National Energy Conservation Day.

•  India observes December 14 as National Energy Conservation Day.
•  The day serves as a reminder of the vital role energy plays in our lives and the urgency of conserving it.
•  Introduced in 1991, this day is championed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power, symbolising the nation’s commitment to energy efficiency and conservation.
• Energy conservation, at its core, is about reducing unnecessary energy usage by promoting efficient practices and technologies.
• It is a collective responsibility that requires integrating energy-conscious behaviour into our daily routines. By doing so, we not only save resources for future generations but also contribute to reducing environmental degradation.
• Energy efficiency stands as a cornerstone of sustainable development, weaving together the threads of progress and environmental stewardship. 
• India has reached a significant milestone in its renewable energy journey, with the country’s total renewable energy capacity crossing the 200 GW (gigawatt) mark.
•  According to the Central Electricity Authority, the total renewable energy-based electricity generation capacity now stands at 201.45 GW. 

Govt’s initiatives for energy conservation

• There are many initiatives that underscore the government’s commitment to energy conservation, efficiency, and transitioning towards a greener energy future.

1) Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) Scheme

• The Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme is a mechanism designed to achieve energy reduction in energy intensive industries and it is designed on the concept of reduction in Specific Energy Consumption (SEC). The programme has saved energy worth Rs 55,000 crore annually and about 110 million tonnes of CO2 emissions have been avoided.

2) Standard and Labelling (S&L) Programme

• The Standards and Labelling (S&L) Program is one of the major thrust areas of BEE. This programme was launched with the key objective of providing consumers an informed choice about the energy and cost saving potential of the labelled appliances/equipment being sold commercially.
• The S&L programme covers the star labelling for 38 appliances, out of which 16 appliances are under mandatory regime and remaining 22 appliances are under voluntary phase.

3) Go Electric Campaign

• The Ministry of Power launched the “Go Electric” campaign on February 19, 2021. The objective of this campaign is to create awareness among masses about benefits of switching over to electric vehicles (EVs), including various initiatives taken by Centre and state governments to enhance acceptability of electric vehicles and electrical cooking.

4) EV Yatra web portal and mobile app

• BEE launched ‘EV Yatra’ web portal and mobile app on December 14, 2022 with the objective of creating awareness among the EV users and masses at large to promote e-mobility in the country.
• The portal has been developed to evolve as a national online database of operational public EV charging stations, in the country wherein EV users can check availability of the nearest compatible EV charger for complaint with their electric vehicles in addition to other services.

5) Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for ALL (UJALA)

• The Prime Minister launched Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LED for All (UJALA) programme on January 5, 2015. Under the UJALA scheme, LED bulbs, LED tube lights and energy efficient fans are being sold to domestic consumers for replacement of conventional and inefficient variants.
• Across India, 36.87 crore LED bulbs and 72 lakh LED tube lights have been distributed by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL). As per data from lighting industry, approximately 382 crore LED bulbs and 151 crore LED tube lights have been sold by the private industry, in addition to the bulbs and tube lights distributed by EESL.
• This has resulted in estimated energy savings of 176.2 billion kWh per year, Greenhouse gas emission reduction of 125 million tonnes CO2 per year and estimated annual monetary savings of Rs 70,477 crore in consumer electricity bills.

6) Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP)

• The Prime Minister launched the Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP) on January 5, 2015 to replace conventional street lights with smart and energy efficient LED street lights across India.
• Till date, EESL has installed over 1.30 crore LED street lights in Urban Local Bodies and Gram Panchayats across India. This has resulted in estimated energy savings of 8.76 billion kWh per year with avoided peak demand of 1,459 MW, greenhouse gas emission reduction of 6.03 million tonnes CO2 per year and estimated annual monetary savings of Rs 6,130 crore in electricity bills of municipalities.

7) Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

• Presently, around 33 per cent of the total electricity consumption is in the  commercial and residential category of consumers.
•  As per the 20th Electric Power Survey Report, prepared by Central Electricity Authority, the combined consumption of electricity in the commercial and residential category of consumers is estimated to be around 40 cent of the total electricity consumption by the year 2031-32. 
• The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 provides the framework for publishing Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC).
• These building energy codes have been adopted as a regulatory measure for ushering energy efficiency in the building sector.
• Updated version of ECBC was launched in 2017, as the step towards promoting energy efficiency in the commercial building sector. The ECBC sets minimum energy performance standards for new commercial buildings having a connected load of 100 kW or more, or contract demand of 120 kVA or more.
• While the central government has powers under the EC Act to publish ECBC, the state governments have the flexibility to modify the code to suit local or regional needs and notify them.
• As many as 25 states and Union Territories have notified ECBC for implementation in their respective states.
• The Ministry of Power launched the ECO Niwas Samhita, an Energy Conservation Building Code for Residential Buildings (ECBC-R) in 2018.
• After EC Act amendment in December 2022, the code is applicable to all residential buildings having a connected load of 100 kW or more, or contract demand of 120 kVA or more.
• The implementation of the Code aims to benefit the occupants and the environment by promoting energy efficiency in design and construction of homes, apartments and townships.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency

•  The government of India set up the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) on March 1, 2002 under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. 
• The mission of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to assist in developing policies and strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the Energy Conservation Act with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. 
•  BEE coordinates with designated consumers, designated agencies and other organisations and recognises, identifies and utilises the existing resources and infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it under the Energy Conservation Act. The Energy Conservation Act provides for regulatory and promotional functions.

India-Philippines ties: 75 years of meaningful engagement between New Delhi and Manila

·         As India and the Philippines celebrate 75 years of their diplomatic relations, it is pertinent to note that both have traversed a long path in their bilateral journey, holding common position on sensitive multilateral and regional issues

·          The logo has elements of the countries'' national flags and birds, signifying "enduring friendship, cultural bonds and shared values" they have maintained and sustained for over seven decades.

·         The inaugural India-Philippines Maritime Dialogue was held on December 13 in Manila. 

·         The event coincided with 75 years of diplomatic relationship between both countries. 

Joint Commission of India-Philippines Bilateral Cooperation

·         The last one and half decades have witnessed a "growing and dynamic bilateral partnership”

with the establishment of the Joint Commission on India-Philippines Bilateral Cooperation in 2011.The Joint Commission met further in 2013, 2015, 2020 and 2023, alternatively in New Delhi and Manila, providing the much-needed fillip to the bilateral relationship between the two through the signing of Joint Statements on their overall relationship.
Last year (2023), India''s EAM and his Filipino counterpart discussed substantial cooperation in the above  mentioned sectors. They signed the Joint Statement on the 5th India-Philippines Joint Commission on Bilateral Cooperation on June 29, 2023, which covered all the elements of bilateral cooperation. Both leaders stressed further expansion of cooperation in the two most important sectors, such as defence and trade.

Highlights of the meeting:

·          During the dialogue, the two sides exchanged perspectives on prevailing maritime challenges and discussed ways to enhance maritime cooperation in furthering a conducive environment for mutual growth and global well-being. 

·         They laid emphasis on adherence to a rules based order, especially the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and explored cooperation initiatives in the maritime domain to uphold the same. 

·         India and many other democratic countries have been pressing for peaceful settlement of the disputes and for adherence to international law, especially the UNCLOS in the South China Sea.

·          While endeavouring to increase bilateral engagement, they also deliberated on avenues to collaborate at various international and regional fora for shared objectives. 

·         They agreed to share best practices and partner in maritime capacity building initiatives in areas such as Maritime Industry, Marine Scientific Research, Ocean Economy, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), Navy and Coast Guard cooperation and maritime law enforcement.

India-Philippines Relations

·          India and the Philippines formally established diplomatic relations on November 26, 1949.

·         When India launched the Look East Policy and intensified partnership with ASEAN in 1992, this also resulted in stronger relations with countries in the region including the Philippines, both bilaterally and in the regional context.

·          With the Act East Policy initiated in 2014, the relationship with the Philippines has diversified further.

·         India and the Philippines share warm and friendly relations, which have provided a firm basis to our expanding bilateral cooperation ranging from political exchanges, trade & investment, defence & security, healthcare & medicine, agriculture, development partnership, engagement in new technologies to tourism, culture and people-to-people exchanges.The umbrella bilateral mechanism is the Joint Commission on Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC) co-chaired by the Minister of External Affairs and the Philippines Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

·         The Philippines has been supportive of a greater role for India in the UN Security Council. There are regular consultations between delegations of both countries in the UN and other multilateral fora.

