India’s Clean Energy and Climate Finance

• India added 24.5 GW of solar capacity in 2024, becoming the 3^rd largest contributor globally after China and the U.S. (UN 2025 Climate Report). However, this momentum risks slowing without an expansion in climate finance to sustain the transition.

Significance of India’s Clean Energy Growth

• Employment Generation: Renewable energy sector employed 1 million+ people in 2023, contributing 5% of GDP growth, boosting Economic growth.
• Climate Goals Alignment: Supports India’s Net Zero by 2070 and Panchamrit targets — achieving 500 GW of renewables by 2030.
• Leadership Role: International Solar Alliance (ISA) demonstrates India’s global climate leadership.

Challenges in Climate Finance

• Financing Gap: India needs $2.5 trillion by 2030 for a 1.5°C pathway, but current flows (~$400 billion projected) leave a gap of around $2.1 trillion. (IRENA Report)
• Policy Misfit: India’s frameworks often diverge from multilateral fund access requirements.
• Private Gap: Adaptation finance in India faces a funding deficit of over $580 billion, with private participation below 5% due to low returns and high perceived risks.
• Project Risk: Long gestation periods deter banks from financing green infrastructure projects.

India’s Climate Finance Initiatives

• NCEF: The National Clean Energy Fund uses coal cess revenue for clean tech R&D and deployment.
• NAFCC: The National Adaptation Fund on climate resilience projects in vulnerable states.
• Sovereign Green Bonds: Introduced in Budget 2022-23 to finance green public infrastructure.
• NABARD Strategy: NABARD’s 2030 strategy broadens rural green finance and resource mobilisation.
• GCF Access: India accesses the Green Climate Fund for adaptation and clean energy investments.

Way Forward

• Diversify Climate Finance: combining public funds with private capital to de-risk green investments. E.g. Partial credit guarantees used by the World Bank’s Solar Rooftop Program.
• Domestic Institutional Capital: Encourage pension and insurance funds (EPFO, LIC) to allocate portfolios for green infrastructure. E.g. Denmark has set up National Green Investment banks.
• Carbon Market Mechanisms: Operationalise the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) with transparency and equity to create new finance streams.
• Climate Finance Taxonomy: To guide investments toward climate-resilient, low-carbon activities and prevent greenwashing. E.g. India’s Draft Climate Finance Taxonomy Framework (2025).
• Budget Tagging: Chile’s fiscal tagging model can help transparently track green public expenditure.
• Debt Swap: Use debt-for-climate swaps, like Belize, to redirect repayments into climate projects.

Paradox of Women in Indian Farms

• Women constitute over 42% of India’s agricultural workforce, yet nearly half remain unpaid family workers, highlighting wage and land inequities despite feminisation of agriculture.

Key Drivers of Feminisation of Agriculture

• Male Out-Migration: The 2011 Census indicated 33.7% of rural males migrate for better job opportunities, leaving women to manage farms.
• Economic Transformation: Decline of agricultural employment and growth in industry/services has drawn men away, as seen in Punjab with mechanisation and contract farming.
• Economic Distress: In Odisha, women turn to subsistence farming and animal husbandry due to a lack of alternative jobs and income sources.
• Rural Distress: Declining agricultural production, higher input costs, and climate change have worsened rural economic conditions, forcing women to step into agriculture.

Significance of Women in Agriculture

• Growing Workforce Share: Women’s participation in agriculture rose 135% in the last decade, with 2 out of 3 working women employed in the sector.
• Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Women’s traditional knowledge enhances adaptation to climate stress and biodiversity preservation.
• Role in Food Security: Women contribute to 60–80% of food production in developing countries. Nearly half of the global food supply depends on women farmers.
• Improved Livelihoods: Access to land and credit can help women secure a better livelihood, reducing poverty and economic dependency.

Challenges Faced

• Unpaid Labour: Nearly 50% of women in agriculture are unpaid, often in family farms. (PLFS 2023–24)
• Land Inequality: Women own only 13–14% of land holdings, limiting access to credit and schemes.
• Gender Wage Gap: Women earn 20–30% less than men for similar work. (PLFS 2023–24)
• Low Digital Access: Only one-third of rural women own a smartphone. (Pew Research Centre 2023)
• Falling Agricultural Share: Despite feminisation, agriculture’s GVA share fell from 15.3% (2017-18) to 14.4% (2024-25), indicating growth without empowerment. (Economic Survey 2024–25)

Way Forward

• Financial Inclusion: Expand access to microcredit, crop insurance, and formal banking for women farmers and secure women’s rights to land ownership.
• Value Chain Integration: Train women for roles in processing, packaging, branding, and exports.
• Leverage Digital Tools: Expand AI-enabled multilingual access via Digital Sakhi and BHASHINI.
• Targeted Policies: Embed gender-sensitive clauses in FTAs and climate finance schemes.
• Institutional Support: Strengthen women-led FPOs as engines of rural entrepreneurship.

