum and an India-EU Business Summit on Offshore Wind Energy to accelerate cooperation in renewable

Key Highlights of the India-EU Engagement

• The FTA negotiations between India and the EU began in 2007, but were stalled for several years due to several unresolved issues.
• However, negotiations were relaunched in 2021 and now both sides are working with a specific deadline of end of 2025 to finalize the deal.
• This decision about the deal comes amidst growing global challenges, including US tariff policies and geopolitical tensions.
• Both India and the EU are bracing for reciprocal tariffs from the US, as President Trump has signaled plans to impose a 25% tariff on EU goods.
• Global Geopolitical Context: The world is experiencing significant geopolitical shifts, with major economies like China and Russia asserting more influence, especially in regions like the Indo-Pacific. Both India and the EU are looking to reimagine their partnership to counter these challenges.
• The India-EU FTA is seen as one of the largest potential trade deals, which could be the largest of its kind in the world. The deal is expected to open new trade opportunities, increase market access, and enhance cooperation across sectors like technology, investment, and security.

Why India is Crucial for Europe’s Future?

• Economic Growth: India is the fifth-largest economy globally and is projected to overtake Germany and Japan to become the third-largest economy within this decade. This makes India a vital economic partner for Europe as it seeks to diversify from over-reliance on China and maintain strong relationships with other advanced economies like the US.
• Manufacturing Potential: India is emerging as a key alternative supplier of manufactured goods. As global reliance on China diminishes, India’s growing manufacturing sector offers significant opportunities for Europe, especially with India’s expanding labor force and improving infrastructure.
• Energy Needs and Climate Change: India’s rising energy demands make it essential for any global strategy addressing climate change. India is increasingly focusing on renewable energy sources, and Europe needs India’s participation in the global transition to a low-carbon economy.
• Geopolitical Stability: India, as the world’s largest democracy and a key player in the Indo-Pacific region, serves as a stabilizing force in a geopolitically uncertain world.

The ‘Old India’ vs. the ‘New India’

• Historically, European views of India have been shaped by outdated impressions of poverty, poor infrastructure, a reliance on coal, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. This view has led to a focus on areas such as:
• Trade Policy: Discussions around market access, such as visa agreements for Indian workers in exchange for reduced trade barriers for European goods.
• Climate Change: Europe’s emphasis on persuading India to reduce coal dependency and commit to climate change goals.
• Economic Development: Europe''s attempts to replicate its own model by pushing for institutional reforms and market liberalization in India.
• Security: Encouraging India to side with the West in opposition to authoritarian regimes.
• However, this perspective is outdated, and a new India has been emerging for some time, with significant reforms and transformations reshaping the country.

Key Changes in India’s Economy and Society

• Economic Transformation: India has become one of the world''s fastest-growing economies. Over the last few decades, India’s growth has been robust, with GDP growth averaging more than 3% annually since the 1990s. The economy has shifted towards more open trade and higher exports, surpassing even China and Japan in some areas.
• Export Growth: India’s exports have grown at a faster rate than China’s between 2007 and 2019. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India has also increased significantly, surpassing China as a percentage of GDP.
• Service and Manufacturing Sectors: Services, especially IT, have long been a strength of the Indian economy, but manufacturing is also growing. India has become a significant production hub for products like mobile phones and is home to more unicorn start-ups than the UK or Germany.
• Infrastructure Development: India’s infrastructure, particularly in electricity generation, has improved significantly. Over 50% of the country’s new electricity generation capacity comes from renewable sources, and digital infrastructure has expanded, improving financial inclusion.
• Reforms: The Indian government has launched several initiatives, including:
• Make in India: Aimed at boosting manufacturing through FDI, workforce skill development, and reducing administrative costs

A Challenges India Still Faces

• Despite significant improvements, India continues to face challenges:
• Income Inequality: Economic growth has been uneven, with many segments of society unable to benefit from the new opportunities.
• Job Creation: While productivity growth is strong among those employed, India faces a massive challenge in creating sufficient jobs for its growing labor force. Around 10 million people are expected to enter the labor market annually for the next decade.
• Governance and Implementation: India’s ambitious reforms often struggle with weak governance, leading to poor implementation and outcomes. The country’s financial system remains dominated by state-owned banks, and the judicial system faces inefficiencies.

What This Means for Europe?

• Europe has a clear stake in India’s success. An economically strong and stable India will be a key ally for Europe in the following ways:
• Geopolitical Stability: India can help maintain global stability and provide an alternative source of goods and services, reducing Europe’s dependence on China.
• Climate Change: India’s efforts to expand its renewable energy sources are critical for global climate goals, and Europe can play a role in enabling India’s energy transition.
• Economic Growth: As India’s economy continues to grow, it will become an important market for European goods and services, creating new opportunities for European businesses.

