MHA’s Twin Decisions: Renewal of SoO and Partial Reopening of NH-02 in Manipur

In a significant political and security development ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to Manipur, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has undertaken two major initiatives aimed at stabilizing the conflict-hit state. The first involves the renewal of the Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement with Kuki insurgent groups operating under the banners of the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and the United People’s Front (UPF). This renewal includes renegotiated terms intended to reinstate trust and structure to the fragile ceasefire. The second is an agreement reached with the Kuki-Zo Council to facilitate the reopening of National Highway-02 (NH-02), a critical lifeline for transport and the supply of essential goods across the state. These measures are widely interpreted as key efforts to reduce tensions and begin the process of restoring normalcy in a state beset by ethnic violence since May 2023.

Historical Context and Breakdown of the SoO Agreement

The Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement, initially signed in 2008, was a tripartite ceasefire involving the Central Government, the Manipur state government, and Kuki militant groups under KNO and UPF. The arrangement was meant to create space for political dialogue and reduce armed conflict. For over a decade, it was periodically renewed without major controversy. However, tensions escalated in March 2023 when the Manipur government, led by Chief Minister Biren Singh, withdrew from the pact with specific groups like the Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) and Kuki National Army (KNA), accusing them of inciting unrest in Churachandpur following anti-encroachment operations. After the outbreak of ethnic violence between Meitei and Kuki communities in May 2023, armed insurgent activity increased on both sides, and the ceasefire arrangement effectively collapsed in 2024.

New Terms Under the Renewed SoO Agreement

·       The MHA’s renewed SoO framework introduces several revised conditions with the aim of restoring control and transparency. Militant groups under KNO and UPF are now expected to affirm their commitment to Manipur’s territorial integrity and work toward a negotiated political resolution. A significant change involves the relocation of insurgent camps from sensitive fringe zones—especially those bordering Meitei-majority areas—to reduce the risk of cross-community attacks. Among the 14 recognized Kuki camps in the hills, seven are located near the valley, raising longstanding concerns among Meiteis who claim these camps are used as bases for attacks on their villages.

·       Additional provisions include the consolidation of smaller camps into larger, more manageable units, and the mandatory deposition of weapons with central security forces such as the CRPF or BSF to curb misuse. Cadre verification will be tightened through physical checks, issuance of identity cards, and regulation of their movement via local police stations. Foreign nationals will be excluded from official lists, and payments to cadres will now be made directly to individual bank accounts to ensure accountability. A Joint Monitoring Group has been instituted to oversee compliance, with provisions for the suspension of the agreement in case of violations.

Central Government’s Response to Kuki Political Demands

In response to longstanding grievances from the Kuki community, the Central Government has made several key concessions. A major point of contention was the leadership of Chief Minister Biren Singh, whom Kuki groups accused of being partisan during the ethnic crisis. His removal came through the imposition of President’s Rule in February, after which militant groups resumed talks with the Centre. Another core issue was the perceived impunity of Meitei insurgent groups operating from the valley region. In a parallel peace initiative, the government signed a peace accord with the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) in November 2023. Implementation is already underway, with UNLF cadre camps being established and identity documentation nearing completion.

Divergent Reactions to the Renewed SoO Deal

The renewed agreement has triggered intense responses from both Meitei and Kuki-Zo quarters. On the Meitei side, a prominent civil society organisation denounced the deal, branding it as a move that legitimizes what they called “armed narco-terrorist groups.” They also questioned the involvement of the Manipur government in the deal while the state is under President’s Rule. Conversely, some Kuki-Zo factions expressed concern over the clause reaffirming Manipur’s territorial integrity, interpreting it as a potential barrier to their primary demand for a separate administrative setup. However, others within the Kuki community interpreted the clause on pursuing a "negotiated political solution" as an opening that still allows space for their aspirations.

Dispute Over ‘Free Movement’ and the NH-02 Reopening

·       The reopening of NH-02, while presented by the MHA as a breakthrough, has emerged as a contentious issue. The highway, which connects major regions of the state, has been largely unusable for free movement due to hardened inter-ethnic boundaries. Under President’s Rule, the government has made restoring unrestricted passage a top priority. As part of this initiative, the MHA announced that the Kuki-Zo Council had agreed to facilitate the reopening of NH-02. However, this claim was swiftly contested by Kuki-Zo groups, who clarified that the movement of essential goods had never stopped and that the phrase “free movement” was problematic. They argued that collaboration with security forces does not equate to endorsing unfettered access for Meiteis into Kuki-dominated areas, particularly in the absence of reciprocal agreements from Meitei groups.

·       Within hours, the Kuki-Zo Council released a clarification stating that their agreement should not be misinterpreted as permission for unrestricted movement across buffer zones. This episode underscores the fragile and complex nature of negotiations, where even minor semantic differences can lead to major political disputes.

Conclusion

The MHA’s twin decisions—reviving the SoO agreement under new terms and attempting to restore connectivity via NH-02—represent a concerted effort to stabilise Manipur ahead of high-level political engagement. While these moves may help reduce immediate tensions, deep mistrust remains between the communities, and the true impact of these measures will depend on their enforcement and the broader political roadmap to address core demands from all sides.

India Urges Fair Economic Practices at BRICS Summit 2025 Amid Global Trade Tensions

At the 2025 BRICS Summit, held virtually under Brazil’s chairmanship, India took a firm stand on the evolving global economic order, urging the adoption of fair and transparent economic practices. Represented by External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar, India expressed strong opposition to the increasing tendency of linking trade measures with non-trade issues—an implicit critique of recent U.S. tariff escalations. This year’s summit unfolded against the backdrop of heightened global tariff disputes, deepening geopolitical divides, and mounting pressure on multilateralism.

Context of the BRICS Summit 2025

The BRICS grouping—comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—has steadily evolved into a significant platform for shaping global governance and economic cooperation. Collectively accounting for about 42% of the global population and roughly a quarter of the world’s GDP, BRICS continues to push for reforms in global financial and political institutions. The 2025 summit provided a venue for member states to share perspectives on economic disruptions and policy coordination amidst growing instability in the global trade environment.

Origins and Evolution of BRICS

The concept of BRICS originated in 2001 when economist Jim O’Neill coined the term “BRIC” to describe emerging economies poised to influence the global order. The first formal BRIC summit took place in 2009 in Russia. South Africa joined in 2010, expanding the group to BRICS. Since its inception, the bloc has aimed to reform global governance structures to better reflect the interests of emerging economies, promote intra-group trade and investment, and foster cooperation on sustainable development, technology, climate change, and security.