India’s Rising Computer Services Exports and AI Integration

• According to the World Bank’s Chief Economist for the South Asia Region, India has seen a 30% increase in the export of computer services since 2022.

• Computer services refer to a broad category of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and IT-enabled Services (ITES), making up India’s largest service export category.
• According to recent RBI data, software services exports totalled $47.32 billion in April–June 2025, reflecting a 13% year-on-year increase.
• AI Integration: The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector is increasingly adopting AI, with 12% of job postings now demanding related skills.
• Institutional Readiness: India ranked 46^th in Oxford Insights’ 2024 Government AI Readiness Index, outperforming most emerging economies, which reflects progress in policy preparedness.

Small Farms Driving Higher Productivity

• A joint study by IIT Bombay and the University of Hyderabad challenges conventional assumptions on the farm size-productivity link in India’s semi-arid tropics.

Key Findings of the Study

• The study analysed agricultural data from 1975–2014 using ICRISAT’s long-term datasets on India’s semi-arid tropics.
• In the early years (1975-84), small farms recorded higher productivity due to intensive family labour, efficient management, and greater fertiliser use per unit area.
• Between 2009 & 2014, this advantage declined owing to agrarian distress, monocropping, & rising input costs.
• The traditional inverse relationship between farm size and productivity has weakened and become context-dependent.
• The study concluded that access to affordable credit, modern inputs, and strong market linkages emerged as the main determinants of productivity, rather than land size.

Policy Recommendations to Increase Productivity

• Strengthen smallholders’ access to technology, credit, and extension services to enhance productivity and resilience.
• Promote farmer collectives and producer organisations to improve bargaining power, enable resource pooling, and facilitate market access.
• Encourage agroecological practices and diversification to reduce vulnerability to market shocks.

Decline of the Maoist Movement

• Maoist insurgency in India has weakened significantly in recent years as security operations, surrenders, and development-led governance have reduced its spread to only a few districts.

• In 2025 alone, 270 Naxalites were killed, 680 arrested, and 1,225 surrendered to authorities

Factors for the Decline of the Maoist Movement in India

Counter-Offensive By the Government

• Security Crackdowns: Sustained joint operations by central and state forces have eliminated cadres, dismantled bases, and restored state control in former Maoist strongholds.
• Infrastructure Expansion: The development of roads through PMGSY and telecom connectivity via BharatNet has enhanced mobility and deployment, reducing Maoist control over supply routes.
• Financial Targeting: The National Investigation Agency (NIA) and Enforcement Directorate have disrupted Maoist funding networks, frozen assets, and blocked cash flows vital to their operations.
• Surrender Policy: Attractive rehabilitation packages offering financial aid, vocational training, and housing support have resulted in widespread surrenders and a decline in insurgent manpower.

Organizational Weakness

• Leadership Loss: The deaths and arrests of top leaders, such as General Secretary Nambala Keshav Rao in 2025, caused a leadership vacuum and disrupted the command chain.
• Internal Divisions: Ideological splits over the relevance of armed struggle have fractured leadership unity, weakening cohesion among state committees and regional commands.

Changing Socio-Political Context

• Development Outreach: The expansion of education, healthcare, and welfare programs in remote districts has eased socio-economic grievances that Maoists frequently exploit.
• Ideological Fatigue: The austere jungle lifestyle and rigid ideology have lost relevance among youth seeking modern livelihoods and democratic participation.
• Public Disillusionment: Years of violence, extortion, and coercion have diminished trust in Maoist ideology, redirecting local loyalties toward governance and peace.

Current Maoist Insurgency Landscape in India

• Eradication Goal: The Ministry of Home Affairs aims to eliminate Naxalism by March 31, 2026, through intensified security operations and targeted development initiatives.
• Security Expansion: Between 2019 and 2025, 320 new security camps and 68 night-landing helipads were established to expand the state’s presence in Maoist-affected areas.
• Infrastructure Push: Since 2019, development spending in Maoist-affected districts has risen by 300%, with over 10,000 projects and 14,600 km of roads completed.
• District Reduction: The number of most affected districts has decreased from 12 to 6, bringing the total Maoist-affected districts to 18.
• Violence Decline: Reported left-wing extremism incidents sharply declined from 1,936 in 2010 to 374 in 2024, indicating continued operational success.
• Affected Police Station: The number of Maoist-affected police stations decreased to 104 in 2024.

Understanding Nightshade (Solanaceae) Family

• The nightshade family, scientifically known as Solanaceae, is a diverse group of flowering plants that includes toxic species and widely consumed vegetables.