·          The defence ties between the two countries have been on a significant upswing in the last few years. In April, India delivered the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines, in reflection of the growing military ties.

·         The supplies came over two years after India inked a $375 million deal with the Southeast Asian nation to supply the weapon systems. The bilateral trade increased from $1.89 billion in 2015-16 to $3.05 billion in 2022-23, crossing the $3 billion mark for the first time.

·         • The major items of export from India to Philippines include engineering goods, automobiles part and accessories, transmission apparatus, electric transformers, petroleum products, semi-finished products of iron and steel, drugs and pharmaceuticals, organic and inorganic chemicals, electronic goods, bovine meat, oil seeds, tobacco, groundnuts and others. 

·          The major items of import from Philippines include electrical machinery, semiconductors, ores, slag and ashes, copper, lead, plastics, pearls and precious stones, residue and waste from food industry, animal fodder and others.Estimated Indian investments in the Philippines are valued around $5 billion.

·         The Philippines recognises India as a global leader in terms of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies.

·         Philippines accounts for around 20 per cent of total Indian pharma exports to the ASEAN region. The Indian community in the Philippines is estimated to be around 1,50,000. 

·          Culturally, like many of the countries in the region, Philippines also enjoyed civilisational links with India. However, in the case of the Philippines, this is yet to be fully explored and documented in a systematic way. 

·         • The presence of numerous words with Sanskrit roots in Tagalog (the local language) and objects such as the Laguna Copper Plate inscription — the oldest artifact discovered in the Philippines written in Kavi derived from Pallava script; the golden statue of Agusan Tara, and the localised version of Indian epic Ramayana (Maharadia Lawana) testify to the historical links between the two countries.

Ultra-processed foods: A global threat to public health

What are ultra-processed foods?

·          Food processing generally refers to any action that alters food from its natural state, such as drying, freezing, milling, canning, or adding salt, sugar, fat, or other additives for flavor or preservation.

·          Most foods and beverages are processed in some way before purchase or consumption; the term “processed foods” encompasses everything from frozen vegetables to canned beans to candies, chips, and sodas

·         UPFs are not simply foods that have been modified by processing, but rather edible products formulated from food-derived substances, along with additives that heighten their appeal and durability.

·         UPFs are designed and manufactured for maximum profit: they contain low-cost ingredients, have long shelf-lives, are hyper-palatable, and are highly branded and marketed to consumers.

·         They are typically calorie-dense and high in free sugars, refined starches, unhealthy fats, and sodium

·         A recent study published, has shed light on the increasing consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) in the diets of US adults from 2003 to 2018.

·         The research highlights a growing reliance on UPFs, both At Home (AH) and Away From Home (AFH), raising concerns about their impact on public health.

Key Findings of the Study

·         Increase in UPFs:

·         UPFs made up more than 50% of calories consumed by US adults.

·         AH UPF consumption increased from 51% (2003) to 54% (2018).

·         Decline in Minimally Processed Foods (MPFs):

·         The proportion of MPFs (e.g., fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) in diets has declined during the same period.

·         Consumption Across Locations:

·         UPFs comprised a similar share of energy intake for both AH and AFH settings, underscoring their dominance in overall dietary habits.

Study Design

·         Conducted by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

·         Data analyzed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2018), involving over 34,000 adults.

·         Participants provided dietary information based on two 24-hour recall periods.

·         Foods were categorized into four groups based on the level of processing: unprocessed/minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed, and ultra-processed.

Google''s new AI weather model GenCast handily beats world’s most reliable forecast systems

·         Unlike traditional models, which rely heavily on physics-based equations, GenCast uses machine learning to generate ensemble-based forecasts. This means it can create probability-driven projections.

·         AI systems like GenCast are seen as powerful tools in a forecaster’s arsenal, providing insights that can enhance day-to-day predictions. However, they aren''t designed to fully replace current physics-based systems

·         Recent advancements in weather prediction have been brought into light by the introduction of GenCast, a machine-learning model developed by Google DeepMind.

·         This model is designed to outperform traditional forecasting systems in specific scenarios. Published in the journal Nature, the research outlines how GenCast employs a diffusion model approach, akin to AI image generators, to produce multiple forecasts that better reflect atmospheric complexities.

Traditional Forecasting

·         Traditional weather forecasts rely on numerical simulations of the atmosphere. These simulations start from varied initial weather estimates due to the lack of comprehensive sensor data.