Achievements and Institutional Developments

BRICS has been instrumental in creating alternative financial institutions, most notably the New Development Bank (NDB), which funds infrastructure and sustainable development projects across member and partner countries. The Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) was another important step, providing financial stability to members during economic crises. In addition to economic initiatives, the group has served as a critical platform for dialogue on global governance, counter-terrorism, energy security, and digital innovation.

Persistent Challenges Within BRICS

Despite its growing influence, the BRICS bloc faces internal and external challenges that limit its coherence and effectiveness. Tensions between India and China, especially due to ongoing border disputes, have frequently strained intra-group dynamics. China’s overwhelming economic clout compared to the other members also exacerbates asymmetries. Additionally, BRICS members often diverge on critical geopolitical issues—ranging from conflicts in Ukraine and West Asia to approaches on trade policy. Moreover, intra-BRICS trade remains limited, constrained by protectionist policies and persistent trade deficits.

India’s Concerns Over Trade and Tariffs

During the 2025 summit, India voiced sharp concerns regarding the rising use of trade restrictions as tools of geopolitical coercion. EAM Jaishankar specifically referenced the U.S. decision to impose steep 50% tariffs on exports from India and Brazil, a move linked to their continued oil trade with Russia. He criticised the weaponisation of trade policies and argued that coupling economic measures with unrelated political issues only serves to destabilise the international trading order. Such practices, he said, undermine the principles of free and fair trade and disproportionately harm developing economies.

India’s Advocacy for Transparent, Rules-Based Trade

Jaishankar reaffirmed India’s commitment to an international economic system that is open, equitable, transparent, and governed by established rules. He warned that growing protectionism and arbitrary trade barriers threaten the already fragile balance of global food, energy, and fertiliser security. At a time when developing countries are still recovering from the aftershocks of the pandemic and ongoing regional conflicts, he urged BRICS members to collectively reject discriminatory trade practices and champion inclusive development.

Call for Resilient and Diversified Supply Chains

A key theme of Jaishankar’s address was the urgent need to build more resilient and diversified global supply chains. He drew attention to vulnerabilities laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic, prolonged geopolitical conflicts, and the worsening climate crisis. India proposed the decentralisation and democratisation of manufacturing capabilities across geographies to reduce overreliance on specific nations or regions. Such diversification, he argued, is vital to mitigate disruptions and ensure equitable access to critical goods and services.

Highlighting the Global South’s Struggles

Jaishankar also turned the summit’s focus toward the pressing concerns of the Global South. He noted that many of these countries have borne the brunt of conflicts far from their borders—particularly those in Ukraine and West Asia—which have led to shortages of food, fuel, and fertilisers. Calling for urgent diplomatic efforts to end these conflicts, he emphasised the need for a reformed multilateral system, especially within the United Nations, to better reflect contemporary geopolitical realities and the voices of developing nations.

Trade Imbalances Within the BRICS Framework

A candid part of India’s intervention was its acknowledgment of persistent trade imbalances within the BRICS grouping itself. Jaishankar pointed out that India continues to face significant trade deficits with fellow BRICS members, most notably China. He urged the bloc to adopt cooperative and corrective mechanisms that could address these imbalances and enhance intra-BRICS trade. This, he argued, would not only strengthen economic ties among members but also help shield the group from external economic pressures.

Conclusion

India’s message at the BRICS Summit 2025 was clear and assertive: global economic systems must return to fairness, transparency, and multilateralism. By pushing back against the trend of politicising trade, emphasising the need for resilient supply chains, and calling attention to the needs of the Global South, India positioned itself as both a critic of Western protectionism and a proponent of a more equitable global order. Whether BRICS can collectively respond to these challenges remains to be seen, but India’s intervention has certainly set the tone for deeper introspection within the bloc.

Supreme Court: Aadhaar Valid for Identity Verification, Not Citizenship

·       In a key ruling, the Supreme Court has directed the Election Commission to recognise Aadhaar as the 12th valid identity document for the ongoing Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar. The Court clarified, however, that Aadhaar can be used solely to establish a person''s identity—not their citizenship.

·       This judgment expands the ability of individuals who have been excluded from the electoral rolls to use Aadhaar—alongside other recognised documents—to contest deletions or to submit claims for inclusion. Given Aadhaar’s wide penetration, covering over 87% of India’s population, the ruling is expected to substantially increase the scope for voter inclusion during the revision process.

Clarifying the Distinction Between Identity and Citizenship

The Court drew a clear legal distinction between the concept of identity, which Aadhaar confirms, and citizenship, which must be established through more substantive documentation. According to the ruling, citizenship cannot be assumed merely from possession of an Aadhaar card. To prove citizenship, individuals must provide one or more of the following:

• A valid Indian passport
• A birth certificate that includes details of parentage
• A certificate of Indian citizenship or naturalisation issued by the competent authority
• Official records issued by a government agency or educational institution, supported by additional corroborative evidence

The Supreme Court emphasised that the authority to determine citizenship lies solely with the Central Government under the Citizenship Act. Booth-level officers (BLOs), who are tasked with field verification during the SIR process, are not empowered to assess or decide an individual’s citizenship status. Their role is limited to verifying local identity and residential address.

Recognised Documents for Electoral Roll Inclusion in Bihar

In addition to Aadhaar, the Election Commission has listed several other documents as valid for establishing identity during the Bihar SIR process. These documents are intended to offer broad and inclusive options for individuals seeking to be enrolled in the electoral rolls. These include:

• Identity cards or Pension Payment Orders issued to regular employees or pensioners of Central/State Governments or Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)
• Government-issued documents, certificates, or identity cards (including from banks, post offices, LIC, and PSUs) issued before July 1, 1987
• Birth certificates issued by a competent authority
• Indian passports
• Matriculation or other educational certificates from recognised boards or universities
• Permanent residence certificates issued by a competent State authority
• Forest Rights Certificates
• Caste certificates (OBC/SC/ST) issued by authorised government bodies
• Records from the National Register of Citizens (where available)
• Family registers prepared by state or local authorities
• Government-issued land or house allotment certificates

Wider Implications of the Ruling

·       The Supreme Court’s decision reinforces the legal status of Aadhaar as a tool for identity verification but not as a basis for determining nationality. By formally including Aadhaar in the list of valid documents for the Bihar electoral roll revision, the Court has effectively expanded access to the democratic process for a large section of the population that may lack traditional documents such as birth certificates or passports.

·       This move may also help reduce the chances of wrongful exclusions from the electoral rolls, particularly in regions with significant documentation gaps or among communities historically underserved by formal bureaucratic systems. However, the Court’s insistence on the Central Government’s exclusive authority over citizenship decisions ensures that this increased accessibility does not compromise the legal integrity of citizenship determination in India.

