NCQG on climate finance

• The UN Climate Change Conference (COP29) closed on November 24 with a new finance goal to help countries to protect their people and economies against climate disasters, and share in the vast benefits of the clean energy boom.
• With a central focus on climate finance, COP29 brought together nearly 200 countries in Baku, Azerbaijan, and reached a breakthrough agreement that will:
• 1) Triple finance to developing countries, from the previous goal of $100 billion annually, to $300 billion annually by 2035.
• ii) Secure efforts of all actors to work together to scale up finance to developing countries, from public and private sources, to the amount of $1.3 trillion per year by 2035.
• Known formally as the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG), it was agreed after two weeks of intensive negotiations and several years of preparatory work, in a process that requires all nations to unanimously agree on every word of the agreement.

New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)

• The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance is a key element of the 2015 Paris Agreement, aimed at setting a new financial target to support developing countries in their climate actions post-2025. 
• This goal builds on the previous commitment made at the Copenhagen Climate Summit in 2009, where developed countries pledged to mobilise $100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries.
• The NCQG seeks to address persistent gaps in climate finance by providing a more realistic and ambitious financial framework. 

It aims to foster global partnerships and enhance trust and cooperation among ations, which are crucial for successfully implementing the Paris Agreement.

Importance of NCQG

       1) Empower Developing Countries

• Unequal Impact of Climate Change: Developing countries bear the brunt of climate change effects like extreme weather events and rising sea levels, despite contributing minimally to global emissions.
• Access to Resources: The NCQG will provide these nations with critical financial support to invest in:
• i) Clean energy transitions,
• ii) Adaptation measures, and
• iii) Resilient infrastructure tailored to their unique vulnerabilities.
• 2) Accelerate Climate Action
• Climate change demands large-scale funding for both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
• Facilitating Ambitious Plans: By unlocking substantial resources, the NCQG enables countries to meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, aligning their efforts with the global target of limiting warming to 1.5°C.
• • It also boosts technology transfer, crucial for developing nations to adopt innovative, low-carbon solutions.

3) Promote a Just Transition

• Balancing Development and Sustainability: The NCQG ensures that economic growth in developing countries is aligned with low-carbon pathways.
• Job Creation and Community Protection: By funding renewable energy projects, green technologies, and sustainable industries, the NCQG creates opportunities for new employment while safeguarding vulnerable populations from economic displacement.

4) Boost Global Cooperation

• Climate finance is a collective responsibility, requiring developed nations to fulfill their commitments and rebuild trust with developing nations.
•  Strengthening Partnerships: The NCQG fosters collaboration, ensuring that global climate action is inclusive and acknowledges the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR).
• A well-implemented NCQG could rejuvenate multilateral efforts and enhance the credibility of international climate agreements.

‘One Nation One Subscription’

• The Union Cabinet approved ‘One Nation One Subscription’, a new Central Sector Scheme for providing country-wide access to scholarly research articles and journal publication. 
• A total of about Rs 6,000 crore has been allocated for ‘One Nation One Subscription’ for three calendar years as a new Central Sector Scheme. 

Highlights of the scheme:

• ‘One Nation One Subscription’ will build on and further enhance the scope and reach of the range of initiatives undertaken by the government of India over the past decade in the domains of education, for maximising access to quality higher education for the youth of India.
• This will supplement the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) initiative to promote research and development and foster a culture of research and innovation throughout government universities, colleges, research institutions, and research and development laboratories.
•  The scheme will be administered through a simple, user friendly and fully digital process. 
• The benefits of the scheme will be provided to all higher educational institutions under the management of the central or state government and research & development institutions of the central government through a national subscription coordinated by the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET), an autonomous inter-university centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC).
• This list covers more than 6,300 institutions, translating into nearly 1.8 crore students, faculty and researchers, who will be able to potentially avail benefits of One Nation One Subscription.
• The initiative will expand access to scholarly journals to a vast diaspora of students, faculty, researchers and scientists of all disciplines, including those in tier 2 and tier 3 cities, thereby promoting core as well as interdisciplinary research in the country. 
• The ANRF will periodically review the usage of ‘One Nation One Subscription’ and publications of Indian authors of these institutions.
• The Department of Higher Education will have a unified portal ‘One Nation One Subscription’ through which the institutions will be able to access the journals.