 India will be a major player in 21st century’s space exploration: Jitendra Singh

• India is set to become a major player in 21st-century space exploration, Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology, Jitendra Singh, said on Saturday.
• Tracing India’s space journey, which spans over six decades, Singh hailed the country’s achievements in space as a global benchmark and acknowledged its growth in the sector over the past decade. He noted that India has mastered key technologies, including satellite development, launch capabilities, and operations.  
• “India will be a major player in 21st-century space exploration,” Singh said, citing recent successes such as the Chandrayaan-3 mission, the SpaDeX mission, and the ongoing progress of the Gaganyaan mission.  
• “India has acquired independent capabilities in building, launching, and operating satellites, as well as deriving applications from these satellites to benefit society,” he added.  
• The minister made these remarks while hosting a high-level European Union delegation led by Commissioner Andrius Kubilius and space sector experts in New Delhi. The discussions focused on ongoing and future cooperation between India and Europe in space exploration.  
• Singh lauded the long-standing collaboration between India and Europe in the space sector, describing it as extensive and mutually enriching.  
• “India-EU interactions in space exploration have a long history and continue to grow stronger,” he said.  
• He also briefed the EU delegation on India’s ambitious space agenda, which includes the continuation of the Gaganyaan programme—India’s human spaceflight mission—the establishment of India’s space station, Bharatiya Antariksh Station, and an Indian landing on the Moon
• Notably, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been collaborating with the European Space Agency (ESA), space agencies of individual European nations, and entities such as EUMETSAT.  
• European industries have also contributed to India’s space programme, with notable examples including support for liquid engine development, the launch of India’s first experimental communication satellite, and ESA’s assistance in the Aditya and Chandrayaan-3 missions.  
• Singh also highlighted the rapid expansion of India’s space startup ecosystem, following the sector’s opening to private investment in 2020.  
• With over 200 startups engaged in rocket building, satellite manufacturing, ground segment operations, and application development, the industry is witnessing rapid growth.  
• Many of these startups have also established a presence in Europe, marking a new chapter in global space collaboration.

How National Geospatial Policy: liberalizing access to geospatial data

The National Geospatial Policy (NGP), announced by the Centre on December 28, 2022, seeks to liberalize access to geospatial data, foster innovation in governance, business, and academia, and drive India toward its vision of a self-reliant “Viksit Bharat” by 2047.

• A key objective of the NGP is to establish a high-resolution topographical survey and mapping system by 2030, along with creating a highly accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the entire country.
• The policy outlines a strategic plan to develop geospatial infrastructure, services, and platforms at both national and sub-national levels.

Empowering Governance and Economic Growth

• The National Geospatial Policy acknowledges the critical role of geospatial technology in governance, economic growth, and societal development. It emphasizes enhancing institutional frameworks, promoting state and national-level coordination, and creating a vibrant geospatial ecosystem.
• The Department of Science and Technology (DST) is the central agency responsible for driving this initiative, encouraging the reuse and open access to geospatial data, products, and services via a network of geospatial platforms.
• The policy is expected to revolutionize sectors such as urban planning, disaster management, agriculture, environmental conservation, and transportation by facilitating the adoption of geospatial technology. This is in line with the government’s mission to modernize infrastructure, improve governance, and boost economic efficiency through data-driven decision-making.

Geospatial Policy aligns with PM Gati Shakti

• The National Geospatial Policy (NGP) 2022 is closely aligned with the PM Gati Shakti – National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity, a transformative digital platform launched to streamline infrastructure development across 16 key Ministries, including Railways and Roadways.
• By fostering coordinated infrastructure planning and execution, PM Gati Shakti aims to create seamless multi-modal connectivity for the efficient movement of people, goods, and services across various transportation modes. This initiative focuses on enhancing last-mile connectivity and significantly reducing travel time.
• Leveraging the power of accurate, real-time geospatial data, NGP 2022 plays a pivotal role in optimizing infrastructure projects.
• It helps to minimize redundancies, improve resource utilization, and ensure that infrastructure schemes across Ministries and State Governments are integrated effectively. A key feature of this initiative is the extensive use of geospatial technology, including advanced spatial planning tools developed by ISRO and BiSAG-N, which enable data-driven decision-making.
• By aligning with PM Gati Shakti, the National Geospatial Policy 2022 is driving efficient infrastructure development and accelerating economic growth through enhanced connectivity and smart resource management.

Operation Dronagiri: A Pilot Initiative for Geospatial Innovation

• A significant step under the National Geospatial Policy is the launch of Operation Dronagiri on November 13, 2024. This pilot initiative aims to demonstrate the real-world applications of geospatial technologies in enhancing citizen services, business efficiency, and governance.
• Operation Dronagiri is designed to integrate geospatial data, analytics, and advanced mapping technologies to support multiple sectors.
• Initially implemented across five states—Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra—the project brings together government departments, industry partners, corporations, and startups to drive geospatial innovation and ensure the efficient utilization of spatial data.

Key Features: Integrated Geospatial Data Sharing Interface (GDI)

• A standout feature of Operation Dronagiri is the development of an Integrated Geospatial Data Sharing Interface (GDI), which facilitates seamless access to and sharing of geospatial data across various sectors.
• The GDI supports applications in urban planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster management, helping organizations make informed, data-driven decisions for public welfare.

Impact and Future Expansion

• Operation Dronagiri is expected to significantly enhance governance, boost economic efficiency, and promote sustainable infrastructure development.
• By integrating geospatial technologies with public and private sector initiatives, the project envisions a nationwide rollout under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, ensuring long-term sustainability and widespread impact.

Towards a Geospatial Revolution

• With the introduction of the National Geospatial Policy 2022, India is on the path to becoming a global geospatial hub. The policy simplifies data access, encourages innovation, and supports enterprise development, thereby creating a dynamic geospatial sector that strengthens governance, industry, and research.

Vision of the National Geospatial Policy

• To position India as a global leader in the geospatial sector by fostering a world-class innovation ecosystem, leveraging geospatial technology for economic growth, and ensuring easy access to valuable geospatial data for businesses and citizens.