·         The atmosphere is divided into a grid of three-dimensional blocks. Fundamental physical laws are applied to predict atmospheric behaviour.

·         This method, known as general circulation models, requires substantial computing power and is typically executed on supercomputers.

Use of Machine Learning in Weather Prediction

·         In recent years, machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative for weather prediction. These models, however, often lack the integration of physical laws that govern atmospheric dynamics.

·         While traditional models require hours of supercomputer calculations, GenCast uses cloud processing to generate ensemble forecasts in just eight minutes. Trained on decades of historical weather data from 1979 to 2018, it represents a significant leap forward in efficiency.

·         Most approaches utilise neural networks to analyse historical data, generating a single forecast. Unfortunately, this method tends to oversimplify predictions, losing critical details over time.

·         The integration of AI in weather forecasting is poised to complement, not replace, the work of human meteorologists. Experts emphasise that the nuanced expertise of trained forecasters remains critical.

·         Their ability to interpret complex data and adjust for inconsistencies gives them an edge over AI models, especially in real-time scenarios.

·         GenCast addresses the limitations of traditional machine-learning models. It generates an ensemble of forecasts rather than a single prediction. This ensemble approach helps mitigate the smoothing effect seen in other models.

·         By averaging multiple forecasts, GenCast produces a more accurate representation of atmospheric conditions.

·         The model is trained on reanalysis data from 1979 to 2018, which combines historical observations with outputs from general circulation models.

How it Operates?

·         GenCast operates by introducing random noise to predict atmospheric conditions 12 hours ahead. A neural network identifies structures within this noise that align with current weather data.

·         The model can generate forecasts up to 15 days in advance. Remarkably, it completes these forecasts in just eight minutes on a single tensor processor unit, showcasing its efficiency compared to traditional methods.

Limitations :

·         While GenCast shows promise for short-term weather forecasting, it is not suitable for climate projections.

·         This is due to the differing nature of weather and climate data. Weather predictions can assume stable conditions over short periods, while climate projections span decades and must account for changing conditions.

·         Future developments in machine learning for climate projections will likely require the integration of physical laws and innovative modelling techniques.

 NASA’s Juno Mission Uncovers Heart of Jovian Moon’s Volcanic Rage

·         Scientists with NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter have discovered that the volcanoes on Jupiter’s moon Io are each likely powered by their own chamber of roiling hot magma rather than an ocean of magma.

·          The finding solves a 44-year-old mystery about the subsurface origins of the moon’s most demonstrative geologic features.

·         Recent studies have revealed findings about the volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter’s moons.

·         Researchers from NASA’s Juno mission have confirmed that Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. This discovery sheds light on the mechanisms that drive its intense geological features.

·         Io was discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. It is comparable in size to Earth’s Moon. However, volcanic activity on Io was not identified until 1979 when NASA’s Voyager 1 captured images of its volcanic plumes.

·          This marked the beginning of scientific interest in understanding Io’s geological dynamics.

·         NASA’s Juno spacecraft has been very important in studying Io’s geology. The Juno spacecraft made extremely close flybys of Io in December 2023 and February 2024, getting within about 930 miles (1,500 kilometers) of its pizza-faced surface.

·          During the close approaches, Juno communicated with NASA’s Deep Space Network, acquiring high-precision, dual-frequency Doppler data, which was used to measure Io’s gravity by tracking how it affected the spacecraft’s acceleration. 

·         The study indicates that Io’s volcanoes are powered by individual magma chambers. This challenges the previous belief in a single global magma ocean beneath the surface. Each volcano is fed by localized sources of magma, which are influenced by tidal flexing.

·         Tidal flexing occurs due to Jupiter’s gravitational pull on Io.

·         This constant flexing generates immense heat, melting parts of Io’s interior.

·         The study brought into light that this process is crucial for understanding the heat dynamics that fuel Io’s volcanic eruptions.

·         The findings from the Juno mission have implications for other celestial bodies. They prompt a re-evaluation of how tidal forces influence volcanic activity on moons like Europa and Enceladus. Additionally, these insights can extend to exoplanets and their geological processes

·         As the Juno mission continues, further vital information about Io’s geology and volcanic processes are expected. This ongoing research will enhance our understanding of planetary formation and evolution in the solar system. Scientists aim to uncover more about the interactions between tidal forces and volcanic activity.