Compressed Biogas (CBG)

The India''s first modern, self-sufficient gaushala with a state-of-the-art Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant is located in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

• Compressed biogas (CBG) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases and vapours, mainly methane in gaseous form. It is made from the anaerobic decomposition of animal and plant waste, which is then purified and compressed for use as fuel.
• It is used as a renewable fuel, and can replace Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in automotive, industrial, and commercial sectors due to its similar calorific value and properties.
• Raw materials used to produce CBG
• It is produced from waste and biomass sources such as:
• Agricultural residue
• Cattle dung
• Sugarcane press mud
• Municipal solid waste (MSW)
• Sewage treatment plant waste

Environmental benefits of CBG production

• Reduces emissions and pollution by reusing agricultural waste, cattle dung, and MSW.
• Reduces carbon emissions and mitigates climate change.
• Supports the Swachh Bharat Mission by implementing effective waste management.

Benefit the economy and farmers

• Provides farmers with an additional source of income.
• Creates rural jobs, strengthening the rural economy.
• Reduces dependency on natural gas and crude oil imports to improve energy security.

Help to achieve India’s climate goals

• CBG production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and promotes renewable energy, which aligns with India''s commitments to address climate change.

SATAT Scheme

• In 2018, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas launched the SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) Scheme.

The SATAT Scheme aims to:

• Utilize waste generation to produce energy and boost income and employment
• Reduce natural gas and crude oil imports.
• Reduce vehicular emissions and pollution caused by the burning of agricultural and organic waste.

Challenges for CBG plants

• Biomass supply can vary seasonally, resulting in shortages during the off-season. Feedstocks such as agricultural residues and animal manure may be diverted for other purposes, reducing availability for biogas production.
• Gathering feedstock from various locations and transporting it to CBG plants is expensive and logistically difficult. Perishable organic feedstocks must be processed quickly to avoid degradation, which creates additional logistical challenges.

Way Forward

• Supporting small and medium enterprises can enable biofuel production in local communities while also promoting a diverse and resilient biofuel industry.
• Promoting local production and consumption, especially in rural areas, has the potential to create a circular economy, lower transportation costs, and increase sustainability.
• Utilizing food waste material and other organic waste sources for CBG production can ensure a continuous biomass supply. Establishing dependable distribution networks for biomass and biofuel is critical for the long term sustainability.
• The government should encourage collaboration among industry stakeholders, academia, and research institutions to encourage innovation and address biofuel sector challenges.

COP29 climate talks end on Nov 24

• Countries pledged to contribute at least $300 billion annually to the global fight against climate change as UN climate talks came to a contentious end on November 24. 
• Developing nations who had sought over $1 trillion in assistance called the agreement “insulting” and argued it did not give them the vital resources they required to truly address the complexities of the climate crisis.
• After two weeks of intense negotiations, delegates at the 29th Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), agreed to provide this funding annually, with an overall climate financing target to reach “at least $1.3 trillion by 2035”.
• Countries also agreed on the rules for a UN-backed global carbon market. This market will facilitate the trading of carbon credits, incentivising countries to reduce emissions and invest in climate-friendly projects.
• These were among the big-ticket issues decided upon as the summit, underway since November 11 in the enormous Baku Stadium in the Azerbaijan capital, ran into double overtime.
• This summit had been dubbed the ‘climate finance COP’, and representatives from all countries were seeking to establish a new, higher climate finance goal. 
• The target, or new collective quantified goal (NCQG), will replace the existing $100 billion goal that is due to expire in 2025.
• In the closing days at COP29, negotiating teams from the developed and developing worlds were deadlocked over a final deal, with reports that representatives for least developed countries and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOIS) had walked out of the talks.