Goals of the National Geospatial Policy

By 2025

• Establish an enabling policy and legal framework to support the liberalization of the geospatial sector and democratization of data.
• Enhance availability and accessibility of high-quality location data across sectors to drive innovation and enterprise.
• Develop a unified digital interface for accessing geospatial data collected through public funds.
• Redefine the National Geodetic Framework using modern positioning technologies, with online accessibility.
• Create a high-accuracy geoid model for the entire country.
• Strengthen national and sub-national geospatial governance by fostering collaboration between the government, private sector, academia, and civil society.

By 2030

• Conduct high-resolution topographical surveys (5–10 cm for urban/rural areas and 50–100 cm for forests/wastelands).
• Develop a high-accuracy Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (25 cm for plains, 1–3 m for hilly/mountainous areas).
• Establish a Geospatial Knowledge Infrastructure (GKI) underpinned by an Integrated Data and Information Framework.
• Enhance geospatial skills, capabilities, and awareness to meet future technological and economic demands.

By 2035

• Generate high-resolution bathymetric geospatial data for inland waters and deep-sea topography to support the Blue Economy.
• Survey and map sub-surface infrastructure in major cities and towns.
• Develop a National Digital Twin for major urban centers, creating digital replicas to improve urban planning and management.

Key Focus Areas of the National Geospatial Policy, 2022

• Geospatial for Transformation & SDGs – The policy positions geospatial technology and data as key drivers for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), enhancing efficiency across sectors, and ensuring transparency in governance.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat & Self-Reliance – Recognizing the need for locally relevant geospatial data, the policy aims to foster a self-reliant geospatial ecosystem, empowering Indian companies to compete globally and reduce dependency on foreign providers.
• Global Best Practices & IGIF – Adopting international frameworks like the Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF) under UN-GGIM, the policy strengthens India''s national spatial information management.
• Robust Geospatial & ICT Infrastructure – Establishing a well-defined data custodianship model to ensure the collection, management, and real-time accessibility of high-quality geospatial data for cross-sector collaboration.
• Fostering Innovation & Startups – Encouraging startups, R&D, and emerging technologies, the policy promotes regulatory modernization and bridges the geospatial digital divide.
• Standards & Interoperability – Advocating open standards, open data, and compliance frameworks, the policy ensures seamless integration and interoperability of geospatial information.
• Capacity Development & Education – Promoting geospatial education from school levels, alongside standardized certifications and skill development programs to sustain long-term industry growth.
• Ease of Doing Business – Continued policy liberalization to attract investment, facilitate business-friendly regulations, and support geospatial enterprises.
• Democratization of Data – Survey of India (SoI) and other publicly funded geospatial data will be treated as a public good, ensuring easy access and utilization for all stakeholders.

WHO decides mpox epidemic still global health emergency

• Mpox remains an international public health emergency, the World Health Organization said , after deciding the epidemic still merits the highest level of alert, with cases rising and its geographic spread widening.
• "The mpox upsurge continues to meet the criteria of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC),"
• A PHEIC is the highest level of alarm under the International Health Regulations, which are legally binding on 196 countries.
• The UN health agency''s chief had declared the emergency amid a rapid spread of the disease, formerly known as monkeypox, in Africa and especially in the DR Congo.
• It added that violence in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, which has hampered its response plan, was also a factor.
• A different form of mpox was also labelled as an emergency in 2022-2023.
• The new form of mpox, clade Ib, continues to predominantly affect the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda and Burundi are also significantly affected, according to a recent report from the WHO. 
• There have also been travel-related cases in countries including Thailand and Britain.

15 countries so far

• Mpox is caused by a virus from the same family as smallpox. It can be transmitted to humans by infected animals but can also be passed between people through close physical contact.
• A The disease, which was first detected in humans in 1970 in the DR Congo, then known as Zaire, causes fever, muscular aches and large boil-like skin lesions, and can be deadly.
• It has two subtypes: clade 1 and clade 2.
• The virus, long endemic in central Africa, gained international prominence in May 2022 when clade 2 spread around the world, mostly affecting gay and bisexual men.
• Nearly 128,000 mpox cases have been laboratory confirmed across 130 countries since then, including 281 deaths, WHO data shows.
• The WHO declared a global health emergency in July 2022, but thanks to vaccination and awareness drives that helped stem the spread, that declaration was lifted in May 2023.
• Just a year later, however, a new two-pronged epidemic broke out mainly in the DR Congo, with both the original clade 1a strain and a new strain, clade 1b.
• This prompted the WHO''s new emergency declaration last August.

More on mpox:

• Mpox (monkeypox) is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). 
• Mpox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes variola virus (which causes smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus.
• Mpox has symptoms similar, but less severe, to smallpox. While smallpox was eradicated in 1980, mpox continues to occur in countries of central and west Africa.
• Mpox is zoonosis: a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans.
• Mpox was formerly called monkeypox. Following a series of consultations with global experts, WHO began using “mpox” as a synonym for monkeypox. 
• Monkeypox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research, hence the name ‘monkeypox’.
• The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire), and since then the infection has been reported in a number of central and western African countries. Most cases are reported from Congo and Nigeria. 
• In 2003, monkeypox was recorded in the United States when an outbreak occurred following importation of rodents from Africa. Cases were reported in both humans and pet prairie dogs. All the human infections followed contact with an infected pet and all patients recovered. 
• Mpox is endemic in densely forested regions of West, Central and East Africa, particularly in the northern and central regions of Congo. 
• Mpox outbreaks are caused by different viruses called clades. Clade 1 has been circulating in Congo for years, while clade 2 was responsible for the global outbreak which began in 2022.