Global Capability Centres (GCCs) in India: Opportunities and Challenges

India has emerged as a global destination for Global Capability Centres (GCCs), with nearly 1,600 such centres operating across a wide range of sectors. These centres, owned by multinational corporations (MNCs), contribute significantly to India''s services exports, generate substantial employment, and support the country''s growing digital economy. However, while their short-term benefits are clear, concerns are mounting regarding their long-term implications for India’s domestic IT services industry, innovation capacity, and intellectual property (IP) development.

Understanding Global Capability Centres (GCCs)

GCCs are fully-owned offshore units of MNCs, strategically set up in talent-rich, cost-efficient geographies like India to manage specialised functions such as information technology, finance, research and development (R&D), and customer service. Initially created to serve as back-office support hubs and achieve cost savings, GCCs have now evolved into centres of excellence, driving product development, innovation, and complex business processes. They are integral to global business operations, offering multiple advantages including:

• Access to a highly skilled and diverse talent pool
• Enhanced operational control and efficiency
• Localisation of innovation
• Global scalability of processes and functions

GCCs in India: Current Landscape

·       India is home to over 1,600 GCCs, employing around 1.9 million professionals and generating an estimated $64.6 billion in revenue as of 2024. Major hubs include Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Mumbai, and the National Capital Region (NCR).

·       Projections suggest the sector will expand to 2,400 GCCs, employing over 2.8 million people and generating $105 billion in revenue by 2030, establishing India as a core destination for enterprise operations, technology solutions, and innovation services.

Growth Drivers and Sector Impact

India’s position as a global GCC leader stems from its transformation into a provider of high-value, technology-driven services. GCCs now contribute:

• Approximately 40% of all digital transformation initiatives undertaken globally
• Around 20% of the world’s semiconductor chip design talent
• Nearly 40% of India’s services exports, second only to the IT services sector

Notable examples include Amazon’s largest global office in Hyderabad and Goldman Sachs’ key operations in Bengaluru and Hyderabad, showcasing how India has become, for global services, what China is for hardware manufacturing.

The rapid expansion of GCCs in India is driven by several factors:

• A large pool of engineers and STEM graduates
• Competitive cost advantages in labour, infrastructure, and real estate
• Liberal regulatory environment with simplified labour laws and flexible working hours
• Rising global demand for outsourced R&D, data analytics, and digital services

Emerging Challenges and Strategic Concerns

Despite the positive momentum, the rise of GCCs brings a set of critical challenges that merit close scrutiny:

1. Impact on Domestic IT Services Sector

• GCCs often overlap with traditional IT outsourcing firms, potentially diverting revenue from Indian IT companies.
• There is concern about a zero-sum scenario, where gains by GCCs directly translate into losses for domestic IT players.

2. Nature of Work and Innovation Deficit

• Most GCCs in India focus on standardised, non-core tasks that are easily outsourceable, rather than leading-edge innovation.
• India often lacks the presence of Chief Technology Officers (CTOs) or strategic decision-makers within GCCs.
• There is limited IP creation and a low rate of patent registration by Indian branches of MNCs, undermining India''s ambitions to lead in tech innovation.

3. Quality and Sustainability of Employment

• There is a growing trend of hiring lower-paid science graduates rather than engineers, potentially reducing the overall skill level in the tech workforce.
• As artificial intelligence (AI) tools advance, there is a risk that routine, low-skill tasks handled by GCCs could be automated, threatening job security.

4. Policy Dilemmas

• Policymakers must carefully balance the promotion of GCCs with the need to protect and strengthen India''s domestic IT industry.
• There are risks of international backlash if India follows a trajectory similar to China’s rapid industrial dominance, particularly if localisation mandates increase.

Government’s Strategic Response

To address these issues, the Indian government is adopting a multi-pronged strategy:

• Promoting India as a "Product Nation": Emphasis is being placed on upgrading the quality of work from services to innovation-led product development.
• IP Localisation Incentives: The government is considering mandatory localisation of intellectual property, including proposals like the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) 2.0 scheme aimed at encouraging chip design and domestic IP ownership.
• Support for Domestic IT Firms: Indian IT companies are being encouraged to adopt GCC-like models to stay competitive and avoid being displaced.

Conclusion: Turning GCCs into Long-Term Assets

India stands at a strategic inflection point. While the growth of GCCs offers tremendous opportunities in terms of employment, foreign investment, and integration into global value chains, the focus must now shift from cost arbitrage to value creation.

For GCCs to serve as long-term assets, India must:

• Encourage the localisation of innovation and IP generation
• Promote higher-end R&D and the presence of strategic decision-making roles within Indian operations
• Reskill its workforce in emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, semiconductor design, and advanced digital systems

If these steps are implemented effectively, GCCs can evolve from peripheral support hubs into true centres of global innovation and enterprise leadership.

Political Interference in Governance: Nature, Implications, and Reforms

Context

A case was recently registered in Solapur against a leader from the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) and others for obstructing officials during an anti-illegal excavation drive. The issue drew wider public scrutiny after a video surfaced in which Maharashtra’s Deputy Chief Minister was seen reprimanding IPS officer Anjana Krishna over the phone. This incident has reignited debates around political interference in governance and its adverse implications.

Understanding Political Interference in Governance

Political interference involves elected representatives or party workers exerting undue influence over civil servants. It compromises the foundational values of impartiality, legality, and merit-based administration. By overriding institutional procedures, it distorts the relationship between political leadership and professional bureaucracy.

Key Characteristics of Political Interference

• Undue Pressure: Politicians often pressurize civil servants to alter or delay enforcement actions—such as stopping raids or easing compliance norms—which undermines objectivity and rule enforcement.
• Patronage and Favouritism: Administrative decisions, such as transfers, promotions, and project allocations, are influenced by political loyalty rather than competence, creating networks of patronage that weaken meritocracy.
• Erosion of Political Neutrality: Civil servants risk becoming instruments of the ruling political establishment rather than impartial executors of public policy, violating constitutional principles.
• Short-Term Populism: Politically motivated directives—such as blanket loan waivers or unauthorized construction permissions—prioritize electoral gain over long-term sustainability and legality.
• Diluted Accountability: The blurred lines between ministerial directions and bureaucratic execution make it difficult to assign responsibility when governance fails or rules are bent.