India rejects ‘unfair’ climate finance deal

• India fiercely rejected the climate finance package for the Global South and said the COP29 presidency and the UN climate change office forced through the deal before allowing it to voice its objections. 
• The UN climate conference adopted a new climate finance package of a meagre $300 billion annually by 2035, replacing the $100 billion pledge made in 2009. 
• India said its request to speak before the adoption of the climate finance package was ignored. 
• India said the new climate finance package of a meagre $300 billion annually by 2035 is “too little and too distant” and it does not accept it in its present form.
• Developed countries, which have historically been responsible for most of the greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change, are required to provide finance, technology, and capacity-building support to developing and low-income economies to help them cope with a warming world.
• In 2009, they pledged to provide $100 billion per year by 2020. However, this pledge was only met in 2020, with around 70 per cent of the funds coming in the form of loans. 

What is COP?

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a multilateral treaty adopted in 1992, shortly after the first assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1990, to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human-induced) interference with the climate system. 
• Since entering into force in 1994, the UNFCCC has provided the basis for international climate negotiations, including landmark agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015).
• The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the main decision-making body of the UNFCCC.
• It brings together 198 countries and the European Union.
• The inaugural COP gathering took place in Berlin, Germany, in March 1995, and today the COP secretariat is headquartered in Bonn. 
• COPs serve as the formal meeting place each year for the Parties to negotiate and agree on how to tackle climate change, reduce emissions and limit global warming. A primary task at COPs is the examination of national reports and emission inventories submitted by participating countries.
• These reports offer essential insights into each country’s actions and their progress toward achieving the overarching goals of the Convention.
• COPs are meant to be inclusive affairs and, as well as world leaders and government representatives, a diverse range of people from all aspects of society, from business leaders and climate scientists to Indigenous Peoples and youth, are involved, taking part in order to share insights and best practices to strengthen climate action that benefits all.
• COPs are hosted annually in different countries. COP28 was held in Dubai. Brazil will host COP30 in 2025.
• The COP presidency rotates among the five recognised UN regions — Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe and Western Europe and others. This rotation ensures that different corners of the world have the opportunity to host and showcase their commitment to addressing climate challenges.

Cyber security guidelines

• The government has issued telecom cyber security guidelines to protect India''s communication networks and services.
• About the Telecom Cyber Security Rules 2024
• The Ministry of Communications has issued the Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2024 to protect communication networks and services by implementing measures such as specified timelines for reporting security incidents, implementing cyber security policies, and ensuring data confidentiality.

Data Collection and Safeguards

• The central government or its authorized agencies may request traffic data and other data (excluding message content) from telecom companies to ensure cyber security.
• Telecom entities must ensure that the data they collect is stored and kept confidential, with adequate safeguards in place to prevent unauthorized access. 

Cybersecurity Obligations for Telecom Entities

• Implement a telecom cybersecurity policy that includes security safeguards, risk management procedures, training, and network testing.
• Conduct vulnerability and risk assessments, and put security measures in place to prevent incidents.
• Take immediate measures to mitigate incidents and conduct forensic analysis to improve future security.
• Reporting requirements for telecom entities
• Telecommunications companies must report security incidents to the government.
• Initial report within 6 hours, including information about the affected system and the nature of the incident.
• Within 24 hours, a detailed report to be provided, including the number of users affected, the geographical impact, network or service disruption, and the corrective actions taken.

Role of the Chief Telecommunication Security Officer (CTSO)

• The CTSO is in charge of regulating the implementation of the cybersecurity policy, coordinating incident response, and ensuring compliance with cybersecurity regulations.
• Equipment Security and IMEI Regulations
• Manufacturers must register International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers for telecom equipment before it is sold in India. Tampering with IMEI numbers is prohibited.
• Changing or removing telecommunication equipment identifiers is strictly prohibited.
• The government can prohibit tampered equipment or require manufacturers to assist in resolving related issues.