Transmission

• Mpox does not spread easily between people.
• Spread of mpox may occur when a person comes into close contact with an animal (rodents are believed to be the primary animal reservoir for transmission to humans), human, or materials contaminated with the virus. 
• The virus enters the body through broken skin (even if not visible), the respiratory tract, or the mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth).
• Person-to-person spread is very uncommon, but may occur through:
• Contact with clothing or linens (such as bedding or towels) used by an infected person.
• Direct contact with mpox skin lesions or scabs.
• Coughing or sneezing of an individual with a mpox rash.

Symptoms

• Initial symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills and exhaustion. A rash can develop, often beginning on the face, then spreading to other parts of the body. The rash changes and goes through different stages before finally forming a scab, which later falls off.

Treatment

• Detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred laboratory test for mpox. 
• Mpox, in most cases, is a mild condition which will resolve on its own and have no long-term effects on a person’s health. Most people recover within a few weeks. However, severe illness can occur in some individuals.
• Treatment of mpox patients is supportive dependent on the symptoms. Various compounds that may be effective against mpox virus infection are being developed and tested.
• Prevention and control of human mpox rely on raising awareness in communities and educating health workers to prevent infection and stop transmission.

What is PHEIC?

• A PHEIC is defined in the IHR (2005) as, “an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response”. 
• This definition implies a situation that is:
• i) Serious, sudden, unusual or unexpected.
• ii) Carries implications for public health beyond the affected State’s national border. 
• iii) May require immediate international action.
• WHO has to consider five elements to decide whether an outbreak constitutes a public health emergency of international concern.
• 1) Information provided by countries – which in this case shows that the virus has spread rapidly to many countries that have not seen it before.
• 2) The three criteria for declaring a public health emergency of international concern under the International Health Regulations — being an extraordinary event, a public health risk to other States and a potential need to require a coordinated international response.
• 3) The advice of the Emergency Committee — which did not reach a consensus.
• 4) Scientific principles, evidence and other relevant information – which are currently insufficient.
• 5) The risk to human health, international spread, and the potential for interference with international traffic

10,000 FPOs Achieved under Government’s Flagship Scheme

• The Central Sector Scheme for “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) was launched by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 29th February, 2020.
•  The scheme was launched with a budget outlay of ₹6,865 Crore till 2027-28. Since the launch of the scheme, ₹254.4 Crore in equity grants has been released to 4,761 FPOs and credit guarantee cover worth ₹453 Cr. has been issued to 1,900 FPOs
•  The initiative has a budget outlay of Rs. 6,865 crore, covering the period up to 2027-28.
• The landmark 10,000th FPO, based in Khagaria district, Bihar, focuses on maize, banana, and paddy cultivation.
• Prime Minister Modi inaugurated the FPO during the release of the 19th installment of the PM-KISAN scheme in Bhagalpur, Bihar.
• Since the inception of the scheme, Rs. 254.4 crore in equity grants have been disbursed to 4,761 FPOs, and credit guarantee cover worth Rs. 453 crore has been extended to 1,900 FPOs.
•  Today, nearly 30 lakh farmers are part of the FPO movement, with women making up 40% of the total membership. The FPOs collectively engage in business activities worth thousands of crores across the agricultural sector.
• FPOs play a crucial role in addressing the many challenges small, marginal, and landless farmers face, including access to quality seeds, fertilizers, technology, and financing. By pooling resources, FPOs provide farmers with greater bargaining power, improving market access and, ultimately, income levels.
• Under the scheme, each newly formed FPO receives handholding support for five years and financial assistance of up to Rs. 18 lakh over three years to cover management costs.
• Additional provisions include a matching equity grant of up to Rs. 2,000 per farmer member (with a limit of Rs. 15 lakh per FPO) and a credit guarantee facility of up to Rs. 2 crore to ensure access to institutional credit.

Digital and Financial Support Initiatives

• A dedicated Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF) has been established to provide credit cover to financial institutions, helping FPOs access formal financing. Nearly 5,000 FPOs have been registered on the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), which enables them to sell their produce online to a wider consumer base.
• Additionally, an MoU between CSC SPV and the Ministry of Agriculture will convert 10,000 FPOs into Common Services Centres (CSCs), delivering citizen-centric services and creating rural employment opportunities.
• With a strong focus on inclusivity, the scheme emphasises the participation of women, SC/ST farmers, and other economically weaker sections to ensure FPOs are effective and inclusive.

What are FPOs?

• Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) is a generic name, which refers to farmer- producers’ organization incorporated/ registered either under Part IXA of Companies Act or under Co-operative Societies Act of the concerned States and formed for the purpose of leveraging collectives through economies of scale in production and marketing of agricultural and allied sector.
• The concept behind Farmer Producer Organizations is that farmers, who are the producers of agricultural products, can form groups.
• To facilitate this process, the Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) was mandated by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, to support the State Governments in the formation of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).
• The “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)” scheme was launched with the main focus on leveraging economies of scale in production and marketing with a view to enhance productivity through efficient, cost effective and sustainable resource use for ensuring sustainable income-oriented farming, thus helping in reduction of cost of farm production and increase in farmers’ income

Need for FPOs

• Small, marginal and landless farmers face tremendous challenges during agriculture production phase such as for access to technology, quality seed, fertilizers and pesticides including requisite finances.
• They also face tremendous challenges in marketing their produce due to lack of economic strength.
• FPOs help in collectivization of such small, marginal and landless farmers in order to give them the collective strength to deal with such issues. Members of the FPO will manage their activities together in the organization to get better access to technology, input, finance and market for faster enhancement of their income.