Ethical Dimensions of Political Interference

• Constitutional Morality: Interference often violates Article 14 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law, and undermines rule-based, impartial governance.
• Conflict of Interest: Elected officials often face tensions between their duty to uphold public interest and their desire to shield political allies or party workers from lawful scrutiny.
• Erosion of Public Trust: Perceptions of partisan or biased administration reduce citizens’ faith in democratic institutions and the fairness of governance.
• Demoralisation of Civil Servants: Officers committed to integrity often face humiliation, arbitrary transfers, or threats, which discourage ethical conduct in public service.
• Gender and Dignity Concerns: Incidents of verbal rebukes, especially towards women officers, raise serious questions about workplace respect and ethical treatment in public institutions.
• As Noted by 2nd ARC: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) explicitly states: “The greatest threat to probity comes from the politicisation of the civil service and erosion of neutrality.”

Philosophical Perspectives on Governance and Ethics

• Plato – Philosopher King and Justice: Plato, in The Republic, advocated that rulers should be guided by wisdom and justice. Political interference driven by personal or partisan motives runs counter to this ideal, replacing reasoned governance with arbitrary rule.
• Aristotle – Rule of Law over Rule of Man: Aristotle warned that governance should be based on laws, not the whims of individuals. Interference bypasses legal frameworks, introducing subjective and often unfair decision-making.
• Immanuel Kant – Duty and Moral Law: Kant’s deontological ethics stresses the primacy of moral duty and the categorical imperative. When politicians coerce civil servants to act against law or conscience, they reduce governance to a tool for self-interest.
• Max Weber – Bureaucratic Neutrality: Weber viewed neutrality, hierarchy, and rule-based authority as essential for modern administration. Political meddling compromises these pillars, turning bureaucracy into an extension of political will.

Structural Challenges in Addressing Political Interference

• Lack of Legal Safeguards: Civil servants currently have limited statutory protection, especially against oral or informal instructions from political leaders.
• Frequent Transfers: The average tenure of officers is under 16 months, as per ARC data. This instability discourages initiative and rewards pliable behaviour over integrity.
• Weak Institutional Shields: Civil Services Boards, tasked with overseeing postings and transfers, often lack autonomy, leaving officers vulnerable to arbitrary interventions.
• Low Accountability for Politicians: There is no enforceable code of ethics for legislators, allowing elected officials to exert pressure without facing disciplinary consequences.
• Culture of Silence: Officers, fearing retaliation or career damage, seldom report instances of interference, allowing systemic issues to fester unchecked.

Reform Measures: The Way Forward

To protect the integrity of governance and the dignity of civil service, a combination of institutional, legal, and cultural reforms is essential:

• Fixed Tenure and Strengthened Civil Services Boards: As recommended by the ARC, secure tenures and independent postings can insulate officers from arbitrary political influence.
• Legal Protections Against Illegal Orders: Amendments to the Civil Services Conduct Rules, along with statutory backing, can empower officers to resist unlawful directives.
• Code of Ethics for Politicians: A formal, enforceable ethical code—as proposed by the ARC—can help promote accountability, respect for institutional boundaries, and adherence to constitutional values.
• Independent Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Establishing an autonomous body to log and act upon complaints of political interference would offer recourse for officers and act as a deterrent.
• Ethics and Leadership Training: Regular training in conflict resolution, ethical reasoning, and public leadership can prepare civil servants to handle political pressure without compromising integrity.
• Public Awareness and Media Oversight: A vigilant civil society and free press play a key role in exposing abuse of power, reinforcing transparency and public accountability.

Conclusion

Political interference undermines neutrality, weakens institutions, and corrodes the ethical foundation of public service. It threatens the very ideals of justice, equality, and rule of law upon which Indian democracy rests. Reforms must aim to restore the professional autonomy of civil servants and reinforce institutional checks on political power. Only when political authority respects administrative independence can governance truly uphold the values of constitutional morality and public trust.

Unified RERA Portal: One-Stop Transparency for India’s Real Estate Sector

·       At the fifth meeting of the Central Advisory Council in New Delhi, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the Unified Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) Portal—accessible at rera.mohua.gov.in. This integrated platform marks a major step in centralising India’s real estate regulatory data.

·       RERA, introduced in 2016, was established to protect homebuyers from delays, fraud, and lack of transparency in the real estate sector. Previously, each state and union territory maintained its own RERA website, resulting in fragmented access to information. The Unified RERA Portal consolidates data from all state-level platforms into a single national database, making it significantly easier for stakeholders to track approvals, project progress, timelines, and developer histories.

·       For homebuyers, the portal enhances transparency by allowing them to confirm whether a project has received required approvals, check its development status, and examine the compliance history of developers. This streamlines the process and reduces the need for repeated follow-ups or formal complaints. The portal also features grievance redressal tools, enabling users to lodge and monitor complaints.

·       For developers, the portal simplifies compliance by standardising reporting mechanisms across states. They can update project details more efficiently, ensuring uniformity and easier regulatory oversight.

·       The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is another key innovation on the platform. AI tools will help flag potentially stalled or delayed projects, allowing for early intervention by regulators.

·       The portal aims to promote transparency, accountability, and standardisation in India’s real estate sector, ultimately contributing to a more trustworthy and efficient housing market.

Nilgiri Tea: Aromatic Excellence Amidst Economic Challenges

·       Tea growers in the Nilgiri region continue to face a persistent crisis concerning the cost price of green tea leaves. This issue has disproportionately impacted small-scale cultivators, with falling prices and rising input costs creating economic distress across the region.

·       Nilgiri Tea is renowned for its intensely aromatic, fragrant, and flavorful character. It is cultivated in the southern stretches of the Western Ghats and takes its name from the Nilgiris, or Blue Mountains, where the unique climatic conditions impart its distinctive taste. Primarily grown in Tamil Nadu''s Nilgiri district, with smaller cultivation pockets in Kerala and Karnataka, Nilgiri Tea earned the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2008, underscoring its regional and commercial significance.

·       The tea is cherished for its delicate floral and citrus aroma, making it particularly popular as an iced tea and a staple in many tea blends that seek to elevate taste profiles. Grown at elevations ranging from 1000 to 2500 metres above sea level, Nilgiri Tea thrives in laterite soil with annual rainfall between 150 to 230 centimetres. Unique to this region, tea cultivation takes place year-round, supported by the presence of two monsoon seasons.

·       However, the industry is currently facing several challenges. The declining price for green tea leaves is central to the crisis. Additional concerns include an overdependence on Russian exports, which leaves growers vulnerable to market fluctuations; quality management issues that undermine the brand’s global reputation; adulteration practices that compromise product integrity; and a general neglect of the domestic market, which reduces local consumption and hampers profitability.

Giant African Snail: A Growing Urban Biohazard in Chennai

·       Experts have raised alarms regarding the increasing presence of the Giant African Snail (Lissachatina fulica) in Chennai, warning that it poses significant health and environmental risks to city residents. Known as one of the world’s most invasive species, this pest is capable of consuming over 500 varieties of crops and ornamental plants, thereby threatening both biodiversity and agricultural productivity.