·         This groundbreaking study not only resolves a 44-year-old mystery regarding Io’s geology but also enriches our understanding of volcanic activity across the solar system. The insights gained could transform our knowledge about similar processes on other celestial bodies.

RBI supports small and marginal Farmers, Increases Loan Limit .

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently announced an increase in the collateral-free loan limit for farmers.
• This change will take effect from January 1, 2025. The new limit raises the threshold from Rs 1.6 lakh to Rs 2 lakh.
•  This initiative aims to support small and marginal farmers facing rising input costs. The agriculture ministry marks that over 86 per cent of farmers are small and marginal landholders.
• The primary aim is to improve credit accessibility for farmers. Rising input costs have made it difficult for them to secure necessary funding.
• By waiving collateral and margin requirements, the RBI hopes to ease financial burdens on farmers. This measure is expected to enhance financial inclusivity in the agricultural sector.
• Banks across India will be required to implement these new guidelines promptly. They must ensure that farmers are aware of the updated loan provisions.
• The RBI’s directive is designed to facilitate easier access to Kisan Credit Card (KCC) loans.
• This initiative aligns with the government’s Modified Interest Subvention Scheme, which provides loans up to Rs 3 lakh at a 4 per cent effective interest rate.
• The increase in the loan limit is anticipated to benefit number of farmers. It offers them more financial flexibility to invest in agricultural operations.
• This initiative is crucial for improving their livelihoods. Experts believe that it addresses the inflationary pressures on farming input costs.
• This step represents a strategic move to boost agricultural economic growth. It aims to enhance credit inclusivity, providing a safety net for farmers. The RBI’s decision reflects a commitment to support the agricultural sector amid challenging economic conditions.
• Agricultural experts view this initiative as a critical development. They argue that it is essential for encouraging a more resilient agricultural economy. Increased access to credit can lead to improved productivity and sustainability in farming practices.
• The long-term effects of this policy change remain to be seen. However, it is expected to pave the way for more comprehensive support systems for farmers. Continuous monitoring will be necessary to evaluate its effectiveness in achieving the desired outcomes.

 NISAR Satellite , INDO –US Collobaration.

• The NISAR satellite, a product of Indo-US collaboration, is set to launch in March 2025. This ₹5,000-crore project began in 2009 and aims to enhance earth monitoring capabilities.
• The satellite, developed by NASA and ISRO, will orbit 750 km above the Earth. It employs synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology, which can capture images regardless of weather conditions.
• This advanced satellite promises contributions to disaster management and climate research.
• NISAR stands for NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar. It is a 2.8-tonne satellite designed to measure surface changes on Earth.
•  Its capabilities include monitoring ice sheet movements and vegetation changes with high precision.
• The satellite will operate on a 12-day revisit cycle, allowing it to observe the same location multiple times.

Technical Aspects:

• NISAR utilises advanced SAR technology. Unlike optical satellites, SAR sends radio frequency signals to capture images. This allows NISAR to see through clouds, darkness, and vegetation.
•  The satellite has two radar systems operating at different frequencies – L-band and S-band. This dual-frequency approach enhances image resolution and penetration capabilities.
• The satellite will play important role in disaster management. It can detect structural misalignments in infrastructure such as bridges and dams.
• This capability is vital in preventing disasters caused by structural failures. Additionally, NISAR will contribute to climate change research by monitoring environmental changes
• NISAR incorporates digital beam forming (DBF) technology. This allows for better signal coverage and image sharpness without moving the antenna.
• The satellite can handle a reduced data rate of 3.5 gigabits per second, making it more efficient. The combination of L-band and S-band radars provides complementary data for comprehensive analysis.
• NISAR is expected to generate 26 terabits of data daily. This vast amount of information will enhance our understanding of Earth’s processes.
• The data will be invaluable for scientists studying climate dynamics and natural disasters.
•  NISAR’s high-resolution imaging will support various applications in environmental monitoring.