The rules prohibit

• Misuse of telecommunications equipment and identifiers.
• Telecommunications-related fraud, cheating, or mimicry.
• Sending forged messages or engaging in activities that compromise telecom cybersecurity.

Enhance Domestic Coking Coal Availability

• A Niti Aayog report ''Enhancing Domestic Coking Coal Availability to Reduce the Import of Coking Coal'' recommended the government to add coking coal in the list of critical minerals and provide an exemption to increase domestic production of the key raw material for steel production.

What are Critical Minerals?

• Critical minerals are necessary for economic growth and national security. The scarcity of these minerals, or the concentration of extraction or processing in a few geographical locations, may expose supply chain vulnerabilities and even cause supply disruptions. 
• These minerals play critical roles in several strategic value chains, including clean technologies, information and communication technologies (such as semiconductors), and advanced manufacturing inputs and materials.
• The Ministry of Mines identified 30 critical minerals.

What is Coking Coal?

• Coking coal, also known as metallurgical coal, is a type of bituminous coal. It contains more carbon, less ash, and less moisture than thermal coal, which is used to generate electricity. It is an important raw material for steel production.
• Coking coal is used to make metallurgical coke via high-temperature carbonisation. This coke is essential in steelmaking as it is used in blast furnaces to make pig iron.
• The largest producers of coking coal worldwide are: 
• China 62 % of global production in 2022)
• Australia (15% in 2022)
• Russia (9 % in 2022).
• USA (5% in 2022)

Coking Coal in India

• Despite its vast coking coal reserves, India is heavily dependent on imports, with foreign shipments accounting for 85% of demand. 

Challenges in domestic coking coal production

• Public sector undertaking (PSU) washeries run at less than 32% capacity, with washed coal yields of only 35-36%. Private washeries, on the other hand, utilize more than 75% of their capacity while producing higher returns.
• Despite substantial domestic reserves, Integrated Steel Plants (ISPs) imported 58 million tonnes of coking coal for Rs 1.5 lakh crore in FY 2023-24, indicating the country''s continued dependence on imports.

NITI Aayog''s recommendation for coking coal

• The NITI Aayog suggests recognizing coking coal as a critical mineral to bring India in line with global practices, such as the European Union, which designated coking coal as critical. Such recognition can be used to justify policy measures aimed at increasing domestic production and ensuring raw material security for the steel sector.
• India has significant coking coal reserves, with 5.13 billion tonnes of prime coal and 16.5 billion tonnes of medium-quality coal. The NITI Aayog suggests that these reserves should be fully utilized to meet economic demands.

NITI Aayog recommends the following policy and structural changes:

• Amending the Coal Bearing Areas (CBA) Act 1957 to ensure that Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) under public-private partnerships retain operational rights even after majority ownership is transferred to private entities.
• The Ministry of Coal should allow joint ventures to sell coal washery byproducts (middling and tailings to reduce the cost of coking coal at steel plants, making production more cost-effective.

PAN 2.0 Project 

• The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has given its approval for the PAN 2.0 Project of the Income Tax Department with a financial outlay of Rs 1,435 crore.
• The PAN 2.0 Project enables technology-driven transformation of taxpayer registration services.

The benefits include:

• i) Ease of access and speedy service delivery with improved quality.
• ii) Single source of truth and data consistency.
• iii) Eco-friendly processes and cost optimisation.
• iv) Security and optimisation of infrastructure for greater agility.
• The PAN 2.0 Project resonates with the vision of the government enshrined in Digital India by enabling the use of PAN as Common Identifier for all digital systems of specified government agencies.
• PAN 2.0 Project is an e-governance project for re-engineering the business processes of taxpayer registration services through technology-driven transformation of PAN/TAN services for enhanced digital experience of the taxpayers.

 This will be an upgrade of the current PAN/TAN 1.0 eco-system consolidating the core and non-core PAN/TAN activities as well as PAN validation service.

• Currently, about 78 crore PANs have been issued, of which 98 per cent are to individuals.

What is PAN?