·       Native to East Africa, the species has spread across continents through the pet trade, use as a food source, and accidental transportation. The snail thrives in tropical climates with high humidity and stable temperatures throughout the year. Its habitats include agricultural lands, urban areas, wetlands, forests, and scrublands.

·       Adult Giant African Snails often feed on decomposing organic matter such as fallen fruit, garbage, and animal waste. However, their threat extends beyond agriculture. The snail is a known carrier of dangerous parasites like Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. costaricensis, which cause diseases such as eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and abdominal angiostrongyliasis in humans. These conditions are transmitted through the accidental ingestion of contaminated snails or residues on unwashed produce, posing a public health risk.

Evia Island: Earthquake Near Greece’s Second-Largest Island

·       A magnitude 5.2 earthquake recently struck central Greece, with its epicentre located near Athens, on the island of Evia (also known as Euboea). As Greece’s second-largest island—surpassed only by Crete—Evia covers an area of over 3,500 square kilometres and is situated in the Aegean Sea.

·       Evia is geographically distinct, separated from the mainland by the Euboean Strait, yet its proximity to Athens and multiple connection points with the mainland have earned it the nickname “mainland island.” The island is known for its diverse landscape, featuring alpine mountains, thick forests, coastal wetlands, narrow canyons, and scenic beaches.

·       Halkida, the main city on the island, serves as its administrative and commercial hub. It is particularly famous for the Euripus Strait’s tidal currents, which change direction multiple times each day—a phenomenon of both scientific and cultural interest. Among Evia’s major mountain ranges are Dyrfi, Kandili, and Ohi. The island enjoys a Mediterranean climate, marked by mild, rainy winters and hot, sunny summers.

Hilsa Fish: A Culinary and Cultural Emblem of Bengal and Beyond

·       As a diplomatic gesture underscoring bilateral ties, Bangladesh recently announced the export of hilsa fish to India ahead of the Durga Puja festivities. Known locally as Ilish, hilsa holds a unique place in the culinary and cultural traditions of Bengal, revered for its delicate flavour, buttery texture, and numerous small bones that add to its complexity.

·       Scientifically named Tenualosa ilisha, hilsa belongs to the Clupeidae family, which includes other herring-like species. These fish are anadromous, meaning they migrate from saltwater oceans into freshwater rivers to spawn. Common migratory routes include Bangladesh’s Padma and Meghna Rivers, and India’s Ganges and Godavari Rivers. Bangladesh is the world’s largest producer of hilsa, contributing around 70% to global production and earning the fish the title of the country''s national fish. It also accounts for approximately 12% of Bangladesh’s total fish catch and adds around 1% to the national GDP.

·       Physically, hilsa are distinguished by their silvery sheen, flat bodies, and pointed heads. They can reach lengths of up to 50 cm and weigh over 3 kg. Despite their many bones, the fish’s rich taste makes it a prized delicacy during festivals and cultural ceremonies. Currently, the species is listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List, though conservation efforts remain essential due to the pressures of overfishing and habitat degradation.

Phosphate Rock: India’s Strategic Resource in a Fragile Ecosystem

·       The Union Environment Ministry’s Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) has recently approved the initiation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed Birmania Rock Phosphate mine in Rajasthan’s Jaisalmer district. This site falls within a potential habitat of the endangered Great Indian Bustard (GIB), raising concerns about the ecological trade-offs involved.

·       Phosphate rock is the primary source of phosphorus, a key nutrient essential for plant growth. It is a sedimentary rock formed over millions of years from accumulated organic matter on ancient sea beds. Globally, large deposits are found in Morocco—which leads both in reserves and extraction—along with Africa, North America, Kazakhstan, the Middle East, and Oceania.

·       In India, phosphate rock production is limited to just two states—Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The country currently imports nearly 90% of its rock phosphate, mainly to produce Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and NPK fertilizers, which are vital for agriculture. Besides its agricultural applications, phosphate rock is also used in animal feed supplements and industrial sectors including the manufacture of detergents, phosphoric chemicals, and insecticides.

·       Given the mineral’s strategic importance and the ecological sensitivity of the proposed mining site, a comprehensive and balanced assessment is essential to align developmental goals with environmental sustainability.

United Kingdom-India Infrastructure Financing Bridge (UKIIFB): Marking One Year of Strategic Collaboration

·       The United Kingdom-India Infrastructure Financing Bridge (UKIIFB) recently commemorated its first anniversary with the launch of a report in London’s financial district. Jointly developed by NITI Aayog and the City of London, UKIIFB is a flagship initiative designed to channel sustainable infrastructure investments into India by leveraging British expertise in project structuring and execution.

·       The initiative, formalised under the UK-India Economic and Financial Dialogue (EFD), was operationalised through a high-level steering committee comprising officials from the UK Treasury, alongside leaders from the construction, engineering, and legal sectors of both nations. This committee is responsible for guiding the initiative’s implementation and ensuring that large-scale infrastructure projects in India are investment-ready.

·       The UKIIFB is focused on critical sectors such as national highways, regional rapid transport systems, and renewable energy. It aims to develop a stable and diverse investment ecosystem that is not only long-term and secure but also aligned with global environmental standards. The initiative distinctly prioritises projects consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals, with a strong emphasis on environmentally responsible growth.

India–Israel Bilateral Investment Agreement: A Strategic Economic Partnership

·       In a high-level event held in New Delhi, India and Israel formalized a Bilateral Investment Agreement (BIA), witnessed by both nations’ finance ministers, including Israel''s Bezalel Smotrich. This agreement marks a significant step toward fostering deeper economic cooperation and cross-border investment.

·       The BIA is a comprehensive investment protection and promotion treaty that outlines minimum standards for treatment of investors, aiming to establish a fair, secure, and transparent framework for bilateral investments. It includes a neutral dispute resolution mechanism through arbitration, ensuring that both domestic and foreign investors have legal safeguards outside of conventional court systems.

·       The overarching goal of the agreement is to provide greater predictability and security for investors from both countries. It ensures protection against risks such as expropriation, abrupt regulatory changes, or arbitrary state actions. Moreover, the treaty promotes increased capital flows and bilateral trade, reinforcing the resilience of both nations’ investment ecosystems. A notable feature is the balance struck between investor protection and the sovereign regulatory rights of the governments.

·       The agreement includes specific provisions such as fair compensation for expropriated assets, guarantees for the free transfer of profits and capital, and transparent legal procedures. Additionally, it outlines independent arbitration as the standard dispute resolution approach. Sectoral cooperation is expected to deepen in fields such as fintech, digital payments, infrastructure, cybersecurity, defence, and high-tech innovation—areas where both countries have shared strategic interests.