International Collaboration

• The collaboration between NASA and ISRO marks milestone in space exploration. Initially, NASA sought to partner with Germany’s DLR but shifted focus to ISRO due to its successful track record.
• This partnership exemplifies the potential of international cooperation in advancing scientific research.
• NISAR represents a new frontier in space technology. Its advanced capabilities will provide vital information about Earth’s changing landscape.
• The satellite’s launch is anticipated to enhance global efforts in climate research and disaster preparedness.
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Manganese in water is causing cancer in Bihar’s Gangetic plains: Study

• Manganese (Mn) contamination of water is causing cancer in the Gangetic plains of Bihar, a study by a team of scientists from Patna-based Mahavir Cancer Sansthan has claimed.
• Manganese is a new element of toxicity causing cancer. The presence of high level of Mn in water is a risk factor for cancer
• Manganese contamination in drinking water has emerged as health concern in the Gangetic plains of Bihar. A recent study conducted by scientists marks a troubling correlation between manganese levels and rising cancer cases.
• This research puts stress on the need for urgent attention to water quality in the region.
• Manganese is a naturally occurring element found in soil, water, and food. It is essential for human health in trace amounts.
• However, excessive exposure can lead to toxicity. Manganese contamination primarily arises from industrial pollution and natural geological sources.
• The study analysed blood samples from 1,146 cancer patients across several districts in Bihar. The patients ranged in age from 2 to 92, with a notable majority being females. Various cancer types were identified, including breast, gastrointestinal, and cervical cancers

Lethal manganese

• Manganese is the fifth-most abundant metal on earth that exists in the form of oxides, carbonates and silicates. It is present in food, water, soil, and rock as a naturally occurring component.
• It is an ‘essential trace element’ which plays a vital role in maintaining body homeostasis but can cause severe toxicity if consumed in excess.
• The element has been reported to be toxic in higher doses for human beings. A major source of exposure to Mn is drinking water extracted from groundwater. The cause of water contamination is usually industrial pollution (anthropogenic), or sedimentary or igneous rocks (geogenic) deposits of Mn.
• Manganese poisoning is very meagerly reported worldwide. According to the researchers, the first case of manganese poisoning in India was documented in 1957 among a group of manganese miners in Chinchwad, Maharashtra.
• These miners suffered from a wide range of symptoms, including aches and pains, weakness, clumsiness, anorexia, sleeplessness, emotional instability, and difficulty with gait.

Key Details from Research:

• The research revealed alarming manganese levels in both blood and household water samples. The highest manganese concentration recorded was 6,022 micrograms per litre in a liver cancer patient. Most patients exhibited manganese levels exceeding the World Health Organization’s permissible limits.
• The study found correlation between manganese levels in blood and the stage of cancer. Patients in advanced stages (III and IV) displayed higher manganese contamination. This suggests a potential link between long-term manganese exposure and cancer progression.
• Geospatial mapping indicated that manganese contamination was widespread in the middle Gangetic plain region.
• Elevated concentrations were also noted in southwestern and northeastern Bihar. The analysis showed a direct correlation between manganese levels in household water and those in cancer patients’ blood.
• The rising incidence of cancer in Bihar is alarming. The study marks a lack of awareness and healthcare facilities in rural areas.
• Many patients are diagnosed only at advanced stages, complicating treatment options.
• While manganese poisoning has been documented in other countries, such as Nigeria and Bangladesh, this study marks the first report of manganese-related health risks in Bihar. The findings call for further research and public health interventions to address manganese contamination.

Preventive Measures

• Addressing manganese contamination requires a multifaceted approach. This includes improving water quality monitoring, raising public awareness, and enhancing healthcare access in affected regions. Effective policies must be implemented to mitigate industrial pollution and safeguard public health.
• Manganese contamination poses a serious health risk in Bihar. The correlation with cancer puts stress on the urgent need for intervention and further research into the health impacts of environmental pollutants.

ATHLETE BIOLOGICAL PASSPORT (ABP)

•  The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has approved the National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) to manage the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP).

What is Athlete Biological Passport?

• It is an advanced anti-doping tool that monitors an athlete''s biological markers over time, by analyzing variations in parameters such as blood and steroid profiles, the ABP helps to ensure fair play in sports and to protect clean athletes.
• It detects doping sustance by examining variations in an athlete''s biological markers. It promotes anti-doping by conducting targeted testing, investigations, deterrence, and providing indirect evidence of prohibited methods or substances.

