What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones? (Answer in 150 words) (UPSC IAS Mains 2024 General Studies Paper – 1)
Sea surface temperature (SST) rise refers to the increase in the temperature of the uppermost layer of the ocean, primarily caused by global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions. According to Copernicus Climate Change Service, the average global SST for February 2024 was 21.06 degrees Celsius, the highest level since 1979. Factors such as greenhouse gas emissions and the trapping of heat by the atmosphere contribute to the warming of ocean waters.
Effects on Tropical Cyclone Formation:
- Enhanced Cyclone Development: Warmer sea surface temperatures provide more heat and moisture to the atmosphere, fueling the development of tropical cyclones. Cyclones draw energy from the heat stored in ocean waters. Example: The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, which was one of the most active on record, saw 30 named storms, driven in part by higher-than-average SSTs in the Atlantic.
- Increased Cyclone Intensity: Higher SSTs can lead to more intense cyclones, with stronger winds, heavier rainfall, and greater storm surges.
- Frequency and Duration: While SST rise may not necessarily increase the frequency of cyclones, it can extend the cyclone season and increase the lifespan of storms.
- Shifts in Cyclone Patterns: Warming seas can alter the geographical distribution of cyclone formation, leading to storms forming in new regions. Example: Hurricane Ophelia (2017) reached as far as Ireland, a rare occurrence attributed to anomalous SSTs in the North Atlantic.
With climate change causing a steady rise in SSTs, the risk of stronger and more destructive tropical cyclones is growing, posing serious challenges to coastal communities, economies, and ecosystems.
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