• PAN is a ten-digit unique alphanumeric number issued by the Income Tax Department to a person, firm or entity. PAN is issued in the form of a laminated plastic card.
• PAN enables the department to identify/ link all transactions of the PAN holder with the department. These transactions include tax payments, TDS/TCS credits, returns of income, specified transactions, correspondence, etc, and so on.
• It facilitates easy retrieval of information of PAN holder and matching of various investments, borrowings and other business activities of PAN holder.

The ten characters of PAN

• Out of the first five characters, the first three characters represent the alphabetic series running from AAA to ZZZ.
• The fourth character of PAN represents the status of the PAN holder.
• This means:
• P for Individual

 C for Company

• H for Hindu Undivided Family (HUF)
• A for Association of Persons (AOP)
• B for Body of Individuals (BOI)
• G for Government Agency

J for Artificial Juridical Person

• L for Local Authority
• F for Firm/ Limited Liability Partnership
• T for Trust.
• Fifth character of PAN represents the first character of the PAN holder’s last name/surname in case of an individual. In case of non-individual PAN holders, fifth character represents the first character of PAN holder’s name.
• Next four characters are sequential numbers running from 0001 to 9999.
• Last character — the tenth character — is an alphabetic check digit.

 Prasar Bharati makes WAVES in OTT segment

• The Waves is a digital platform developed by Prasar Bharati. It aims to cater to India’s growing demand for streaming services. 

Prasar Bharti

• Prasar Bharati (abbreviated as PB) is an Indian state-owned public broadcaster, headquartered in New Delhi. It is a statutory autonomous body set up by an Act of Parliament and comprises the Doordarshan television broadcasting and Akashvani (formerly, All India Radio or AIR), which were earlier media units of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The Parliament of India passed the Prasar Bharati Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997. 

Over-the-Top (OTT) Platforms

• OTT (Over-the-Top) platforms deliver media content directly to viewers via the internet bypassing traditional distribution methods like cable or satellite. Key examples include Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ and others.
• The term "OTT" also extends to services like messaging (WhatsApp, Telegram) and voice-over-IP (VoIP) calling apps​. 
• OTT platforms are designed to work across multiple devices:
• Smartphones
• Smart TVs
• Laptops and desktops
• Streaming devices like Roku and Amazon Fire Stick This multi-device compatibility enhances accessibility and convenience​. 
• Impact on Traditional Media:
• OTT platforms have disrupted traditional cable and satellite industries by offering:
• Cost-effectiveness.
• Freedom of choice and control for viewers.
• A global reach without geographical restrictions​. 

Components of OTT Platforms

• Content Delivery Network (CDN): A CDN optimizes content delivery by distributing it across multiple servers globally. It ensures seamless streaming by reducing latency and buffering​.
• Adaptive Bitrate Streaming: This technology adjusts the video quality in real-time based on the viewer''s internet speed ensuring uninterrupted playback even in fluctuating network conditions. 
• Digital Rights Management (DRM): DRM protects content from piracy by encrypting and managing access based on subscription or licensing models. 
• Data Transmission and Encoding
• Media files are encoded into formats like H.264, H.265 or AV1 to compress the size without compromising quality. This process reduces bandwidth usage while maintaining high-definition (HD) standards. 
• HTTP Live Streaming (HLS): A common protocol that splits video into small segments for smoother delivery. Each segment is streamed dynamically based on the user''s device and connection​ 

Monetization Models

• Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD): Fixed monthly or annual fees (e.g. Netflix, Disney+).
• Ad-Supported Video on Demand (AVOD): Free access funded by advertisements (e.g. Tubi).
• Transactional Video on Demand (TVOD): Pay-per-view services (e.g. Amazon Prime rentals).
• Hybrid Models: Combination of subscription and ads for revenue optimization​. 

Reang Tribes

The Kariba dam in Zambia

•  Lake Kariba, the world’s largest human-made lake.
• A punishing drought has drained the huge reservoir close to record lows, raising the prospect that the Kariba Dam, which powers the economies of Zambia and Zimbabwe, may have to shut down for the first time in its 65-year history.