Nightshade Family

• Common Members: Includes edible plants like tomato, potato, brinjal (eggplant), and chilli, alongside toxic varieties like deadly nightshade (belladonna).
• Characteristic Features: Most nightshades bear star-shaped, five-petalled flowers.
• Toxicity Factor: Nightshades contain alkaloids that can be harmful in excess but are safe or beneficial in small amounts.
• Ripe potatoes & tomatoes are harmless, while green potatoes with higher alkaloids should be avoided.
• Role of Solanine: Solanine is a glycoalkaloid found in nightshades. It is bitter and toxic in excess. However, it is also a natural pesticide for the plant.

NASA Confirms Safe Passage of Asteroid 2025 TF

• A Near-Earth Asteroid named 2025 TF passed just 428 km above Earth, within the orbital range of the International Space Station (370–460 km).

• It was a small asteroid measuring 9.8 feet (about 3 meters) in diameter, with no potential danger.

Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs)

• Near-Earth asteroids are asteroids with orbits close to Earth, typically within 1.3 astronomical units (AU) of the Sun.
• Origin: Most NEAs originate in the central asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and are nudged toward Earth by gravitational interactions, primarily with Jupiter.
• Impact Potential: Smaller NEAs (a few metres wide) often burn up harmlessly in the atmosphere, while Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) could cause significant regional devastation if they impact.
• PHAs are a subset of NEAs that pass within 0.05 AU (~7.5 million km) of Earth and are larger than 140 meters in diameter.
• Impact Assessment: The threat posed by a NEA is evaluated by calculating its impact probability and kinetic energy; It is rated with the Torino Scale or the Palermo Scale.

India Upgrades Medical Device Standards

• India plans to upgrade its medical device standards to match global benchmarks, strengthening its $12-billion MedTech sector.

Key Developments

• Role of IPC: The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, will now set standards for medical devices in collaboration with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
• Creation of Monographs: IPC has begun auditing medical device companies and preparing monographs to define specifications and quality parameters for medical equipment.
• Avoiding Duplication: IPC and BIS will coordinate to harmonise standards, ensuring consistency and avoiding duplication of regulations across agencies.
• Testing: IPC is setting up its own medical device testing laboratory, with a new Medical Device Division to plan testing based on available infrastructure and expertise.

Policy and Industry Vision

National Medical Devices Policy, 2023

• Aims to grow India’s medical device market from $12 billion (2025) to $50 billion by 2030 and capture 10–12% of the global market within 25 years.
• Promotes development of indigenous standards to make Indian manufacturers globally competitive.

Current Standards and Imports

• India currently has around 1,500 BIS-approved standards for medical devices.
• Despite growing manufacturing capacity, India imports nearly 60-70% of its medical devices, underlining the need for domestic standardisation and quality assurance.

RBI Proposals for Revising Credit Risk Rules

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed key reforms in how banks assess and manage credit risk to align India’s banking regulatory framework with global standards.

• Loan Provisioning: A transition from the current incurred-loss model to an Expected Credit Loss (ECL) framework (from April 1, 2027) while maintaining existing NPA identification rules.
• Differentiated Risk Weights: Different capital requirements for various loan categories, with lower risk weights for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and the real estate sectors.

• Significance: The proposed reforms align with the Basel III norms by lowering banks’ minimum regulatory capital requirements and benefit the MSMEs, the real estate sector, and responsible credit card users.

Global Fintech Fest 2025

• Recently, the 6^th edition of the Global Fintech Fest (GFF) is taking place at the Jio World Centre in Mumbai, with the theme “Empowering Finance for a Better World Powered by AI”.

• It is a global conference organised by National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI), PCI, and FCC to promote innovation, collaboration, and financial inclusion in digital finance.
• The event features the Bharat AI Experience Zone by the NPCI and NVIDIA, showcasing AI-driven solutions for secure, efficient, and inclusive digital payments.
• Participation: Over one lakh visitors are participating along with the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

SC Allows Direct Recruitment for District Judges

• In a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court has allowed serving judicial officers to apply for the post of District Judge through direct recruitment.

• Earlier, district judges were appointed through two routes, direct recruitment from advocates and promotion from the subordinate judiciary.
• The case began when a Kerala judicial officer was disqualified from direct recruitment under the bar quota based on the Dheeraj Mor (2020) ruling, leading the SC to re-examine the issue.
• A three-judge bench then referred the matter to a Constitution Bench to clarify the interpretation of Article 233(2), which governs district judge appointments.

Key Directions Issued

• Eligibility Expansion: Serving judicial officers can now apply under the direct recruitment quota.
• Experience Requirement: Minimum of 7 years of continuous professional experience (as an advocate, judicial officer, or both).
• Age Criterion: Minimum 35 years of age for all applicants.
• Eligibility Timeline: Eligibility to be determined at the time of application, not appointment.