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Fortifying the Digital Frontier

·       Amid growing concerns over password security and the rise in cyberattacks, Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) has emerged as a critical defence mechanism for safeguarding digital identities. Platforms like Google Authenticator have widely adopted TOTP-based codes that refresh every 30 seconds, making unauthorized access nearly impossible.

·       Two-Factor Authentication involves verifying user identity through two independent methods—typically something the user knows (like a password) and something the user possesses (such as a phone or authenticator app). The concept of multi-factor authentication dates back to security research in the 1980s. The TOTP standard—Time-based One-Time Password—was formalized in 2011 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to ensure global interoperability.

·       The goal of 2FA is to add an additional layer of security, reducing the likelihood of breaches caused by stolen or weak passwords. The system works by first requesting a password and then requiring a time-sensitive code generated by an app or hardware device. Both the app and the server must share a secret key, and use synchronized time-based counters to generate matching cryptographic codes.

·       These codes typically remain valid for 30 seconds and are created using strong encryption standards such as HMAC-SHA256. 2FA can be implemented through authenticator apps (like Authy, Google Authenticator, or Microsoft Authenticator), hardware tokens (e.g., YubiKey), or even through SMS and push notifications.

·       This layered security system protects against phishing, brute-force attacks, and data theft. It has become essential for secure banking, government portals, healthcare services, and corporate IT environments. In the context of India’s growing digital infrastructure, 2FA is vital for the success of initiatives like Digital India, Aadhaar-based services, and overall cybersecurity governance.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Rare but Devastating Genetic Disorder

·       Every year on September 7th, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, observes World Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Day to raise awareness about this debilitating condition.

·       Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a rare genetic disorder marked by progressive weakening and degeneration of muscles. The root cause lies in a mutation that disrupts the production of dystrophin, a crucial protein that shields muscle fibers from enzyme-induced breakdown. The absence or deficiency of this protein results in muscles becoming increasingly vulnerable, leading to steady deterioration.

·       First identified in 1860 by French neurologist Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne, the disorder is multi-systemic in nature. It doesn''t only affect skeletal muscles but also compromises the functioning of the heart and lungs over time. Since the gene responsible for producing dystrophin is located on the X chromosome, DMD predominantly affects males, while females generally carry the mutation without showing symptoms.

·       Symptoms typically begin to manifest between the ages of two and three, initially targeting proximal muscles—those located near the core of the body—before progressing to the distal muscles of the limbs. Early signs include difficulty in running, walking, and jumping, often accompanied by enlarged calf muscles, a waddling style of walking, and lumbar lordosis, which is an exaggerated inward curve of the spine.

·       Current treatment strategies focus on slowing disease progression and improving quality of life. These include gene therapy approaches, exon skipping technologies, stop codon read-through techniques, and targeted gene repair. While no definitive cure exists, ongoing research offers hope for improved outcomes.

Russia''s mRNA Vaccine "Enteromix" Achieves 100% Success in Preclinical Trials

Russia has developed a new mRNA-based vaccine named Enteromix, which has demonstrated 100% success during preclinical trials. The vaccine utilizes messenger RNA (mRNA) technology to stimulate targeted immune responses, specifically against cancer cells. Initially focused on colorectal cancer, Enteromix offers a fully personalized approach. Each dose is uniquely customized to the individual patient by analyzing specific tumor mutations through comprehensive profiling, making the treatment highly precise and tailored.

Understanding mRNA Vaccines

·       Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines operate by using a small segment of mRNA to instruct human cells to produce a protein that mimics a component of a virus or, in this case, a tumor antigen. mRNA, or messenger Ribonucleic Acid, is a genetic molecule that acts as a set of biological instructions, guiding the body’s cells to create proteins using the cell’s own machinery.

·       These vaccines deliver the mRNA—encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles—into the body. Once inside, the cells begin to produce proteins that resemble antigens from the targeted pathogen or abnormal tissue. For instance, in the case of COVID-19, the mRNA vaccine directed cells to replicate the coronavirus''s outer spike protein. The immune system then recognizes these proteins as foreign, prompting the release of antibodies and T-cells, and effectively training the body to respond more swiftly and effectively to future exposure.

·       However, mRNA vaccines come with several challenges. One of the main issues is their strict storage requirements; they often need to be kept at ultra-cold temperatures, complicating large-scale distribution, particularly in low-resource settings. Short-term side effects such as fever, fatigue, and injection site soreness are also common. Moreover, since mRNA vaccine technology is still relatively new, long-term safety and efficacy continue to be studied.

India''s Space Economy Projected to Grow Fivefold by 2033: CII-KPMG Report

·       A recent report jointly published by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and KPMG projects a dramatic expansion of India''s space economy. It estimates that the sector will grow from USD 8.4 billion in 2022 to USD 44 billion by 2033. This growth is expected to be largely driven by satellite-enabled services and exports, significantly increasing India’s share of the global space economy—from the current 2% to an anticipated 8% over the next decade.

·       The report identifies a shift in strategic focus within the space sector, emphasizing the monetization of downstream services. These include Earth Observation (EO), Satellite Communication, and Navigation, which are now being actively integrated into multiple sectors such as telecommunications, agriculture, disaster management, urban planning, and infrastructure monitoring.

·       Several key drivers and enablers are highlighted as contributing to this anticipated growth. Chief among them is the burgeoning private sector, with nearly 200 startups spearheading innovation. Institutional reforms have also played a crucial role; for example, the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) has been established to consolidate demand and streamline processes. Furthermore, the integration of space-based inputs with governance platforms, such as the Bhoonidhi portal, has created practical, real-world applications for space data.

·       Despite these positive trends, the report outlines several challenges. One major limitation is the restricted global usability of India’s regional navigation system, NavIC, which hampers its broader international application. The commercial market for EO data remains underdeveloped, with low enterprise awareness, minimal innovation, and fragmented demand. Additionally, private sector involvement is hampered by the high capital costs, lengthy incubation timelines, and unclear regulatory frameworks.

·       Workforce shortages are also an issue, driven by mismatched skills and ongoing brain drain. Moreover, unresolved tax and regulatory uncertainties—such as those related to GST, digital taxation, and revenue sharing under Public-Private Partnerships—pose structural barriers to scaling up EO services. Security concerns and the increasing risk of space debris also emerge as critical issues in a rapidly expanding space economy.