UNHCR

 The UN refugee agency (UNHCR) has launched a $10 billion appeal for 2025 to meet critical needs and implement sustainable solutions for millions of refugees, displaced persons and stateless people worldwide.

• The agency’s appeal comes amid escalating humanitarian crises, as conflict, persecution and the growing impacts of climate change continue to force millions from their homes.
• It aims to support more than 139 million refugees and other vulnerable groups in some 136 countries and territories.
• The appeal focuses on three primary areas — emergency response, inclusion, and long-term solutions.
• Of the 139.3 million targeted beneficiaries, 34 million (24 per cent) are refugees, 68 million (48 per cent) internally displaced, 12 million are returnees, and about 4.5 million are stateless people under the agency’s mandate.
• Around $2.1 is required for UNHCR programmes in the Middle East and North Africa, $1.2 billion in Europe, $957 million in Asia and the Pacific, and $815 million in the Americas.
• Across the African continent, $2.1 billion is needed in East and Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes, $1.2 billion in West and Central Africa and $451 million in Southern Africa.
• The appeal also goes beyond immediate assistance, calling for sustainable approaches that integrate displaced individuals into local and national systems.

Who is a refugee?

• Refugees are people forced to flee their own country and seek safety in another country. They are unable to return to their own country because of feared persecution as a result of who they are, what they believe in or say, or because of armed conflict, violence or serious public disorder.
• Many have been forced to flee with little more than the clothes on their back, leaving behind their homes, possessions, jobs and loved ones. 
• They may have suffered human rights violations, been injured in their flight, or seen family members or friends killed or attacked.
• Today, there are 43.4 million refugees globally. UNHCR, the UN refugee agency, is mandated to protect over 30 million refugees and 5.8 million other people in need of international protection. 
• A further 6 million Palestine refugees are supported by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which was set up in 1949 to care for displaced Palestinians.

UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR)

• The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) is a global organisation dedicated to saving lives, protecting rights and building a better future for people forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution. 

 UNHCR emerged in the wake of World War II to help millions of Europeans displaced by the conflict. 

• The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was established on December 14, 1950 by the United Nations General Assembly with a three-year mandate to complete its work and then disband. 
• On July 28, 1951, the United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees — the legal foundation of helping refugees and the basic statute guiding UNHCR’s work — was adopted.
• In 1954, UNHCR won the Nobel Peace Prize for its groundbreaking work in Europe.
• In 1981, it again won the Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts to repatriate refugees in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the 1970s.
• The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol are the key legal documents that form the basis of UNHCR’s work.
• They define the term ‘refugee’ and outline their rights and the international standards of treatment for their protection.
• UNHCR now has 18,879 personnel working in 137 countries. It has helped more than 50 million refugees to successfully restart their lives, and continue to protect and provide support for the 89.3 million people currently displaced.

West Godavari Collector receives GI Registry tag certificate for Narsapur crochet lace

• The Recently Narasapuram Lace has got Geographical Indication (GI) tag and became the eighth Indian Product to do so at the national level.
• The Narsapur lace is a renowned handloom craft of the Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, originated 150 years ago.
• The craft is mainly done by the women community.
• Origin: In 1844 when Macrae and his wife from Scotland taught the lace-making technique to local women associated with a Christian missionary at Dummugudem, present-day Telangana.
• The craft has survived many shocks, for example- The famine of 1899, the Great Depression of 1929, and the covid pandemic of 2020
• They use fine threads and thin crochet needles in varying sizes to create the intricate craft.
• From delicate doilies and table runners to vibrant cushion covers, bed covers and fashionable tops — the artisans knit stunning products in colours like orange, green, blue and shades of white and beige.
• The products are also traded globally including the UK, USA, and France. The GI tag will now help in more international recognition.
• Challenges faced by Narsapur artisans:
• Stagnancy since covid pandemic which resulted in less production caused by less number of orders.
• Market capturing by machine-made lace products of China.
• Lack of funds for production.