Three modules of the ABP program:

• The haematological module monitors markers of blood doping and detects the use of prohibited substances or methods to improve oxygen delivery.
• The steroidal Module detects steroid doping markers and identifies anabolic androgenic steroids administered exogenously.
• The Endocrine Module detects the use of human growth hormone (hGH) and its substitutes
• This approval adds NDTL to the list of 17 Athlete Passport Management Unit (APMU) approved by WADA worldwide. This recognition strengthens NDTL''s position as a global player in the fight against doping and increases its credibility in managing anti-doping initiatives. 

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

• It was initiated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and formally established in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1999 after the "Declaration of Lausanne."
• Its main objective is to promote, coordinate, and monitor global efforts to combat doping in sports.
• In 2002, its headquarters was shifted in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and its regional offices are located throughout Europe, Africa, Asia/Oceania, and Latin America.

 Can controversial judges be removed?What is the Process for removal of a judge?

•  A controversial speech by a sitting Allahabad high court judge has sparked a political row with opposition parties urging CJI Sanjiv Khanna to take cognisance of the issue.
• Video clips of justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav speaking at the regional convention of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s legal cell in Prayagraj on the Uniform Civil Code on Sunday went viral in which justice Yadav could be heard making a number of controversial comments about majority rule in India and the Muslim community, and allegedly used slurs.
• The Supreme Court has taken note of news reports over the purported controversial statements of Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav at a VHP function and sought details from the Allahabad High Court on the issue.
•  The development assumes significance amid the rising clamour seeking action from Chief Justice of India Sanjiv Khanna against the HC judge for his remarks.
• The Opposition INDIA bloc is working to initiate a motion in Parliament to impeach Justice Yadav of the Allahabad High Court.

The removal process

• The procedure for removing a judge is enshrined in Article 124(4) of the Constitution, which governs both Supreme Court and High Court judges (as per Article 218). 
•  Judges can only be removed on two grounds: “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity”. 
• Removal requires a resolution passed in both Houses of Parliament with:
• a) A majority of the total membership, and 
• b) At least two-thirds of the members present and voting. 

Article 124(4) and the Judges Inquiry Act 1968 determine the procedure of removal of the judges.

•  A motion of impeachment addressed to the President is to be signed by at least 100 members of the Lok Sabha or 50 members of the Rajya Sabha and then delivered to the Speaker of Lok Sabha or the Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
•  The motion is to be investigated by a committee of three judges of the Supreme Court and a distinguished jurist.
•  If the Committee finds the judge guilty of misbehaviour or that he suffers from incapacity, the motion along with the report of the committee is taken up for consideration in the House where motion was moved.
• The judge is then removed by the requisite majority, i.e. majority of total and two-thirds of its members present and voting.

The Investigation Committee

•  Once the motion is admitted, the Speaker of Lok Sabha or the Chairman of Rajya Sabha must form a three-member committee to investigate the allegations. 
• This committee comprises:
• i) The Chief Justice of India (or a Supreme Court judge). 
• ii) A Chief Justice of a High Court. 
• iii) A distinguished jurist. 
• • The committee investigates the charges, frames allegations, and has powers to summon evidence and witnesses. If the charges involve mental incapacity, a medical examination may be conducted. 

Outcome of the investigation

• The committee submits its findings to the presiding officer. If it determines the judge is not guilty, the process concludes. However, if the committee finds the judge guilty, the House where the motion originated debates and votes on it.
• If passed, the resolution is sent to the other House. 
•  Upon approval by both Houses in the same session, the President issues an order for removal.

Previous cases of judicial impeachments

• India has witnessed six impeachment attempts against judges since Independence, but none have resulted in the removal of a judge. 

Notable instances include:

• i) Justice V. Ramaswami (1993): Accused of financial impropriety, the motion failed due to lack of support in Parliament.
• ii) Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Found guilty of corruption, the motion passed in Rajya Sabha but lapsed after his resignation before Lok Sabha could vote.
• iii) Justice S.K. Gangele (2015): Accused of sexual harassment, he was cleared by the inquiry committee.
• iv) Justice J.B. Pardiwala (2015): Faced impeachment over remarks criticising reservations but expunged the comments, leading to the motion''s withdrawal.
• v) Justice C.V. Nagarjuna (2017): Allegations of victimising a Dalit judge and financial misconduct did not gather sufficient parliamentary support.
• vi) Chief Justice Dipak Misra (2018): The politically charged motion was rejected at the preliminary stage by then Rajya Sabha Chairman M. Venkaiah Naidu.