·       To address these hurdles, the Indian government has initiated several reforms and support mechanisms. The Indian Space Policy 2023 allows for full participation of Non-Governmental Entities in all space-related domains. NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), functioning as ISRO''s commercial arm, has been tasked with promoting and marketing Indian space technologies. Additional measures include permitting 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the space sector and the creation of a ₹1,000 crore Venture Capital Fund aimed at encouraging startups and private innovation.

Men’s Hockey Asia Cup 2025: India’s Triumph and Road to the World Cup

·       India secured a remarkable victory over Korea with a 4-1 scoreline in the final of the Men’s Hockey Asia Cup 2025, held in Rajgir, Bihar. This triumph marked India’s fourth Asia Cup title and ensured direct qualification for the 2026 FIH Men’s Hockey World Cup in Belgium and the Netherlands.

·       The Men’s Hockey Asia Cup, a quadrennial tournament organized by the Asian Hockey Federation, is the premier continental championship in Asian men’s field hockey. The 2025 edition was hosted by India for the first time in the state of Bihar, specifically in Rajgir, from August 29 to September 7.

·       The tournament’s mascot, named Chaand, is a dynamic tiger adorned in a red cape and topped with a magician’s hat. It symbolises agility, courage, and pride, drawing inspiration from Bihar’s Valmiki Tiger Reserve.

·       India’s performance throughout the tournament was commanding, highlighted by an unbeaten streak that included dominant victories over teams like China (7-0) and Malaysia. With this latest win, India now joins the ranks of Korea (five titles) and Pakistan (three titles) as one of the top-performing nations in Asia Cup history.

·       The 12th edition of the Men’s Asia Cup not only showcased India’s growing prowess in international hockey but also elevated Bihar’s profile as a capable host for global sports events, reinforcing the state’s emergence on the international sporting map.

Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika: Celebrating a Centenary of Cultural Greatness

·       The state of Assam has commenced a year-long celebration to mark the birth centenary of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, with tributes flowing in from national leaders and numerous cultural events being held across the region. This commemoration reflects the deep reverence India holds for a man who not only elevated Assamese culture but also gave a powerful voice to the nation’s socio-political conscience through his music, films, and writings.

·       Bhupen Hazarika (1926–2011), popularly known as Sudhakantha (nectar-voiced) and the Bard of Brahmaputra, was an iconic Indian artist whose contributions spanned across roles—singer, composer, lyricist, poet, filmmaker, and intellectual. He was born on 8 September 1926 in Sadiya, Assam, and raised in the rich folk traditions of the region. Remarkably, he recorded his first song at the tender age of ten on All India Radio, Kolkata.

·       Academically, he completed a Master’s degree in Political Science from Banaras Hindu University (BHU) and later earned a PhD in Mass Communication from Columbia University in 1952. It was during his time at Columbia that he came under the influence of Paul Robeson and global civil rights movements, which would go on to shape much of his socially conscious art.

·       In the field of music, Bhupen Hazarika composed timeless songs like Manuhe Manuhar Babe, Moi Eti Jajabor, and Bistirno Parore, effortlessly blending Assamese folk elements with universal themes of justice, humanity, and harmony. His cinematic contributions include the direction and production of Assamese films such as Era Bator Sur and Chameli Memsaab, and music composition for Hindi and Bengali films like Rudaali, Daman, and Saaz.

·       More than just an artist, Hazarika used his creative expression to voice the concerns of the marginalized, addressing issues of caste, poverty, inequality, and social alienation. This made him a cultural bridge between Northeast India and the Indian mainstream. His public service record includes serving as Chairman of the Sangeet Natak Akademi and being elected as a Member of the Assam Legislative Assembly in 1967.

·       Dr. Hazarika’s significance lies in his role as a cultural icon who redefined Assamese identity and brought Northeast India''s voice to the national platform. His global relevance stems from his art’s message of brotherhood, equality, and human rights. Among the many accolades he received are the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan, and posthumously, the Bharat Ratna in 2019, the highest civilian award in India.

The Bhil Tribe: Preserving Oral Heritage Through Modern Technology

·       A translated compilation of Bhil folk tales is soon to be released in Hindi as an e-booklet through the Ministry of Tribal Affairs’ ‘Adi Vaani’ platform, offering deep insight into themes like caste, love, folk theatre, and social justice. This initiative not only preserves oral traditions but also amplifies the voices of one of India’s oldest indigenous communities.

·       The Bhils, belonging to the Austroloid racial group and often linked to Dravidian ancestry in Western India, are among the most ancient tribal communities in the country. They are renowned for their expertise in archery, with the word ‘Bhil’ derived from the Dravidian term billu/villu, meaning bow. Their traditional settlements span across states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar, with smaller communities now found in Tripura, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.

·       Historically, the Bhils are referenced in epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, with associations to characters like Shabari and Eklavya. Some oral traditions even consider them descendants of the Harappan civilization. During the medieval period, they actively resisted invasions by Rajputs, Mughals, and Marathas through guerrilla warfare. Under British rule, they were branded a “criminal tribe” via the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, subjecting them to forced labor, taxes, and displacements.

·       The Bhils have a rich history of resistance, notably through the Bhagat Movement initiated by Govind Guru in 1883, culminating in the tragic Mangarh massacre in 1913. This was followed by the Eki Andolan led by Motilal Tejawat in 1920, demanding tribal rights and justice.

·       Socially, Bhil communities are structured around worship of village deities like Gramdev, Kuldev, and Kuldevi. They maintain a patriarchal system tempered by communal decision-making through village elders and extended kinship ties. Culturally, they are known for their vivid oral storytelling traditions, folk theatre, and energetic dances. Celebrations often include music played on traditional instruments like flutes and drums, accompanied by rituals dedicated to both natural and local deities such as Baba Dev, Bhilat Dev, and Bag Dev, along with pan-Indian gods like Shiva and Durga. Their mythological roots are also deeply intertwined with the story of Shabari and her devotion to Lord Rama.

·       ‘Adi Vaani’, the platform enabling this revival, is a language translation tool and website launched by the Government of India to enable two-way communication between Adivasi languages and Hindi/English. Developed by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, it draws on linguistic data provided by State Tribal Research Institutes to ensure accuracy. Currently, the app supports languages like Gondi, Bhili, Mundari, and Santali, with plans to add Kui and Garo soon. It offers multi-platform access, a feedback system for users, and was developed as a low-cost alternative to commercial platforms—making it a case study in frugal innovation for digital inclusion.

Apatani Tribe: Tradition, Identity, and Ecological Harmony in Arunachal Pradesh

·       The Apatani people, also referred to as Tanw or Apa Tani, are an indigenous tribal group residing in the Ziro Valley of Arunachal Pradesh. Known for their distinct cultural practices, the Apatani women, particularly the older generation, are recognised for their facial tattoos and wooden nose plugs—a tradition that has now been banned since the 1970s but remains emblematic of their identity.