OBJECTIVES

• To provide holistic and broad-based supportive ecosystem to form 10000 new FPOs to facilitate development of vibrant and sustainable income-oriented farming and for overall socio-economic development and wellbeing of agrarian communities.
• To enhance productivity through efficient, cost-effective and sustainable resource use and realize higher returns through better liquidity and market linkages for their produce and become sustainable through collective action.
• To provide handholding and support to new FPOs up to five years from the year of its creation in all aspects of management of FPO, inputs, production, processing and value addition, market linkages, credit linkages and use of technology etc.
• To provide effective capacity building to FPOs to develop agriculture entrepreneurship skills to become economically viable and self-sustaining beyond the period of support from the government.

Convergence of Ministries for FPOs in India-

• Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare: Supports FPOs in getting seed, pesticides and fertilizer licenses, and helps in providing dealership through Agri Input companies. With this assistance, FPOs are able to work as dealers/distributors and generate income. The Ministry also supports FPOs by linking them to Institutional buyers and through ecommerce platforms like ONDC, e-NAM etc.[11]
• Ministry of Food Processing: Support for FPOs through financial outlays, such as providing credit-linked capital subsidy @ 35% of the eligible project cost, 50% financial grant for branding and marketing.[12]
• Ministry of Micro & Small Enterprises: Special provisions for FPOs such as access to funds in the form of FPO management cost, equity grant and credit guarantee facility apart from capacity building trainings, marked and credit linkages.  [13]
• Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying: Benefits and schemes tailored to FPOs, such as "Supporting Dairy Cooperatives and Farmer Producer organizations engaged in dairy activities" with a total allocation of Rs. 500 Cr during 2021-22 to 2025-26.[14] Additionally, forming and promoting 100 Fodder Plus FPOs through NDDB (National Dairy Development Board).[15]
• APEDA (Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority): APEDA provides assistance to APEDA registered FPOs for export and MSME under its scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI), which provides assistance for setting up enterprises.[16]
• Spices Board: The Sustainability in Spice Sector through Progressive, Innovative and Collaborative Interventions for Export Development (SPICED) scheme is designed to expand area and improve productivity of Cardamom (small & large). It also aimed at generating an exportable surplus of quality spices through post-harvest improvement, export promotion of spices, increasing the share of value-added spices in the export basket, evaluating compliance of export consignments with applicable standards of quality and safety, capacity building & skill development of stakeholders etc. 

 Services and Activities undertaken by FPOs

• The FPOs provide and undertake following relevant major services and activities for their development:
• Supply quality production inputs like seed, fertilizer, pesticides and such other inputs at reasonably lower wholesale rates
• Make available need-based production and post-production machinery and equipment like cultivator, tiller, sprinkler set, combine harvester and such other machinery and equipment on custom hiring basis for members to reduce the per 2 unit production cost
• Make available value addition like cleaning, assaying, sorting, grading, packing and also farm level processing facilities at user charge basis on reasonably cheaper rate. Storage and transportation facilities may also be made available
• Undertake higher income generating activities like seed production, bee keeping, mushroom cultivation etc
• Undertake aggregation of smaller lots of farmer-members’ produce; add value to make them more marketable
• Facilitate market information about the produce for judicious decision in production and marketing
• Facilitate logistics services such as storage, transportation, loading/un-loading etc. on shared cost basis.
• Market the aggregated produce with better negotiation strength to the buyers and in the marketing channels.

National Waterways Regulations to unlock new opportunities for private sector in inland waterways development

In a significant move to enhance infrastructure and attract private sector investment, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) has introduced new regulations to streamline processes and promote efficient use of India’s vast waterways network.

• The National Waterways (Construction of Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025, formulated by the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), aim to open new opportunities for private entities to participate in the development of inland waterway terminals, the ministry announced on Friday.
• Under the newly introduced National Waterways (Construction of Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025, any entity, including private players, wishing to develop or operate an inland waterway terminal must obtain a No Objection Certificate (NoC) from the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI). The regulations apply to both existing and new terminals, covering permanent and temporary installations.
• Permanent terminals can be operated for their lifetime by the developer, while temporary terminals will be granted an initial five-year term with the option for extensions. The developer and operator will also be responsible for the technical design and construction of the terminal, ensuring it aligns with their business plans and provides sufficient access. These regulations aim to streamline terminal development while encouraging private sector participation.
• To simplify procedures and encourage greater participation, IWAI has digitized the terminal application process, creating an online platform that facilitates seamless applications for private, public, and joint ventures. This digital platform is designed to support the government’s vision of sustainable development and improved Ease of Doing Business.
• Cargo movement on national waterways has surged from 18 million tonnes to 133 million tonnes in the 2023-24 fiscal year, reflecting the government’s vision of sustainable development and private sector involvement.
• This growth is further supported by the recently launched Jalvahak scheme, which aims to incentivize a 17% shift in cargo transport from the current 4700 million tonne kilometres on national waterways.
• The scheme is expected to boost private sector participation and expand cargo movement across India’s waterways.

