• Religious conversion is the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others.
• Thus "religious conversion" would describe the abandoning of adherence to one denomination and affiliating with another.
  • For example, Christian Baptist to Methodist or Catholic, Muslim Shi''a to Sunni.
• In some cases, religious conversion "marks a transformation of religious identity and is symbolized by special rituals".

Need for Anti-Conversion Laws

• No Right to Proselytize:
  • The Constitution confers on each individual the fundamental right to profess, practice and propagate his religion.
    • Proselytizing is the act of trying to convert another individual from the convertee''s religion to the converter''s religion.
  • The individual right to freedom of conscience and religion cannot be extended to construe a collective right to proselytize.
  • For the right to religious freedom belongs equally to the person converting and the individual sought to be converted.
• Fraudulent Marriages:
  • In the recent past, several instances have come to the notice that whereby people marry persons of other religion by either misrepresentation or concealmentof their own religion and after getting married they force such other person to convert to their own religion.
• SC Observations:
  • Recently, the Supreme Court took judicial notice of instances of people marrying by either misrepresentation or concealment of their own religion.
  • According to the court, such incidents not only infringe the freedom of religion of the persons so converted but also militate against the secular fabric of our society.

Status of Anti-Conversion Laws in India

• Constitutional Provision:
  • The Indian Constitution under Article 25 guarantees the freedom to profess, propagate, and practice religion, and allows all religious sections to manage their own affairs in matters of religion, subject to public order, morality, and health.
  • However, no person shall force their religious beliefs and consequently, no person should be forced to practice any religion against their wishes.
• Existing Laws:
  • There has been no central legislation restricting or regulating religious conversions.
  • However, since 1954, on multiple occasions, Private Member Bills have been introduced in (but never approved by) Parliament, to regulate religious conversions.
  • Further, in 2015, the Union Law Ministry stated that Parliament does not have the legislative competence to pass anti-conversion legislation.
• Anti-Conversion Laws in Various States:
  • Over the years, several states have enacted ‘Freedom of Religion’legislation to restrict religious conversions carried out by force, fraud, or inducements.
    • Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967, Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003, Jharkhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2017, Uttarakhand Freedom of Religious Act, 2018, The Karnataka Protection of Right to Freedom of Religion Act, 2021.

Issues Associated with Anti-Conversion Laws

• Uncertain and Vague Terminology:
  • The uncertain and vague terminology like misrepresentation, force, fraud, allurement presents a serious avenue for misuse.
  • These terms leave room for ambiguities or are too broad, extending to subjects far beyond the protection of religious freedom.
• Antithetical to Minorities:
  • Another issue is that the present anti-conversion laws focus more on the prohibition of conversion to achieve religious freedom.
  • However, the broad language used by the prohibitive legislation might be used by officials to oppress and discriminate against minorities.
• Antithetical to Secularism:
  • These laws may pose a threat to the secular fabric of India and the international perception of our society’s intrinsic values and legal system.

Looking Ahead

• The governments implementing such laws need to ensure that these do not curb one’s Fundamental Rights or hamper the national integration instead, these laws need to strike a balance between freedoms and malafide conversions.