·       The tribe speaks the Tani language and follows an indigenous belief system centred around the worship of the Sun and Moon. Their cultural calendar is rich with festivals such as Dree, celebrated for agricultural abundance and human prosperity, and Myoko, which fosters community bonding and friendship.

·       Historically, the tattooing of girls—known as Tippei—was performed by elder women when the girls were around ten years old, while the wooden nose plugs, or Yaping Hullo, served as protective adornments against abduction. These cultural markers have become symbolic of the tribe’s resilience and heritage.

·       In agriculture, the Apatanis are pioneers of integrated rice-fish farming on mountain terraces. Since the 1960s, they have cultivated rice varieties such as Emeo, Pyape, and Mypia in ecologically sustainable ways. This traditional knowledge demonstrates their harmonious coexistence with nature and highlights their contribution to agroecological practices in the region.

Indian Healthcare League: Where Sports Meet Social Advocacy

·       The Indian Healthcare League (IHL), an innovative wellness initiative recently launched by renowned cricketer Cheteshwar Pujara, combines sport with public health awareness, bringing doctors onto the cricket field to champion cancer prevention.

·       Inspired by the format of the Indian Premier League (IPL), the IHL brings together healthcare professionals from prestigious institutions such as AIIMS, Fortis, and Max Hospitals. Teams representing six regional franchises—Delhi, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh—compete in cricket matches, creating a unique platform for advocacy through sport.

·       The primary objective of the IHL is to spread awareness about cancer across India. In parallel, the league seeks to promote mental well-being and physical fitness among medical professionals who often work in high-stress environments. The initiative also aims to build a sense of camaraderie and teamwork among healthcare workers, helping them find a better balance between professional responsibilities and personal wellness.

·       The significance of the IHL lies in its ability to link preventive healthcare with sport, using cricket—the nation’s most beloved game—as a vehicle for social messaging. It highlights the importance of doctors prioritizing their own health and aims to reduce burnout within the profession. By positioning healthcare as a community-driven movement, the IHL enhances the visibility of medical issues and encourages public participation in health-oriented dialogues.

Vice President Election – System of Proportional Representation

Context:

The polling for the Vice Presidential election commenced on September 9, 2025, following the resignation of Jagdeep Dhankhar. The election saw the Prime Minister of India casting the inaugural vote. The contest was primarily between CP Radhakrishnan and Justice B. Sudershan Reddy.

Overview of the Vice President Election System: Proportional Representation

The Vice President of India is chosen by an Electoral College comprising members of both Houses of Parliament—namely, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, including both elected and nominated members. This election employs a system of proportional representation through the single transferable vote (STV) method, and voting is conducted by secret ballot to maintain confidentiality.

Detailed Process of Vice President Election

1.     Composition of the Electoral College: The Electoral College responsible for electing the Vice President consists exclusively of all elected and nominated members from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Notably, unlike the Presidential election, members of the State Legislatures do not participate in this election process.

2.     Vote Value Equality: Each Member of Parliament (MP) holds a vote of equal value, with each vote counting as one. This uniform value simplifies the election process, differentiating it from the Presidential election where the vote value of MPs varies depending on the population they represent.

3.     Ballot Paper and Preference Marking: The ballot paper used is pink and bilingual, featuring both Hindi and English languages. The first column lists the names of the candidates, while the second column is reserved for the MPs to indicate their preferences. Voters mark their preferences by writing numerals such as 1, 2, 3, and so on, against the candidates'' names. These numerals can be expressed in international numerals, Indian scripts, or Roman numerals. However, spelling out the numbers (e.g., “one,” “two”) or leaving the preference blank will invalidate that particular choice.

4.     Quota Calculation for Victory: To win, a candidate must secure a minimum quota of votes, which is calculated using the formula: (Total Valid Votes Cast ÷ 2) + 1. For instance, if 780 MPs cast valid votes, the quota required for victory would be (780 ÷ 2) + 1, equating to 391 votes.

5.     Counting and Transferring Votes: The counting process begins with tallying all the first-preference votes (those marked as “1”). If any candidate achieves the quota in this initial count, they are immediately declared elected. If no candidate meets the quota, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated. The votes of the eliminated candidate are then transferred to the next preferred candidate indicated by the MPs (marked as “2” on those ballots). This process of elimination and vote transfer continues until one candidate crosses the required quota and is elected.

6.     Secret Ballot and Voting Freedom: Voting is conducted through a secret ballot, ensuring the confidentiality of MPs'' choices. Since the anti-defection law does not apply to this election, MPs are not compelled to follow party whips, allowing them to vote freely. This provision encourages cross-voting, which can lead to unpredictable election outcomes.

Significance of the Vice President Election System

The proportional representation system used in the Vice President’s election plays a critical role in maintaining democratic legitimacy by ensuring that the elected candidate enjoys the majority support of MPs across various political parties. It also acts as a safeguard against any candidate winning unfairly by a simple plurality due to the preference voting mechanism. Furthermore, this electoral system reinforces institutional balance by strengthening the Vice President’s position, who serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Combined Commanders’ Conference (CCC) 2025: Strategic Focus on Reform and Readiness

·       The Prime Minister is scheduled to inaugurate the 2025 edition of the Combined Commanders’ Conference (CCC), which will take place in Kolkata, West Bengal, from September 15 to 17. Recognised as the apex-level strategic forum of the Armed Forces, the CCC serves as a high-level platform that unites the top civil and military leadership of the country to engage in conceptual and operational deliberations.

·       This year’s theme, “Year of Reforms – Transforming for the Future,” reflects a broader vision of institutional restructuring, enhanced integration, and accelerated technological modernisation. The conference will focus on three interconnected pillars—reforms, transformation and change, and operational preparedness—highlighting the Armed Forces’ long-term commitment to staying agile, future-ready, and capable of navigating increasingly complex geo-strategic environments.

·       The CCC 2025 aims to deepen military reforms while sustaining a high degree of multi-domain operational readiness. Discussions are expected to be wide-ranging, with an emphasis on creating adaptable, decisive forces fit for evolving security challenges. In keeping with the tradition of inclusive engagement, the forum will include interactive sessions with officers and personnel of varying ranks. These discussions aim to incorporate field-level insights and practical perspectives into policy decisions at the highest level.

·       The conference will also be attended by key figures in India’s defence and security establishment, including the Defence Minister, the National Security Adviser, the Minister of State for Defence, the Chief of Defence Staff, and the Defence Secretary.