Ancient India’s contribution to Science

• We will look at the significant contribution of ancient India in the field of science that continues to inspire youth in the country.
• The Indian origin of Zero: In the 6th and 7th Century C.E. Indian mathematician Brahmagupta was the first to clearly define zero (as what remains when a number is subtracted from itself) and explore all its properties. He also invented negative numbers as a concept.
• Decimal system of numerals: According to A. L. Bhasm, there is no doubt that decimal system was discoved by Indians. Even the Arabs themselves called mathematics “the Indian (art)” (hindisat). It was learned by Muslim world either through trade or through the Arabs who conquered Sind.
• The atomic theory of Kanad: The sixth-century scientist of Vaisheshika School, Kanad had given his atomic theory that the material universe is made up of kanas, (anu/atom) which cannot be seen through any human organ. These cannot be further subdivided. Thus, they are indivisible and indestructible. This is similar to the modern atomic theory.
• Earthquake cloud theory: Varahamihira in his book Brhat Samhita has devoted a chapter on signs of earthquakes. He has tried to relate earthquakes to the influence of planets, undersea activities, underground water, unusual cloud formation, and abnormal behaviour of animals.
• Position of nine planets: Aryabhata was the first mathematician who discovered the position of nine planets and mentioned that they revolve around the sun. The mathematician has made a huge contribution to the place value system.
• Cyclic Method to solve algebraic equations: Bhaskaracharya in his book Siddanta Shiromani has introduced the Chakrawat Method or the Cyclic Method to solve algebraic equations.
• Medicine: Charak in his book Charak Samhita had given a description of a large number of diseases and gives methods of identifying their causes as well as the method of their treatment. He was the first who emphasise that digestion, metabolism, and immunity are important for health.
• Metallurgy:  The Iron Pillar of Delhi stands as evidence of ancient India’s advanced metallurgical knowledge, particularly in corrosion resistance. Wootz steel, primarily iron with a high proportion of carbon, is known for high durability and strength has originated in India.
• Surgery: Sushruta is often referred to as the “Father of Surgery”. His works have immensely contributed to the field of surgery, especially cosmetic surgery and medical practices within the global community. His work in the book “Sushruta Samhita” reflects his mastery of surgical techniques and human anatomy, marking him as a pioneering figure in the history of medicine.
• Yoga: The Yoga Sutras of Patanjal has systematically presented the science of Yoga. Yoga developed in ancient India as an allied science of Ayurveda for healing without medicine at the physical and mental levels.

Odisha: New discoveries at Ratnagiri may shed new light into Kalinga''s Buddhist legacy

• In the hills of Ratnagiri in Odisha, 15 archaeologists have been working over the last three months to uncover ancient Kalinga''s Buddhist legacy and ties with Southeast Asia.
• And they have had success, with the recovery of three colossal Buddha heads, inscriptions and votive stupas, among other relics, at a shrine complex.
• The latest excavation at Ratnagiri in Jajpur district, about 80 km from state capital Bhubaneswar, started on December 5 after a gap of 63 years, ASI''s Superintending Archaeologist

What Has Been Found in Ratnagiri So far?

• Another archaeologist said that though Buddha heads were found at Ratnagiri during the first excavation between 1958 and 1961, the noses and ears were broken.
• "This time the heads are in perfect shape. One of the three heads is the biggest one recovered so far. It is about 1.5 m high. A stone pedestal, used for holding the Buddha head, has also been found," he said.
• Garnayak said a stone elephant was also recovered during the excavation.
• Another shrine complex was found along with a large number of votive stupas -- a symbolic mound or reliquary that honours Lord Buddha, he said.
• "Discovery of such a large number of votive stupas indicates that Ratnagiri was a major religious centre for Buddhist monks," he added.
• The archaeologists also found some other stone-carved palms and fingers of a Buddha statue.
• The excavation also led to the recovery of clay pottery, which is believed to be 1,200-1,300 years old.
• These recoveries could indicate the food habits, spiritual behaviour and social culture of people of that time, researchers said, adding that other household articles and terracotta toys of animals such as dogs and elephants found at the site will also help in understanding of life back then.
• The excavation also uncovered a palm of a Buddha statue, an ancient wall, and inscribed relics dating back to the 8th and 9th centuries CE, they said.

Ratnagiri & The ''Diamond Triangle''

• Ratnagiri is a part of the ''Diamond Triangle'' -- a collection of three Buddhist sites, the others being Udayagiri and Lalitgiri. It is believed that Buddhism flourished in Ratnagiri between the 5th and 13th centuries CE, and the new discoveries could help in a deeper understanding of the region''s history, they added.
• Ratnagiri was a centre for Mahayana and Tantrayana Buddhism, researchers said.
• Buddhism in the region gained prominence under Emperor Ashoka after the Kalinga War (261 BCE), and Ratnagiri has served as a major centre from where Buddhism reached other parts of the world, particularly Southeast Asia

Key Takeaways:

• 1. Ratnagiri, literally “Hill of Jewels”, is located 100 km northeast of Bhubaneswar. It stands on a hill between Birupa and Brahmani rivers and is Odisha’s most famous — and the most excavated – Buddhist site.
• 2. Ratnagiri, one of the most well excavated Buddhist sites in the state, is one of the three points of Odisha’s famous Diamond Triangle along with Udaygiri and Lalitgiri. All three Buddhist heritage sites are located close to each other in the Jajpur and Cuttack districts of southeastern Odisha.
• 3. According to the Odisha tourism site, Lalitgiri is also known as Naltigiri among locals, and it is one of the oldest of the Buddhist diamond triangle of Odisha. One of the important findings from the site is the relic casket comprising four containers made of Khondalite, Steatite, Silver, and Gold. It is speculated that the relics belonged to Lord Buddha.
• 4. Udaygiri is the biggest of the three and is located between the foothills of two mountains ranges of the Eastern Ghats. This site is often confused with Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves of Bhubaneswar. According to the Odisha tourism site, an important aspect of this site is the fact that unlike Ratnagiri and Lalitgiri there are no sculptures or scriptures found so far at this site that link it to Vajrayana tantric cult.
• 5. The Ratnagiri site is believed to be an important early centre of the Vajrayana (or Tantrayana) school of Buddhism which believed in acquiring mystical power through Vajra, meaning thunderbolt or diamond. That is why the three Buddhist sites in Odisha are called the ‘Diamond Triangle.’
• 6. The Ratnagiri monastery is the only Buddhist monastery in India with a curvilinear roof. Historical evidence suggests that at its peak, the monastery was home to around 500 monks, who followed the Tantrayana form of Buddhism.