 Need for reforms:

•  Method pursued by the legislature in the Act of 1968 falls abysmally short of the mark as the same makes judges susceptible to a political process of voting which may or may not impeach judges despite a three-member committee holding the judge guilty.
• Such an event is a travesty of natural justice as there is a propensity for a ‘guilty’ judge to be let off on the whims of a political process of voting.
• Entire process concerns of a possibility of harming judicial independence. This stems from a possibility of Judges being harassed to toe the ideology of a party in majority or face their wrath in an impending motion of impeachment.
• •The words “misbehaviour” or “incapacity” have neither been defined nor clarified in the Constitution.
•  The process of removing a judge is too elaborate and somewhat cumbersome.

The missing spotlight on urban local government elections

• Urban local governments (ULGs) function as units of decentralised local self-governance, and are responsible for delivering civic services at the first mile, ensuring quality of life for citizens.
• The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) was introduced in 1992 to codify this role of ULGs. Over 30 years later, the objectives of this landmark amendment are yet to be realised.
• The ongoing discourse on simultaneous elections, popularly known as One Nation One Election (ONOE), is a unique opportunity to spotlight a basic requirement of local democracy, i.e., elections to ULGs — a consideration that has generally been absent in deliberations on the ONOE.
• The 79th report of the Parliament Standing Committee on Law and Justice on the ‘Feasibility of Simultaneous Elections,’ submitted in 2015, while advocating simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, was silent on elections to ULGs.
• A discussion paper (2017) by the NITI Aayog, on ‘Analysis of Simultaneous Elections’, kept ULGs out of its purview, arguing that the third-tier institutions are State subjects and that the sheer number of such institutions across the country makes it “impractical, and possibly impossible, to synchronise elections”.
• Similar reasoning is put forward in the 2018 draft report of the Law Commission of India on simultaneous elections.

Urban Local Bodies

• The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 granted constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), making them the smallest level of government in cities and towns. The Amendment added Part IX-A to the Constitution, which includes Articles 243-P to 243-ZG and deals specifically with municipalities.
• The Amendment requires the state for the devolution of 18 functions to ULBs, as outlined in Schedule 12 (Article 243W). These functions include urban planning, public health, water supply, and other critical municipal services. 
• ULGs play an important role in the socioeconomic fabric, serving nearly 40% of the people. By 2050, this figure is expected to surpass 50%. 
• ULGs account for over 60% of India''s GDP, making effective governance critical for sustaining economic growth and promoting societal well-being. 
• Their contributions to urban governance have a direct impact on economic and social development.

Why are ULG elections often delayed, NEGLECTED ?

• Political interference from state governments, which may postpone elections to avoid unfavourable results.
• Delays in ward delimitation and reservation processes, which are sometimes handled by state governments rather than independent organisations.
• Administrative inefficiencies exist in State Election Commissions (SECs), which lack the autonomy and resources to carry out their responsibilities effectively.
• ULGs lack democratically elected representatives, resulting in reduced accountability and responsiveness.

How do delayed elections affect local governance?

• state governments take control of ULGs, which violates the principle of decentralisation.
• Citizens lose faith in the democratic system, resulting in lower participation and engagement in governance.

What steps are needed to address the delays in ULG elections?

• Provide State Election Commissions (SECs) with more autonomy and resources to ensure that elections are conducted on time.
• Enforce strict adherence to the constitutional mandate to hold elections every five years, with penalties for unnecessary delays.
• Integrate ULG elections into the larger framework of simultaneous elections to reduce logistical challenges and ensure timely results.

Why ULG elections excluded from the on One Nation One Election (ONOE)?

• Historically, ULG elections were excluded from discussions about simultaneous elections, also known as One Nation One Election (ONOE), because they are classified as State subjects under the Indian Constitution.
• According to the Parliamentary Standing Committee report (2015) and the NITI Aayog''s discussion paper (2017), integrating ULG elections with national and state elections is impractical due to the large number of ULGs and logistical challenges.
•  The main goal was on synchronising Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.

• The High-Level Committee (HLC) of the Government which discussed election synchronisation, acknowledged the importance of ULGs and proposed that local body elections be held within 100 days of Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.
• This recommendation represents a positive step towards incorporating ULG elections into the larger electoral reform agenda.