Odisha – an important Buddhist centre

• 1. In Odisha, Buddhism is stated to have particularly flourished under the Bhaumakara dynasty, which ruled parts of the state between the 8th and 10th Century.
• 2. Odisha has long enjoyed maritime and trade links with Southeast Asian countries. The popular items of trade with Southeast Asia were pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, silk, camphor, gold, and jewellery.
• 3. The state also annually holds Baliyatra, literally ‘voyage to Bali’ – a seven-day festival to commemorate the 2,000-year-old maritime and cultural links between Kalinga and Bali and other South and Southeast Asian regions such as Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
• 4. Even though there was no evidence of Buddha visiting Odisha during his lifetime, Kalinga played a great role in popularising Buddhism. Experts believe that Tapassu and Bhallika, the two merchant brothers who became the first disciples of Lord Buddha, having their origins from Utkala, another ancient name of Odisha.
• 5. Ashoka, the Mauryan Emperor of Magadha (c.268-232 BCE), is believed to have invaded Kalinga in 261 BC but, deeply moved by the bloodshed in the war, he turned to Buddhism and pacifism. He helped spread Buddhism not only to his own empire but also to Sri Lanka, and Central and Southeast Asia.

Vajrayana Buddhism

• 1. Vajrayana Buddhism developed from Mahayana Buddhism around the 6th–7th century CE. The school mainly flourished in Bengal, Bihar, and Tibet where it has survived.
• 2. In Vajrayana Buddhism, it is believed that salvation could best be achieved by acquiring magical powers, known as Vajra, meaning thunderbolt or diamond. The followers of this sect believed that this form of Buddhism focused on feminine divinities, who represented the force or potency (Shakti) behind male divinities. These feminine ‘spouses’ of the Buddhas or Bodhisattvas in this sect were considered saviouresses (Tārās) of their followers.
• 3. Among the many formulas of tantric Buddhism, one is specially famous is “Om mani padme hum”; such formulae were expected to bestow magical power on the worship and lead to the highest bliss.

Sarbananda Sonowal unveils ‘One Nation-One Port’ to enhance efficiency with ease of doing business

• Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal launched a series of major initiatives of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) aimed at modernising India’s maritime infrastructure, strengthening its global trade presence, and to promote sustainability.
• These initiatives were launched during a stakeholder meeting in Mumbai today to discuss on various possibilities from the major announcements made in the Union Budget for the maritime sector.
• The initiatives aim to modernise India’s maritime infrastructure, strengthen global trade partnerships, and promote sustainability.
• With the launch of ‘One Nation - One Port’ Process and Sagar Ankalan - LPPI Index, India is taking a decisive step towards standardised, efficient, and globally competitive ports.
• By enhancing port performance and streamlining logistics, we are reducing inefficiencies, cutting carbon footprints, and strengthening India''s position in global trade. Our commitment to modern, green, and smart port infrastructure will not only fuel economic resilience but also ensure a sustainable maritime future for generations to come.
• This is a transformative leap towards making India a maritime powerhouse, contributing to Atmanirbhar Bharat and a developed India by 2047.”
• The launch of Bharat Ports Global Consortium and MAITRI App marks a transformative step in strengthening India’s maritime and trade ecosystem. These initiatives will sustain the initiatives taken since 2014, under the dynamic leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi ji, to enhance efficiency, streamline trade processes, and bolster global supply chains, reinforcing India’s position as a key player in international logistics.
• Under the visionary leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi ji, India is rapidly modernising its ports and trade infrastructure, aligning with his commitment to Viksit Bharat and Atmanirbhar Bharat.
•  By leveraging digital innovation and global partnerships, we are creating a seamless, efficient, and future-ready trade network, accelerating India''s journey towards becoming a global economic powerhouse.”
• As Ports serve as critical gateways for international and domestic trade, this initiative aims to harmonise port procedures to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and strengthen India’s global trade position.
• As a first step through ONOP process, the Ministry has standardised documentation with Immigration, the Port Health Organisation, and Port Authorities, reducing container operation documents by 33% (from 143 to 96) and bulk cargo documents by 29% (from 150 to 106).
• These reforms mark a significant step towards Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, ensuring transparency, consistency, and optimised port management.
• The Minister called for active stakeholder participation to maximise its impact and drive India''s ports towards operational excellence on the global stage.
• MAITRI plays a crucial role in operationalising the ‘Virtual Trade Corridor’(VTC) between India and the UAE.
•  The initiative aligns with the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) and is expected to expand to BIMSTEC and ASEAN nations, leveraging AI and Blockchain for efficiency and security. By standardising trade documentation and integrating digital solutions, MAITRI will reduce processing time, optimise trade flows, and contribute to sustainable development.
• MAITRI is set to redefine international trade, positioning India as a leader in global logistics and trade facilitation.
• Aligned with the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan and the National Logistics Policy, Sagar Ankalan LPPI aims to benchmark port performance, drive operational excellence, and strengthen India''s trade connectivity. Developed under the Sagar Aankalan guidelines, the LPPI evaluates all major and non-major ports under Bulk (Dry & Liquid) and Container categories.
•  Key performance indicators include cargo handling, turnaround time, berth idle time, container dwell time, and ship berth-day output. The structured, data-driven methodology ensures transparency by equally weighing absolute performance and year-on-year improvement.
• By fostering a culture of efficiency and innovation, LPPI will drive India’s ports toward global standards, reinforcing the nation’s position as a maritime leader and a critical player in international trade.
•  India has already made remarkable progress in global logistics, climbing to 22nd place in the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 2023 for "International Shipments," up from 44th.
• By developing robust port infrastructure, the Bharat Global Ports Consortium initiative will streamline logistics, strengthen supply chains, and support the ‘Make in India’ initiative by boosting exports.
• Bringing together IPGL (operations), SDCL (finance), and IPRCL (infrastructure development), the consortium will drive port expansion, operations, and financing to position India as a key player in international trade and logistics.
• By focusing on efficiency, innovation, and global collaboration, the consortium aims to improve trade connectivity and enhance India''s economic footprint.
• This initiative underscores India’s commitment to maritime excellence and economic resilience on the global stage, maintained Shri Sarbananda Sonowal during its launch.
• The Union Minister also announced the India Maritime Week to be held from 27^th to 31^st of October, 2025 in Mumbai with a view to celebrate country’s ‘Maritime Virasat’ and ‘Maritime Vikaas’ — a bi-annual global maritime gathering that will be one of the largest in the world.
•  The week will host 4th edition of Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS), 2nd edition of Sagarmanthan among others. At the India Maritime Week, ‘representation from 100 countries and 100,000 delegates are expected to participate’, Sonowal said.
•  The Maritime Development Fund, the inclusion of large ships in the Infrastructure Harmonised Master List (HML), and the role of financial institutions and multilateral agencies in facilitating low-cost term financing were key focus areas.
•  These measures aim to strengthen India''s maritime sector by enhancing financial accessibility, boosting shipbuilding, and improving industry competitiveness.
• On the budgetary announcements for maritime sector, the Union Minister said, “
•  India is sailing towards a Viksit Bharat, ensuring that our ports, shipping, and waterways become the backbone of a thriving economy. The Union Budget 2025 has put the maritime sector at the forefront of India’s growth story
•  The ₹25,000 crore Maritime Development Fund is a game-changer. It will provide long-term financing, encourage private investment, and modernize our port and shipping infrastructure.
• The recognition of LARGE ships as infrastructure will unlock new avenues for financing, making it easier for businesses to invest in shipbuilding and coastal trade. And let’s not forget the revamped Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP 2.0)—this will level the playing field for our shipyards, helping them compete with global giants. T
• he shipbuilding clusters—a vision we are actively pursuing — will not only make India a hub for ship construction but will also create thousands of jobs, bring in new technologies, and strengthen our global competitiveness.
•  To further boost this industry, we have extended customs duty exemptions on shipbuilding inputs for another 10 years.
• In order to propel our rich riverine network, the extension of the tonnage tax regime to inland vessels is a major step in making river transport more attractive and viable for businesses.
• With the collaborative approach, we can revolutionize logistics, reduce freight costs, and create an eco-friendly alternative to road and rail transport.”
• The Union Minister also launched the National Centre of Excellence in Green Port and Shipping (NCoEGPS) website. It is a significant milestone in advancing sustainability in the maritime sector. This platform will offer insights and best practices for green port and shipping operations, focusing on carbon footprint reduction, cleaner fuels, and eco-friendly port management to drive a more sustainable future.
• “India’s Blue Economy is not just about ships and ports—it’s about jobs, trade, sustainability, and economic growth.
• There is immense potential, and we are committed to ensuring that you have the right policies, the right financing, and the right environment to thrive.
•  We are not just aiming to be a top 10 shipbuilding nation by 2030—we are aiming to create an ecosystem that is world-class, efficient, and future-ready. 

Key initiatives launched:

1) One Nation-One Port Process (ONOP)

• • Aims to standardise and streamline port operations across India’s major ports.
• • Reduces inconsistencies in documentation, operational delays, and costs.

2) Sagar Ankalan – Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI)

• • An index to benchmark port performance and drive operational excellence.
• • Developed under Sagar Aankalan guidelines.
• • It will enhance India’s competitiveness in global logistics and supply chains.

3) Bharat Global Ports Consortium

• It is aimed at strengthening India’s maritime reach and global trade resilience.
• It brings together:
• • IPGL (Operations)
• SDCL (Finance)
• IPRCL (Infrastructure Development)
• Supports the Make in India initiative by boosting exports and supply chain integration.

4). MAITRI App and Logo

• MAITRI (Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface) aims to create a Virtual Trade Corridor (VTC).
• Uses AI and Blockchain to integrate digital trade documentation.
• Connects India with UAE through IMEEC
• Potential expansion to BIMSTEC and ASEAN nations
• Reduces processing time and promotes transparent, efficient trade flows.

5) Shipbuilding Sector Revamp

• Shipbuilding clusters to be developed with Rs 25,000 crore Maritime Development Fund.
• Ship Breaking Credit Note Scheme to support Indian shipyards.
• Customs duty exemptions on shipbuilding inputs extended for 10 years.
• Expansion of Tonnage Tax Regime to encourage inland vessels.